In order to reconstruct Geologic History, geological principles must be used. Some of the principles of Geology used are:
Principle of SuperpositionPrinciple of HoriztonalityPrinciple of InclusionPrinciple of Contact MetamorphismPrinciple of Cross- Cu.tt.ing RelationsWhat are the definitions of the above principles?Principle of Superposition: In a given vertical arrangement of undisturbed sedimentary layers of the flow of lava, the oldest layers are usually the first from the bottom up and the youngest are the first from top down. [See Image A]
Horizontality: Usually rock sediments are first deposited in an approximately horizontal manner. Where deformations such as folds and tilts are observed, it is a result of deformation which comes after deposition.
Inclusion: All Inclusions that are not part of the rock formation are deemed to be older that the rock formation.
Metamorphism: A hot magma intrusion "bakes" the somewhat colder surrounding rock. The rock that is cooked during this Contact Metamorphism procedure must be older.
Cross- Cu.tt.ing Relations: If one geological feature cuts over another, the cut feature is older.
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We are given a solution of 12.0 M HCI and want
to prepare 300 mL of a 0.6 M solution. How
would we prepare it? (300 mL = 0.3 L)
M₁V1=M₂V2
M₁ = ? M
V₁ = ? L
M₂= ? M
V₂ = ? L
V₁ = ? L
The solution of 12.0 M HCl and to prepare 300 mL of a 0.6 M solution , the initial volume is 0.015 L.
given that :
Molarity M1 = 12.0 M
volume V1 = ?
Molarity M2 = 0.6 M
Volume V2 = 300 mL = 0.3 L
The dilution law is given as :
M1 V1 = M2 V2
12.0 × V1 = 0.6 × 0.3 L
V1 = 0.18 / 12
V1 = 0.015 L
Thus, The solution of 12.0 M HCl and to prepare 300 mL of a 0.6 M solution , the initial volume is 0.015 L.
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Given that the vapor pressure of water is 17.54 Torr at 20 °C, calculate the vapor-pressure lowering, AP, of an aqueous solution
that is 1.80 m in sucrose (C₁2H₂₂O₁1).And
calculate the vapor-pressure lowering, AP, of an aqueous solution that is 1.80 m in aluminum chloride. Assume 100%
dissociation for electrolytes.
The vapor-pressure lowering, AP, of an aqueous solution is 2.44Torr.
Mole = [tex]\frac{weight}{molecular weight}[/tex]
In a 1.80m (molal) solution, 1 kilogram of the solvent contains 1.80 moles of the solute (which is water in this case).
Water's molar mass is equal to 2(atomic mass of H) + [2(1)+16] (atomic mass of O).
=18g/mol
The mole of water in 1 kilogram (equivalent to 1000 grams)::
[tex]n_{H_{2} O}[/tex]= [tex]\frac{1000}{18g/mol}[/tex] = 55.56mol
The solute's mole fraction in the 1.80 m solution is as follows::
[tex]x_{solute}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{n_{solute} }{n_{H_{2}O }}[/tex]
⇒[tex]x_{solute} =[/tex] [tex]\frac{1.80}{55.56}[/tex] = 0.032
a. Sucrose is a non-electrolyte, i.e., it does not undergo dissociation in the aqueous solution.
As a result, the Van't Hoff factor for sucrose is = i = 1
The lowering in vapor pressure of the solution, which is 1.80m in sucrose:
=[tex]ix_{solute}p^{0}[/tex]
=(1)(0.032)(17.54)Torr
=(0.56)Torr
b. Aluminum chloride dissociate in water as follows:
[tex]AlCl_{3}[/tex] →[tex]Al^{3+}+ 3Cl^{-}[/tex]
As a result, an aqueous solution containing one aluminum chloride particle yields four more particles.
Thus, i=4
The lowering in vapor pressure is thus:
=[tex]ix_{solute}p^{0}[/tex]
=(4)(0.032)(17.54)Torr
=(2.24)Torr
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the number of electron dense areas of SeCl6
Using the Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, there are six electron dense areas in the compound.
What is the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory?According to the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, the number of electron pairs that surround the valence shell of the central atom of the molecule is the determinant factor of the shape of the molecule.
Thus, the repulsion between the electron pairs would make the compound to assume a certain shape as the electrons would be able to maximize the repulsion that does exists between them.
In this case, we have a compound that have a central tom that is surround be six electron pairs that surround the central atom and they are all bond pairs of electron thus we would have six areas of electron density.
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Part A What happens to the water molecules when heat is added?
When heat is added to the water molecules there is an increase in temperature causing the water molecules to gain kinetic energy and move more rapidly. The water molecules will then move further apart resulting in an increase in the water volume.
