22. radio waves are diffracted by large objects such as buildings, whereas light is not noticeably diffracted. why is this? a) radio waves are unpolarized, whereas light is normally polarized. b) the wavelength of light is much smaller than the wavelength of radio waves. c) the wavelength of light is much greater than the wavelength of radio waves. d) radio waves are coherent and light is usually not coherent. e) radio waves are polarized, whereas light is usually unpolarized.

Type 1 cable consists of a braided outer shield surrounding the entire cable core and covered with a jacket, the correct answer is c.

Type 1 cable is commonly used in high-frequency applications where signal interference is a concern. The braided shield provides excellent protection against electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI). It also helps to reduce signal loss and attenuation by keeping the signal within the cable and preventing it from escaping.

The jacket provides an additional layer of protection against environmental factors such as moisture, abrasion, and temperature extremes. Type 1 cable is a reliable and effective option for applications where signal integrity and protection against interference are critical factors, the correct answer is c.

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The complete question is:

Type 1 cable consists of ?

a. twisted pairs

b. each individually shielded with foil

c. with a braided outer shield surrounding the entire cable core and covered with a jacket.

The distance to the RR Lyrae variable star will be underestimated by a factor of 10 due to the effect of interstellar dust.

The distance to an astronomical object can be determined using the inverse square law, which states that the apparent brightness of an object decreases as the square of the distance increases.

The apparent magnitude of an object is a measure of its brightness as seen from Earth. The lower the magnitude, the brighter the object.

If interstellar dust makes an RR Lyrae variable star look 5 magnitudes fainter than it should, then the apparent magnitude of the star as observed from Earth is 5 magnitudes greater than its true apparent magnitude.

Using the inverse square law, we can write:

Apparent brightness ~ 1 / (distance[tex])^2[/tex]

If the apparent brightness is 5 magnitudes fainter than it should be, we can express the distance to the star as:

distance = sqrt(100^(0.4 * 5)) x true distance

where 0.4 is the conversion factor from magnitudes to brightness ratios, and 100 is the ratio of the brightness of the star as observed from Earth to its true brightness.

Simplifying this expression, we get:

distance = 100^(0.5) x true distance

distance = 10 x true distance

Therefore, the distance to the RR Lyrae variable star will be underestimated by a factor of 10 due to the effect of interstellar dust.

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The geocentric model of the universe that was widely accepted in scientific and religious circles until the 16th century was that of Ptolemy, also known as the Ptolemaic system.

The geocentric model of the universe, widely accepted in scientific and religious circles until the 16th century, was based on the idea that Earth was at the center of the cosmos.

This model, also known as the Ptolemaic system, was developed by the ancient Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. According to this model, all celestial objects, including the Sun, Moon, and stars, revolved around the Earth in circular or epicyclical paths.

The geocentric model was dominant for over a thousand years due to its alignment with religious beliefs and its ability to explain astronomical observations.

However, the 16th-century work of Nicolaus Copernicus and later astronomers led to the acceptance of the heliocentric model, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system and was a more accurate representation of the cosmos.

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It takes light approximately 40 minutes to travel the distance between Jupiter and the Sun.

One astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is about 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles. Therefore, the distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 5 times that, or 750 million kilometers.

Since light travels at a speed of about 299,792 kilometers per second, it takes about 2,500 seconds or 41.67 minutes for light to travel from the Sun to Jupiter (750 million kilometers divided by 299,792 kilometers per second).

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The differences between ambient sounds, sound effects, and Foley sounds.

Ambient sounds, also known as background sounds or atmospheric sounds, are the continuous, subtle noises that help create a sense of atmosphere or location in a scene. They differ from sound effects in that sound effects are distinct, purposeful sounds added to emphasize specific actions or events in a scene.

Foley sounds, on the other hand, are a type of sound effect created manually by a Foley artist to match and enhance the actions happening on-screen. They are different from regular sound effects because they are typically recorded live in a studio using various objects and materials to create realistic, synchronized sounds for actions such as footsteps, clothing rustles, and object handling.

