2. what characteristic must the solvents in a liquid-liquid extraction solvent system share with one another?

One atom thick film of carbon known as graphene is 200 times stronger than steel and one hundred times thinner than a sheet of paper.

1 atom thick

Pure carbon atoms are arranged in a hexagonal lattice in a single layer to form graphene, which is held together by sp2 bonds. Graphite is composed of layers of graphene. The thinnest material known to exist is graphene, which measures one atom thick (0.345Nm). Actually, it is two-dimensional.

A hexagonal honeycomb lattice securely holds a single layer (monolayer) of carbon atoms together to form graphene. It is an allotrope of carbon with sp2-bonded atoms arranged in a plane and a molecular bond length of 0.142 nanometers.

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Explanation:

when a chemical bond is broken, the excess energy that was stored in the bond will be released whereas, for a bond to be formed energy is absorbed.

hope it helps. :)

The lowest energy of a light-photon that may split a hydrogen molecule is 7*10-19J. The energy of a quantum of light is known as a photon. Light is both a wave and a particle, according to its dual nature.

The light-photon or quanta of light are other names for the light particle. The most basic molecule is a hydrogen molecule. Electrostatic forces hold together its two protons and two electrons, which are bound together. The assemblage can exist at various energies, similar to atomic hydrogen. both para- and orthohydrogen. The energy that is equal to the minimum amount of light-photon energy is equal to the bond energy of the hydrogen molecule molecule, according to the energy diagram of hydrogen as a function of atomic separation.

Light photon energy at the minimum is 7*10-19 J.

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The equilibrium equation for the neutralization reaction between H2SO4 and KOH in aqueous solution is

[tex]H_2SO_4 + 2KOH= > K_2SO_4 +H_2O[/tex]

Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which acids and bases react quantitatively with each other. When reacted in water, the neutralization effect works because there is no excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions in the solution.

A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form a salt with water, and H+ and OH ions mix to form water. Neutralizing strong acids and strong bases results in a pH of 7.

The reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization reaction, which can be thought of as a kind of substitution reaction in which the protons of an acid are replaced while being given to another species.

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When hydrogen peroxide is added to catalase positive culture, there is a formation of bubbles of oxygen. When hydrogen peroxide is added to catalase negative culture, there is no formation of bubbles. This is called catalase test.

What is catalase test?

Catalase test determines if the catalase enzyme is present. Catalase enzyme catalyses the release of oxygen gas from hydrogen peroxide, when it is added to it. There is also formation of water by catalase enzyme.

When hydrogen peroxide is added to catalase positive culture, the catalase enzyme in it releases the oxygen gas from hydrogen peroxide in the form of bubbles. In the catalase negative culture, there is no catalase enzyme to release oxygen. This is called catalase test.

Therefore, in the catalase test, if the hydrogen peroxide is added to catalase positive culture there is a formation of bubbles due to the release of oxygen. In the absence of catalase enzyme there is no formation of bubbles due to the absence of oxygen gas.

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The number of moles are equal to 4.0 × 10²⁵ atoms of tungsten is 0.6624 moles.

Mole is the amount of substance that contain the element chemical units present in 12 g of carbon - 12.

given that :

number of  present in atoms of tungsten =  4.0 × 10²⁵

1 mole contains = 6.022 × 10²³ atoms

therefore, 4.0 × 10²⁵ atom will contains :

number of moles = 4.0 × 10²⁵ / 6.022 × 10²³

number of moles = 0.6642 moles.

Thus, The number of moles are equal to 4.0 × 10²⁵ atoms of tungsten is 0.6624 moles.

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Answer:

329.8g of H2O are produced

Explanation:

You have to do stoichiometry to convert grams of isopropyl alcohol to grams of water.

At 1 atm pressure the heat of sublimation of gallium is 277 kJ/mol and the heat of vaporization is 271 kJ/mol. heat is required to melt 0.500 mol of gallium at 1.00 atm pressure is 3 kJ.