What are water molecules?The water molecule is said to be composed of two hydrogen atoms, each linked by a single chemical bond to an oxygen atom.
When heat is added to water molecules, it can result in;
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Which of the following is/are correct about molar mass?
A. Can be calculated using the elements’ atomic mass in the periodic table
B. It is the mass in grams of one mole of any pure substance
C. Has the unit of mol/g
D. A and B
What is a negative control?
A- Group that gives a result that disproves your hypothesis
B- Group in which no response is expected
C- Group that gives an unexpected result
D- Group in which a response is expected
According to the given information Group in which no response is expected is a negative control.
The correct option is C.
What is an example of a hypothesis ?A scientist may develop the hypothesis that a given type of tomato will be red if it carries the gene for the colour red. The scientist then discovers that every tomato of this variety is red during investigation.
What is the purpose of an hypothesis?Hypotheses are frequently employed to promote scientific research and enhance knowledge. These clear declarations serve as the cornerstone for all research experiments. Therefore, a problem in the creation of a hypothesis may lead to errors in the design of a whole experiment.
What is the main function of hypothesis?As previously said, a hypothesis serves as a response to the research question and directs the gathering and analysis of data. Researchers can use hypotheses to both identify relationships between variables and forecast relationships based on theoretical principles and/or empirical data.
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Consider an atom of Sulfur. Predict one atom in the same group which is larger than a sulfur atom, and one which is smaller. Using these trends and your understanding of Coulomb's Law, analyze how forces of attraction and repulsion affect the size of an atom.
Explanation:
as the number of shell increased the size of the atom increase but the same shell with different number of valence electron, as electron number increase the attraction between nucleus and valance electron increased then the atom becomes shrinks and so the size of it decreased.
There are 0.05216 mol ZnSO4 and
0.3609 mol H2O in the sample.
Step 3: Divide each by the smallest number
of moles to get the ratio.
What is the ratio of ZnSO4:H2O?
[?]
mol ZnSO4: [?] mol H2O
The ratio of mol of ZnSO₄ : mol H₂O is 1:7.
Empirical formula- The relative ratios of the various atoms in a compound are given by an empirical formula. The ratios are still valid at the molar level. As a result, H₂O is made up of two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms. Similar to how 2.0 moles of hydrogen and 1.0 mole of oxygen make up 1.0 mole .
Steps to determine Empirical formula-
Determine the masses in Step 1. Step 2: Multiply the grams by the atomic mass to get the number of moles. Step 3: Subtract the smallest number of moles from the total number of moles of each element. Step 4: Make entire numbers out of the numbers.
Given,
0.05216 mol of ZnSO₄
0.3609 mol of H₂O
Here, the smallest number of mole is 0.05216.
Dividing each by the smallest number of moles to get the ratio -
⇒ 0.05216/ 0.05216 = 1
⇒ 0.3609/ 0.05216 = 6.91 ≈ 7
Therefore the mol ratio of ZnSO₄ and H₂O are 1 and 7 respectively.
Hence, 1 mol ZnSO₄ : 7 mol H₂O.
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Can someone help me please
The number of moles of F₂ is 0.453 mol
The grams of F₂ are present is 17.21 g
given that :
pressure P = 5.2 atm
volume V = 2.55 L
temperature T = ( 273 + 83 ) = 356 K
using the gas equation , we get
PV = nRT
n = PV / RT
n = ( 5.2 × 2.55 ) / (0.0821 × 356)
n = 13.26 / 29.22
n = 0.453 mol
the mass of F₂ = moles × molar mas
= 0.453 × 38
= 17.21 g
Thus, The number of moles of F₂ is 0.453 mol
The grams of F₂ are present is 17.21 g
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Solid potassium (K) conducts an electric current, whereas solid potassium iodide (KI) does not
because a. solid potassium is a nonmetal
b. solid potassium has a delocalized sea of electrons and KI has its cations and anions
too close together
c. KI has covalent bonds
d. Kl needs to be reacted with another compound first
Solid potassium (K) conducts an electric current, whereas solid potassium iodide (KI) does not because solid potassium has a delocalized sea of electrons and KI has its cations and anions.
How does potassium iodide work?Positively charged potassium and negatively charged iodine combine to form the straightforward inorganic ionic chemical potassium iodide. It is solid at room temperature and resembles sodium chloride or table salt in terms of crystalline structure.
The major uses of potassium iodide are to treat hyperthyroidism and as a dietary supplement for those who are iodine deficient. Additionally, it is utilized as an expectorant to treat asthma and other long-term respiratory disorders, as well as to shield the thyroid gland from radiation.