In summary:

1. Ambient sounds create a sense of atmosphere or location and are continuous and subtle.
2. Sound effects are distinct, purposeful sounds added to emphasize specific actions or events.
3. Foley sounds are a type of sound effect created manually by a Foley artist to match on-screen actions.

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The acceleration of the center of mass of the system is also zero.

When two isolated objects collide head-on, the total momentum of the system is conserved. The momentum of an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its velocity. Since one object has twice the mass of the other, it will have half the velocity of the smaller object before the collision.

After the collision, both objects will move together as one system. The acceleration of the center of mass of the system can be found using the equation F=ma, where F is the net force acting on the system and m is the total mass of the system.

Since momentum is conserved, the net force on the system is zero. This means that the center of mass of the system will not move after the collision, and

the system will continue to move in the same direction as the smaller object with a velocity that is equal to the initial velocity of the smaller object divided by the total mass of the system.

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The overall speed of the rock when it hits the ground is 24.4 m/s.

We can solve this problem using kinematic equations of motion. Since the rock is thrown horizontally, its initial vertical velocity is zero.

Let's use the following kinematic equation to find the final velocity of the rock (v):

v² = u² + 2as

where u is the initial velocity (in this case, u = 0), a is the acceleration due to gravity (-9.81 m/s²), and s is the vertical distance the rock falls (12.4 m). Solving for v, we get:

v = sqrt(2as) = sqrt(2 x (-9.81 m/s²) x 12.4 m) = 17.26 m/s

Now that we have found the final vertical velocity, we can use it to find the time it takes for the rock to fall to the ground.

The time (t) can be found using the following kinematic equation:

s = ut + (1/2)at²

where s is the horizontal distance the rock travels (17.8 m), u is the horizontal velocity of the rock (which is constant), and a is the horizontal acceleration (which is zero). Since the initial horizontal velocity is equal to the final horizontal velocity, we can use the following equation to find u:

v = u

u = v = 17.26 m/s

Now we can plug in the known values to find t:

17.8 m = 17.26 m/s x t

t = 1.03 s

Finally, we can use the horizontal distance and time to find the horizontal velocity (v_h) using the equation:

v_h = s/t = 17.8 m / 1.03 s = 17.28 m/s

Therefore, the overall speed of the rock when it hits the ground is the vector sum of the horizontal and vertical velocities:

v_overall = sqrt(v_h² + v²) = sqrt((17.28 m/s)² + (17.26 m/s)²) = 24.4 m/s

So the overall speed of the rock when it hits the ground is 24.4 m/s.

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If a red giant appears the same brightness as a red main sequence star, it is most likely that the red giant is further away.

Here's a step-by-step explanation:

1) Red giants and red main sequence stars are both types of stars that are similar in color, but they have different sizes and luminosities.

2) Red giants are much larger and more luminous than red main sequence stars. They are formed when a star like the sun runs out of fuel and begins to expand and cool.

3)Red main sequence stars, on the other hand, are smaller and less luminous than red giants. They are stars that are still burning hydrogen fuel in their cores.

4) The apparent brightness of a star depends on both its intrinsic luminosity and its distance from Earth. The farther away a star is, the dimmer it appears to us on Earth.

5) If a red giant appears the same brightness as a red main sequence star, this means that the red giant must be much farther away from Earth than the red main sequence star.

6) This is because the red giant is intrinsically much more luminous than the red main sequence star. If both stars were at the same distance from Earth, the red giant would appear much brighter than the red main sequence star.

7) However, since the red giant appears the same brightness as the red main sequence star, this means that the red giant must be much farther away from Earth and therefore appears dimmer.

Overall, by comparing the apparent brightness of a red giant and a red main sequence star, we can determine which star is farther away.

If the red giant appears the same brightness as the red main sequence star, then the red giant is likely to be much farther away.

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The clock must be moving at a velocity of approximately 4.53 m/s relative to the observers on the ground in order to experience a time dilation of 2.7 ns over the course of one day.

According to Einstein's theory of relativity, time dilation occurs when an object moves at a constant velocity relative to an observer. This means that time appears to pass more slowly for an object in motion than for an observer at rest. The amount of time dilation depends on the relative velocity between the two objects.