The data given as follows :

The heat of sublimation of gallium = 277 kJ/mol

The heat of vaporization = 271 kJ/mol

The difference between the  heat of sublimation of gallium and the heat of vaporization is given as :

ΔH = heat of sublimation  -  heat of vaporization

ΔH = 277 kJ/mol - 271 kJ/mol

ΔH = 6 kJ/mol

The heat required = n ΔH

                              = 0.500 × 6

                              = 3 kJ

Thus, At 1 atm pressure the heat of sublimation of gallium is 277 kJ/mol and the heat of vaporization is 271 kJ/mol. heat is required to melt 0.500 mol of gallium at 1.00 atm pressure is 3 kJ.

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Explanation:

1. HCI + NaOH --> H₂O + NaCl is a neutralisation reaction. The product is soluble sodium chloride salt and water.

2. _C3H8 + 502 --> 3CO₂ + 4H₂O is a propane combustion reaction. The product is carbon dioxide gas and water.

4. 2Li+F2 --> 2LiF is a combination reaction. The product is insoluble lithium fluoride solid

5.2AgNO3 + CuCl2 --> _Cu(NO3)2 + 2AgCl is a precipitation reaction. The product is copper(II) nitrate and an insoluble silver chloride salt(precipitate)

The statement that is true is that; the student made a solution and then a het---erogeneous mixture.

We know that a solution is composed of a substance that dissolves in a solvent. The solution is made when the red coloring is dissolved in the water and then when we add the oil, there is now a layer that is not in phase with the rest of the solution.

The vegetable oil would then tend to separate out of the rest of the solution and then form a het--erogenous mixture. We can be able to have the two of them come together by stirring the mixture for some time.

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This cycle is known as Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the 10 step process, which occurs in cytoplasm of cell and  is conversion of glucose to pyruvate.

There are several steps and enzymes that is required in glycolysis pathway.

STEP 1: PHOSPHORYLATION

This is irreversible reaction.

Here glucose is phosphorylated to glucose 6 phosphate with the help of enzyme hexokinase and 1 ATP is utilized.

STEP 2 : ISOMERISATION

The isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate to Fructose-6-phosphate, done with the help of enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase.

STEP 3 : SECOND PHOSPHORYLATION

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is phosphorylated to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate  which is catalyzed by  phosphofructokinase and cost another ATP.

STEP 4: BREAKDOWN

The fructose-1,6 bisphosphate  is breaken down too produce two 3carbon molecules -  Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or GADP, and a molecule of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate or DHAP.

The reaction is catalyzed by aldolase.

STEP 5 : CONVERSION OF DHAP INTO GADP

DHAP is oxidized to form GADP.

The reaction is catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase enzyme.

STEP 6: OXIDATION

Here 2 mol. of GADP are oxidized.The GDAP is converted to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate with the help of  glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. This requires NAD+ and a free phosphate.

STEP 7: DEPHOSPHORYLATION

First substrate level phosphorylation ( addition of phosphate to ADP to give ATP )

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate with the help of Phosphoglycerate kinase become 3-phosphoglycerate and will produce 1 ATP.

STEP 8: PHOSPHATE TRANSFER

The phosphate ester linkage in 3 phosphoglycerate is moved from 3 C to 2 , because of low free energy to form 2 phosphoglycerate  with the help of phosphoglycerate mutase .

STEP 9: DEHYDRATION

2 phopshoglycerate is dehydrated by enolase to form Phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP)

This is reversible reaction.

STEP 10: SECOND DEPHOSPHORYLATION

2 substrate level phosphorylation which gives out ATP.

Non - oxidative phosphorylation.

Here Phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP) is converted to last product of glycolysis pyruvate releasing ATP by pyruvate kinase.

The first five step is production of GADP, And usage of ATP and the next five steps are the formation of ATP and pyruvate. The net formation of ATP is 2 mol. of ATP and 2 mol. of NADH.  This pyruvate then move to the TCA cycle.