When potassium iodide is dissolved in water, it splits into cations and anions, enabling free electron movement across the solution. It does not conduct electricity when it is in a dry crystal state, though, like other ionic compounds.
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A solution is prepared by dissolving sodium benzoate and benzoic acid in water to give a 9 mmol/litre concentration of each compound. The mixture has a pH of 4.21 at 25oC. Calculate the acid dissociation constant of benzoic acid, Ka.
Hint: pH = pKa + log10 ·[sodium benzoate] / [benzoic acid]
A solution is prepared by dissolving sodium benzoate and benzoic acid in water to give a 9 m mol / liter concentration of each compound. The mixture has a pH of 4.21 at 25 °C. the acid dissociation constant of benzoic acid, Ka is 6.1 × 10⁻⁵.
the pH of solution is given as :
pH = pka + log ( [sodium benzoate / benzoic acid])
4.21 = pka + log 1
pka = 4.21
pka = - log ka
ka = 10^- pka
ka = 6.2 × 10⁻⁵
Thus, A solution is prepared by dissolving sodium benzoate and benzoic acid in water to give a 9 m mol / liter concentration of each compound. The mixture has a pH of 4.21 at 25 °C. the acid dissociation constant of benzoic acid, Ka is 6.1 × 10⁻⁵.
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What makes an element give off a specific color? Please explain.
The elements give off specific color because the energy of shells of different elements are specific.
Electrons when excited jump from a lower energy level to higher energy level. in higher energy level the electron are less stable . so, after some time they return from higher to lower energy level an emit some light of different wavelength of specific colors. The difference in the energy of the shells of the atom are specific. the color of different elements are different because of the light emitted and the wavelength is inversely proportional to energy.
E = hc / λ
Thus, The elements give off specific color because the energy of shells of different elements are specific.
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A 32.00 mL sample of an unknown H3PO4 solution is titrated with a 0.140 M NaOH solution. The equivalence point is reached when 25.24 mL of NaOH solution is added.
The neutralization reaction is
H3PO4(aq)+3NaOH(aq)→3H2O(l)+Na3PO4(aq)
What is the concentration of the unknown H3PO4 solution?
Express the molarity to three significant figures.
The concentration of the unknown [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] solution would be 0.0368 M
Stoichiometric problemThe equation of the reaction is as follows:
[tex]H3PO_4(aq)+3NaOH(aq)--- > 3H_2O(l)+Na_3PO_4(aq)[/tex]
The mole ratio of the [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] solution to the NaOH solution is 1:3.
But 0.140 M, 25.24 mL of NaOH was used.
Recall that: mole = molarity x volume (in Liters)
Mole of 0.140 M, 25.24 mL of NaOH = 0.140 x 25.24/1000
= 0.0035336 mol
Following the mole ratio, the equivalent mole of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] would be:
0.0035336 /3 = 0.00117786666
Recall that: molarity = mol/volume (in Liters)
Molarity of 0.00117786666 mol, 32.00 mL [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] = 0.00117786666/0.032
= 0.0368 M
In other words, the molarity of the [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] solution to 3 significant figures is 0.0368 M.
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Copper metal plus zinc sulfate solution
Write the Molecular equation
Write the total ionic equation
Write the Net ionic equation
Is the reaction category replacement or metathesis?
Copper metal plus zinc sulfate solution : is not possible because the copper metal is less reactive than zinc and copper cannot displace the zinc.
The copper metal with zinc sulfate reaction is not possible because copper is less reactive than the zinc cant cannot displace the zinc. so, the reaction :
Cu + ZnSO₄ ----> no reaction
but the zinc plus copper sulfate is possible , copper is less reactive than zinc and zinc can displace the copper . and the reaction is called as displacement reaction the reacion is given as :
CuSO₄ + Zn -----> ZnSO₄ + Cu
Thus, Copper metal plus zinc sulfate solution : is not possible because the copper metal is less reactive than zinc and copper cannot displace the zinc.
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3. Look at the positions of calcium, beryllium, and magnesium on the periodic table. Based on
their locations, predict how many valence electrons these elements have and predict what
the reactivity of these elements will generally be.
Answer:
Reactivity of these elements as follow
Calcium > Magnesium > Beryllium
What is valance electron?
A valence electron is an electron connected with an atom and capable of participating in the formation of a chemical bond; in a single covalent connection, both atoms contribute one valence electron to form a shared pair. The existence of valence electrons can affect the element's chemical characteristics and ability to bind with other elements: a valence electron can only be in the outermost electron shell of a main group element.
The valence shell, also known as the valence orbital, is the orbital found in the atom's outermost area. These valence shells contain electrons known as valence electrons, which are responsible for the chemical process. When one electron is withdrawn or added to this valence shell, the basic goal is to complete the element's octet.