In this problem, we are given that a clock moving at some velocity loses 2.7 nanoseconds (ns) over the course of one day, as measured by observers on the ground. We want to determine the velocity of the clock.

We can use the formula for time dilation, which states that the observed time interval (Δt') is related to the proper time interval (Δt) by:

[tex]$\Delta t' = \frac{\Delta t}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}}}$[/tex]

where v is the velocity of the clock, c is the speed of light, and the square root is taken using the binomial approximation (since v << c).

We know that Δt' = Δt - 2.7 ns and Δt = 1 day = 86400 seconds. Substituting these values and simplifying, we get:

[tex]$86400 - 2.7 = \frac{86400}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}}}$[/tex]

Squaring both sides and rearranging, we can solve for v:

[tex]$v = c \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{2.7}{86400}\right)^2} \approx 4.53 \text{ m/s}$[/tex]

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The capacitance of the second parallel plate capacitor is 2c0 which is twice that of the first capacitor.

The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given by the formula C = εA/d, where C is the capacitance, ε is the permittivity of the material between the plates, A is the area of each plate, and d is the separation between the plates.

If the second capacitor has plates with twice the cross sectional area, this means that A is multiplied by 2. Similarly, if the separation is twice as much, then d is also multiplied by 2.

Therefore, the capacitance of the second capacitor is:

C = ε(2A)/(2d)

C = (εA/d) x 2

C = 2c0

So the capacitance of the second parallel plate capacitor is twice that of the first capacitor.

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To find the distance between the object and image produced by a converging lens with a 35.5 cm focal length when the object is 45 cm from the lens, you can use the lens formula:

1/f = 1/do + 1/di

Where:
f = focal length (35.5 cm)
do = object distance (45 cm)
di = image distance

Step 1: Plug in the values for f and do:
1/35.5 = 1/45 + 1/di

Step 2: Subtract 1/45 from both sides:
1/35.5 - 1/45 = 1/di

Step 3: Find a common denominator and subtract:
(45 - 35.5)/(35.5 * 45) = 1/di
9.5/(35.5 * 45) = 1/di

Step 4: Take the reciprocal of both sides:
di = (35.5 * 45)/9.5

Step 5: Calculate di:
di ≈ 168.42 cm

So, the object and image produced by the converging lens with a 35.5 cm focal length when the object is 45 cm from the lens are approximately 168.42 cm apart.

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During the low pressure phase, the semilunar valves close to prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles from the great vessels. This is the moment when the second heart sound is heard.

1. During the low pressure phase, the ventricles relax (diastole).
2. As the pressure in the ventricles drops, blood starts to flow back towards them from the great vessels (aorta and pulmonary artery).
3. To prevent the backflow of blood, the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) close.
4. The closure of the semilunar valves produces the second heart sound, also known as the "dub" in the "lub-dub" pattern of the heartbeat.

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When the hair dryer is turned on, it draws in cool air from its back end and passes it over a heating element, which increases the temperature of the air.

Cool air is taken in and is heated using a heating element as described. The heated air is then forced out through the front end of the dryer by a fan. As the warm air blows over the hair, it causes the water molecules in the hair to evaporate, thus drying the hair. The hair dryer also helps to style hair by blowing it in different directions, causing it to move and create volume.

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The maximum tangential velocity of a simple pendulum initially displaced at 16 degrees and with a period of 0.6 seconds is approximately 1.38 m/s.

The period of a simple pendulum is given by the equation:

T = 2π*√(L/g)

where L is the length of the pendulum and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Solving for L, we get:

L = g*T²/(4π²)

Substituting the given value of period, we get:

L = (9.81 m/s²)*(0.6 s)²/(4π²)

L = 0.239 m

The maximum tangential velocity of the pendulum occurs at the bottom of its swing, where all of its potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy. At this point, the velocity is given by:

v = √(2gh)

where h is the height of the pendulum above its lowest point. For a small angle of displacement, h can be approximated by:

h = L*(1-cosθ)

where θ is the initial displacement angle in radians.