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The heat of combustion for the unknown hydrocarbon when1 mole of an unknown hydrocarbon is burned in a bomb calorimeter and the Calorimeter increases in temperature by 12.19°C is -611.26kJ/mol

A device that is mostly used to measure combustion temperatures. The reaction occurs in a sealed area known as the calorimeter proper, in constant thermal contact with its surroundings (the jacket).

To calculate the heat of combustion we follow the given steps:

Heat released by the combustion =Cp×ΔT=1.929×12.19 kJ=23.51 kJ

Hence, ΔH=−23.51 kJ/g

A unknown hydrocarbon has an empirical formula of CH and a molar mass of 26 g/mol.

So,  ΔH combustion=−23.51×26g /mol=−611.26kJ/mol

Hence, ΔH combustion=−15.6×180 kJ/mol=−611.26kJ/mol

ΔH combustion=−611.26kJ/mol

Hence, the heat of combustion for the unknown hydrocarbon when1 mole of an unknown hydrocarbon is burned in a bomb calorimeter and the Calorimeter increases in temperature by 12.19°C is -611.26kJ/mol

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When two magnets are repelling each other, the following are true:

A magnet is a substance or item that generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible, but it is responsible for a magnet's most remarkable property: a force that attracts or repels other ferromagnetic elements such as iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and so on.

Magnets are classified into three types: perpetual magnets, temporary magnets, and electromagnets. Permanent magnets produce a magnetic field without requiring any external magnetism or electrical power.

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The number of electrons it take to fill the mos formed from the combination of the 3s orbitals of two atoms simply is 14 electrons.

The 3s orbital possess two different spherical nodes which is highly connected with the principal quantum number. In order words, it has 2 radial nodes. Also the shape of the 3s orbital is spherical in shape.

That being said, from the context of the above given task, the number of electrons which fill the mos formed from the combination of the 3s orbitals of two atoms is fourteen electrons.

However, the electron configuration of an atom simply is the arrangement of electrons in the electron shell or orbit of the atom of that element.

In conclusion, it can be deduced from above s orbital has a maximum of two electrons and this energy increases as the orbitals increases.

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The valence electron on O = 6, As = 5, N = 5, Al = 3, K = 1

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell, or energy level, of an atom. For example, oxygen has six valence electrons, two in the 2s subshell and four in the 2p subshell. We can write the configuration of oxygen's valence electrons as 2s²2p⁴.

Similarly we can see that the outermost orbit in As is 4[tex]s^{2}[/tex]4[tex]p^{3}[/tex] hence it has 5 valence electron and the charge on Arsenic ion is +5.

The outermost orbit in N is 2[tex]s^{2}[/tex]2[tex]p^{3}[/tex] hence it has 5 valence electron and the charge on Nitrogen ion is 3-

The outermost orbit in Al is 3[tex]s^{2}[/tex]3[tex]p^{1}[/tex] hence it has 3 valence electron and the charge on Aluminum ion is 3+

The outermost orbit of K is 4[tex]s^{1}[/tex] hence it has 1 valence electron and the charge on Potassium ion is 1+

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Two elements on Mendeleev's table that combines with oxygen in the same ratio as magnesium are Beryllium and Calcium.

They form in a ratio of 1:1 with oxygen.

What is the reason behind  Berylium and Calcium in the ratio of 1:1 with oxygen?

The one-to-one charge ratio results in the formula CaO. Calcium and Oxygen have iconic bonding because calcium loses two electrons and oxygen gains two to complete their octet.

BeO can be produced by the reaction between beryllium and oxygen .In this reaction , each Be atom loses its two valence electrons to 0 atoms , forming Be2+ions and O2- ions. The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms the iconic bond .

One characteristic used by Mendeleev to develop his classification system of the elements:

Mendeleev was directed by two variables: Expanding nuclear masses, and Gathering of components having comparative properties. Mendeleev thought about formulae of hydrides and oxides as one of the fundamental models for order, among substance properties.