Substituting the given values of L and θ, we get:

h = 0.239 m*(1-cos(16°))

h = 0.0474 m

Substituting the calculated value of h, we get:

v = √(2*(9.81 m/s²)*0.0474 m)

v = 1.38 m/s

Therefore, the maximum tangential velocity of the pendulum is approximately 1.38 m/s.

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The driver reaction times of oncoming vehicles would need to be shortened to an average of approximately 1.018 seconds for the probability of an accident to equal 0.20.

Practice Problem 5.2 refers to a situation where a driver needs to react within 1 second to avoid an accident, but the actual reaction time is normally distributed with a mean of 1.25 seconds and a standard deviation of 0.2 seconds.

To calculate the required shortening of driver reaction times for the probability of an accident to equal 0.20, we can use the inverse normal distribution function.

First, we need to find the z-score corresponding to a probability of 0.20. Using a standard normal distribution table or calculator, we find that the z-score is approximately -0.84.

Next, we can use the formula for converting a normally distributed variable to a standard normal variable:

z = (x - μ) / σ

where z is the z-score, x is the value of the variable we want to convert, μ is the mean, and σ is the standard deviation.

We want to find the new mean reaction time (x) that corresponds to a z-score of -0.84 and keeps the probability of an accident at 0.20:

-0.84 = (x - 1.25) / 0.2

Solving for x, we get:

x = -0.84 * 0.2 + 1.25 = 1.018 seconds

Therefore, the driver reaction times of oncoming vehicles would need to be shortened to an average of approximately 1.018 seconds for the probability of an accident to equal 0.20.

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Consider the conditions in Practice Problem 5.2. How short would the driver reaction times of oncoming vehicles have to be for the probability of an accident to equal 0.20?

The gravitational force on the rock is 78.4 Newtons.

At the given instant, the 8-kg rock experiences a gravitational force which can be calculated using the formula:

F_gravity = m * g

where m is the mass of the rock (8 kg) and g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s²).

F_gravity = 8 kg * 9.8 m/s² = 78.4 N

So, the gravitational force on the rock is 78.4 Newtons.his net force causes the rock to accelerate downwards.

The concept of gravitational force is an important one in physics, as it plays a significant role in many natural phenomena. The force of gravity is responsible for the motion of celestial bodies, and it is also a key factor in determining the weight of objects on earth.

Understanding the principles of gravitational force can help us understand the behavior of objects in motion and can also help us develop technologies that are based on these principles.

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The longest sound wavelength we can hear is 16.6 m while  the shortest sound wavelength we can hear is 0.0166 m.

We can use the formula for the speed of sound to find the longest and shortest sound wavelengths humans can hear:

speed of sound = frequency × wavelength

Let's first solve for the longest wavelength (a):

a. Longest wavelength = speed of sound / lowest frequency
Longest wavelength = 332 m/s / 20 Hz
Longest wavelength = 16.6 m

Now, let's solve for the shortest wavelength (b):

b. Shortest wavelength = speed of sound / highest frequency
Shortest wavelength = 332 m/s / 20,000 Hz
Shortest wavelength = 0.0166 m (or 1.66 cm)

So, the longest sound wavelength humans can hear is 16.6 meters and the shortest sound wavelength we can hear is 0.0166 meters (1.66 centimeters).

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Equipment that is designed to be dust-ignitionproof must be constructed in a way that prevents dust from getting inside and removes the possibility that heat, sparks, or arcs generated inside the apparatus would result in explosions or fires.

This is due to the fact that dust can be extremely hazardous in some working situations and can result in mishaps that could harm personnel or harm equipment.

In order to work safely in dusty environments, it is crucial to design and construct dust-ignitionproof equipment that can do so by avoiding the ignition of any dust that may be present inside or around the equipment. The ability to operate the machinery safely without endangering their health or safety is thus guaranteed.

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The highest frictional force is 1.35 N, which is the result that comes closest to A (1.4 N).

Since the body's acceleration is determined by the differential of velocity with time, which is zero if velocity is constant, the block's steady downward motion indicates that the body's acceleration is zero. Hence, there is no net force exerted on the body.

Ff(max) = μFn

where Ff(max) is the maximum force of friction, μ is the coefficient of friction, and Fn is the normal force.

In this case, the weight of the box is the same as the normal force, so:

Fn = 4.5 N

Ff(max) = 0.30 x 4.5 N = 1.35 N

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Explanation:

First you have to warm up the ice to melting point ....melt it ....then heat the water to boiling point.....boil it to steam ...then heat the steam to 118 C

35 g = .035 kg

.035 kg (  2090  J  /( kg C) * (12C)  +  3.33 x 10^5 J/kg  +  4186 J/(kg C) * 100 C   +  2.26 x 10^6 J/kg   +  2010 J/(kg C) * 18 C ) =

  107550.1 J     round as appropriate

When thermal energy is applied to a substance, the particles in the substance start to vibrate more rapidly, and the average kinetic energy of the particles increases.

As a result, the temperature of the substance increases. The amount of thermal energy required to increase the temperature of the substance by a certain amount is called the specific heat capacity of the substance.

The way the substance responds to the applied thermal energy also depends on its physical properties, such as its mass, density, and thermal conductivity. For example, a substance with a high thermal conductivity will transfer heat more rapidly to its surroundings, while a substance with a low thermal conductivity will retain heat more effectively.

If the applied thermal energy is sufficient, the substance may undergo a phase change, such as melting or boiling, as the increased kinetic energy overcomes the intermolecular forces holding the particles together.  

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The frequency of the horn of a car moving towards you would increase, while the frequency of a car moving away from you would decrease due to the Doppler effect.

The frequency of the sound waves an automobile makes will rise as it approaches you. This is due to the sound waves compression as the automobile draws closer to you, which causes them to have a shorter wavelength and a higher frequency. The Doppler effect is the name for this rise in frequency.

On the other hand, when an automobile pulls away from you, the sound waves' frequency will drop because they stretch, leading to a longer wavelength and a lower frequency. As a result, if all vehicles produce sound at the same frequency, you would hear a frequency rise for a vehicle travelling in your direction and a frequency drop for a vehicle driving away from you.

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If the car is moving towards you, the frequency of the horn will increase,moving away from you, the frequency will decrease

If the horns of all cars emitted sound at the same pitch or frequency, the frequency of the horn of a car moving toward you would appear to increase, as the sound waves are compressed and the wavelength is shortened due to the Doppler effect. Conversely, the frequency of the horn of a car moving away from you would appear to decrease, as the sound waves are stretched and the wavelength is lengthened due to the Doppler effect. This is because the observer perceives a higher frequency when the source is approaching and a lower frequency when the source is moving away.

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The change in sound of the train whistle from a higher pitch to a lower pitch after the train passes can be explained by the Doppler Effect.

Here is a step-by-step explanation:

1) The Doppler Effect is the change in frequency or pitch of a sound wave due to the relative motion of the sound source and the observer.

2) When the train is approaching the observer, the sound waves from the train are compressed and the frequency or pitch of the sound wave appears higher.

3) As the train passes the observer, the sound waves from the train are stretched and the frequency or pitch of the sound wave appears lower.

4) This change in frequency or pitch can be explained by the relative motion of the train and the observer.

When the train is approaching the observer, the sound waves from the train are "bunched up" and appear closer together, resulting in a higher frequency or pitch.

When the train is moving away from the observer, the sound waves are "stretched out" and appear further apart, resulting in a lower frequency or pitch.

5) The change in frequency or pitch of the train whistle can be represented by a graph showing the frequency of the sound wave over time.

Before the train passes, the frequency of the sound wave gradually increases as the train approaches the observer.

After the train passes, the frequency of the sound wave gradually decreases as the train moves away from the observer.

6) The change in frequency or pitch of the train whistle can also be calculated using the Doppler Effect equation, which relates the frequency of the sound wave, the speed of the sound wave, and the relative velocity of the train and the observer.

In summary, the change in sound of the train whistle from a higher pitch to a lower pitch after the train passes is due to the Doppler Effect, which is caused by the relative motion of the train and the observer.

The change in frequency or pitch can be represented by a graph or calculated using the Doppler Effect equation.