One difference between Mendeleev's Table and the Modern Periodic Table is :

Mendeleev's periodic table is based on atomic mass whereas +The modern periodic table is based on the atomic number.

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Answer:

Explanation:

As alkali is a base and it produce OH- when disolved in water. So we can say that they are called "alkaline" earth metals because they form "alkaline" solutions, hydroxides, when they react with water . "Earth" was the alchemists term for the oxides of alkaline earth metals.

[tex]P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2[/tex] ..we get  [tex]V 2 = 6 . L[/tex]  Explanation: [tex]V 2 = P 1 V 1 /P 2[/tex] = [tex]992 X 5.15 /857[/tex] mbar

what is volume and pressure?

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Assuming the solution is taken in 1 L volume so that the number of moles of AgNO₃ with 10.6 g or two spoon is 0.062 moles. Thus the concentration of the solution is 0.06 molar.

Molarity of a solution is the ratio of its number of moles of solute to the volume of solution in liters. Molarity is a temperature dependent quantity. This is the most common term for concentration of a solution.

The molar mass of AgNO₃ is 169.9 g/mol. One tea  spoon silver nitrate is 5.3 g thus, two tea spoon is 10.6 g. The number of moles of 10.6 AgNO₃

= mass/weight

= 10.6 g / 169.9 g/mol

= 0.062 moles.

Thus the concentration of 0.062 moles in 1 L solution is 0.062 molar.

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They are related through the trigonal planar being the electron geometry and bent is the molecular geometry for an element that has two bonds and one lone pair.

This is referred to as the study of different types of shapes, figures and sizes and is used in various fields such as mathematics, chemistry etc.

In the field of chemistry, there are different types such as trigonal planar and the bent geometry which are related as a result of some shared characteristics which include the following in the subsequent paragraph.

They are related through the trigonal planar being the electron geometry and bent is the molecular geometry for an element that has two bonds and one lone pair and is therefore the correct choice in this scenario.

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The number of ionic compounds grows dramatically

what is polyatomic ion?

A polyatomic ion, also referred as a molecular ion, is a covalently bound set of two or more atoms or a metal complex that behaves as a single unit and has a net charge that is more than zero. Depending on the meaning, the phrase molecule may or may not be used to describe to a polyatomic ion. In Greek, the word poly- means "many," however even ions of two atoms are generally marked as polyatomic.

when polyatomic ions are added. Polyatomic ions are present in the majority of ionic substances. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which includes the polyatomic anion OH-, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), which contains two polyatomic ions: NH+ and NO3-, are well-known examples.

The following table contains a list of the more significant polyatomic ions, which may be used as a reference when studying about polyatomic ion charges. A large number of them are oxyanions (polyatomic ions that contain oxygen)

Charge                          Name                                             Formula

-3                                  Phosphate                                     PO43-

                                  Arsenate                                     AsO43-

-2                                  Carbonate                                     CO32-

                                   Peroxide                                      O22-

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The molar mass of gas x is 2.0g/mol.

Solution:

Molecular hydrogen effuses four times as fast as gas x at the same temperature

Oxygen is diatomic (O2)

Oxygen's molar mass = 32.0 g/mol.

Certain Gas = fast/light and Oxygen = slow/heavy

Set rate expression equal to the molar mass expression

[tex]\frac{4}{1}[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{32}{x} }[/tex]

X = 2.0g/mol

Moles do not change with temperature because temperature affects volume, not mass. When a liquid or gas is heated, the molecules move faster, collide and spread. Since the molecules are distributed, they occupy more space. they are less dense. The opposite happens when a liquid or gas cools.

As the kinetic energy of the molecules in the gas increases, an increase in temperature causes the gas to expand, thus increasing in volume. When the same number of gas molecules occupy more volume, the density of air decreases. Volume is simply defined as the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional solid.

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Answer:

Water is a Polar Covalent Molecule

Water (H2O), like hydrogen fluoride (HF), is a polar covalent molecule. When you look at a diagram of water (see Fig. 3-2), you can see that the two hydrogen atoms are not evenly distributed around the oxygen atom.