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Momentum is defined as mass multiplied by velocity, so the total momentum before the extinguisher is thrown is 70 kg*m/s.

Velocity is a vector quantity that measures the rate of change of an object's position. It is determined by the displacement of an object over a given period of time, and is usually expressed in terms of distance over time.

The astronaut's resulting velocity will be the same as the fire extinguisher's velocity, 3.5 m/s.
This is because the astronaut and extinguisher have the same mass and momentum must be conserved.
Momentum is defined as mass multiplied by velocity, so the total momentum before the extinguisher is thrown is 75 kg * 0 m/s + 20 kg * 3.5 m/s
= 70 kg*m/s.

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The expression for x1(t) , the position of mass i as a function of time, is x1(t) = x1_0 + v1_0 * t + 0.5 * a1 * t²

To find an expression for x1(t), the position of mass 1 as a function of time, we need to consider the following terms:

1. Initial position (x1_0): The position of mass 1 at time t=0.
2. Initial velocity (v1_0): The velocity of mass 1 at time t=0.
3. Acceleration (a1): The constant acceleration acting on mass 1, if applicable.

Now, we can use the general equation for the position of an object as a function of time:

x1(t) = x1_0 + v1_0 * t + 0.5 * a1 * t²

Where x1(t) is the position of mass 1 at time t, x1_0 is the initial position, v1_0 is the initial velocity, a1 is the acceleration, and t is the time in seconds.

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The only part of the work that is done on the outside of the garment is the basting or pinning of the zipper tape to the fabric.

The rest of the work is done on the inside of the garment. The zipper teeth are inserted between the layers of the fabric and the seam is sewn in place. The seam is then pressed open and the zipper is opened up to expose the teeth.

The zipper tape is then folded back and stitched in place, creating a clean finish on the inside of the garment. The final step is to topstitch the zipper on the outside of the garment, which reinforces the zipper and adds a decorative touch.

Overall, the centered zipper is a popular and versatile choice for many types of garments and can be easily customized to suit individual preferences.

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A photon with a longer wavelength has a lower frequency than a photon with a short wavelength, the correct option is (d)

The wavelength and frequency of a photon are related to its energy and color. Photons with shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies and higher energy, while photons with longer wavelengths have lower frequencies and lower energy.

This is described by the equation E = hf, where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, and f is frequency. Therefore, a photon with a longer wavelength has a lower frequency than a photon with a shorter wavelength, the correct option is (d)

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The complete question is:

A photon with a longer wavelength

a) is more energetic than a photon with a short wavelength.

b) travels slower than a photon with a short wavelength.

c) is more blue than a photon with a short wavelength.

d) has a lower frequency than a photon with a short wavelength.

e) All of the above

Having an exterior diameter of 3.50 cm and an inside diameter of 2.50 cm, a hollow cylindrical copper pipe measures 0.71 m in length. The mass of the copper pipe is closest to 6.72 kg.

To find the mass of the copper pipe, we need to first calculate its volume, which can be obtained by subtracting the volume of the hollow center from the volume of the outer cylinder.

The outer cylinder's volume can be calculated as:

[tex]$V_{outer} = \pi r_{outer}^2h$[/tex]

where r_outer is the outer radius, h is the height, and π is the mathematical constant pi.

Similarly, the inner cylinder's volume can be calculated as:

[tex]$V_{inner} = \pi r_{inner}^2h$[/tex]

where r_inner is the inner radius.

Therefore, the volume of the hollow center can be found by subtracting V_inner from V_outer:

V_hollow = V_outer - V_inner

[tex]$V_{outer} = \pi(r_{outer}^2 - r_{inner}^2)h$[/tex]

Substituting the given values, we get:

[tex]$V_{hollow} = \pi(0.0175^2 - 0.0125^2) \times 0.71$[/tex]

= 0.00074962 m^3

The mass of the copper pipe can be found by multiplying its volume by its density:

mass = density × volume

[tex]$V = 8.96 \text{ g/cm}^3 \times 749.62 \text{ cm}^3$[/tex]

= 6716.23 g

≈ 6.72 kg (rounded to two decimal places)

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