Explanation:

Water (H2O), like hydrogen fluoride (HF), is a polar covalent molecule. When you look at a diagram of water (see Fig. 3-2), you can see that the two hydrogen atoms are not evenly distributed around the oxygen atom. Water is a polar molecule. While the overall charge of the molecule is neutral, the orientation of the two positively charged hydrogens (+1 each) at one end and the negatively charged oxygen (-2) at the other end give it two poles.

The reflux of the micro-scale reaction should be gentle because since solvents are present in small quantities, the reaction might dry up and burn.

What is reflux?

Reflux can be analogous to distillation. The condenser is present in reflux. The solvent boils and gets condensed back to the same flask. The equipment for reflux are RB flask, heat source, condenser and a water bath.

In reflux reactions, the micro-scale reactions use very small amount of solvents and reagents as the name suggests. During the reaction some solvent might boil and leave the reaction vessel. Then the solvent molecules condense below. Higher the condensation ring, lesser solvent present in the reaction.

Therefore, during reflux reactions, the reaction might dry up and burn since the solvent condenses and only few molecules of solvent are present in the reaction mixture. So, the reaction needs to be gently done.

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The yield of products formed is:

gold phosphate equals 111.93 grams and the yield of lithium acetate 32.30 grams.

This theoretical yield can be calculated as:

Molar masses of reactants and products that they need. lithium phosphate equals 115.79 grams per mole. Mass of gold phosphate equals 685.87 grams per mole and the molar mass of lithium acetate equals 65.98 grams per mole. Using number of moles and mass of substance produced we can calculate the products formed.

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If the arrow is pointed this way ->, there is only one H atom on the reactant side; however, if it is pointed this way <- , there are two H atoms. The correct option is A.

The majority of stars and the sun include it, and the giant Jupiter is primarily made of it. Water is where you'll find the most hydrogen on Earth. Less than 1 part per million cubic volume is all that is found of it as a gas in the air.

According to the Los Alamos, hydrogen makes up more than 90% of all atoms, which is equivalent to three quarters of the universe's mass. Hydrogen is named after the Greek terms hydro for "water" or genes for "forming."

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The complete question is -

Mg(OH)2 + NaCl ® MgCl₂ + NaOH

How many hydrogen atoms are on the reactant side?

A-1

B-2

C-4

D-8

The pH of a barium hydroxide solution obtained by dissolving 0.10 grams of barium hydroxide in 250ml of water is 17.

When barium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it forms,

Ba(OH)₂ → Ba⁺ + 2OH⁻

the concentration of the hydroxide ion in the solution will be,

Molarity = Moles of solute/volume of solution

Moles of Ba(OH)₂ = 2 moles of OH⁻

So, we can write,

0.10/171.3x2 =Moles of OH⁻

Moles of OH⁻ = 0.000291 moles.

Molarity of OH⁻ solution = 0.000291 x 1000/250

Molarity/concentration of OH⁻ solution = 0.001 mol/L

pH = 14 - p[OH]

p[OH] = log[0.001]

p[OH] = -3

pH = 14+3

pH = 17

So, the pH of the solution is 17.

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The Correct answer is A) small, simple hydrocarbon molecules the following best summarizes the composition of hydrocarbon molecules in this outcrop of tar sand.

Crude oil, natural gas, and coal all contain hydrocarbons, which are organic molecules made of hydrogen and carbon. Humans have modified them to be utilized as an energy source, such as in the production of gasoline and jet fuel.

The simplest organic molecules, hydrocarbons are composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Fuel is the most significant application of hydrocarbons. Among the most widely used hydrocarbon fuels include gasoline, natural gas, fuel oil, diesel, jet fuel, coal, kerosene, and propane. Plastics and synthetic fabrics like polyester are made using hydrocarbons as well.

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Answer:

digestive system

.

Explanation:

Answer:

392.4 J

Explanation:

Potential Energy = m g h = 20 * 9.81 * 2 = 392.4 J