The elements beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), have two electrons in their valence shells, giving them an oxidation state of +2
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The atomic weight of element A is 88.7 if the element consist of two Isotopes that have mass number 88 and 92. what is the approximate % natural abundance of the heaviest Isotope?
Answer: 17.5 %
Write the equation for relative Atomic mass in terms of an ( 'a' being one isotope's mass) and solve for x:
88.7 = [tex]\frac{(a * 88) + ((100 - a) * 92)}{100}[/tex]
8870 = 88*a + 9200 - 92 * a
4*a = 330
a = 82.5
Find the value of b using a,
100 - a = b
100 - 82.5 = b
b = 17.5
So, the % abundance for the isotope with mass number 88 is 82.5% and the % abundance for the isotope with mass number 92 is 17.5% .
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How many grams of HCl are in 1 L of 6 M HCl
16 grams of HCl are in 1 L of 6 M HCl
Number of moles of a substance is actually the ratio of the given mass in the chemical reaction to the mass of one mole of substance. One mole of any substance equals Avogadro's number. It is also used to express concentration units such as mole per liter or molecular weight
Formula for molarity of solute is given as:
Molarity = moles of solute
Volume of solution in liter
moles of solute = Volume of solution × Molarity
moles of solute = 1L × 6M ⇒ 6moles
Mass of HCl = Number of moles × Molecular weights
= 6 × 36.5 ⇒ 16 grams
Therefore the 16 grams of HCl are in 1 L of 6 M HCl
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How many Joules are needed to increase the temperature of 150 g of water from 313K to 338 K?
-18,037.5 are joules are needed to increase the temperature of 150 g of water from 313K to 338 K.
What is joules?
In the International System of Units (SI), a joule is a unit of work or energy equal to the work done by a force of one newton acting through one metre. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule and equals 107 ergs, or about 0.7377 foot-pounds. The joule is equal to one watt-second in electrical terms, which is the amount of energy released in one second by a current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm.
The distinction between heat and temperature can be difficult to grasp. Heat is essentially the total amount of kinetic energy that a substance's molecules contain, and it is measured in joules (J). Temperature is measured in degrees and is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the individual molecules. When the same quantity of heat is applied to different materials, the temperature rises at varying rates depending on the substance's specific heat capacity. If you know the amount of the substance and its specific heat capacity, you may determine the final temperature.
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Two solutions are prepared by a chemist. One of the solutions is 150.0 ml of a 3.5 x 10¹5 M HNO3.
The other solution is 250.0 ml of a 0.63 M solution of HNO2.
Compare the pH of each solution.
The pH of the solutions are as follows:
a. pH = 4.4
b. pH = 0.2
What is the pH of a solution?The pH of a solution is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.
The pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance.
pH = -log [H⁺]
where [H⁺] is the hydrogen ion concentration
The pH of the solutions are as follows:
a. 150.0 ml of a 3.5 x 10⁻⁵ M HNO3.
pH = -log (3.5 x 10⁻⁵)
pH = 4.4
b. 250.0 ml of a 0.63 M solution of HNO2
pH = -log (0.63)
pH = 0.2
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Please help I have been stuck for a week Which of the following reactions is BALANCED and shows INCOMPLETE combustion
A. 2C5H12 + 1102--> 12CO+ 10H2O
B. 2C5H12 + 1102--> 10CO +12H20
C. C5H12 + 802--> 5CO2+6H20
D. C5H12 + 802--> 6CO2 5H20
The reaction given below shows a balanced incomplete combustion reaction:
B. 2 C₅H₁₂ + 11 O₂--> 10 CO + 12 H₂O
What is a combustion reaction?A combustion reaction is a reaction that involves substances reacting exothermically with oxygen to release large amounts of heat and light energy.
Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrogen combusts completely in oxygen to produce carbon(iv) oxide and water.
However, the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon (ii) oxide and water instead carbon(iv) oxide and water.
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If you have 37.75 g of S, how many moles does it correspond to?
If we have 37.75 g of S , the number of moles is 1.17 mol.
Given that :
mass of Sulphur , S = 37.75 g
Molar mass of Sulphur , S = 32 g / mol
The number of moles of substances is equals to the ,mass of substance given to the molar mass of that substance.
number of moles = mass / molar mass
number of moles of sulphur = 37.75 g / 32 g / mol
number of moles of sulphur = 1.17 mol
Thus, If we have 37.75 g of S , the number of moles is 1.17 mol.
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An arctic weather balloon is filled with 30.6 L of hellum gas inside a prep shed. The temperature inside the shed is 12. °C. The balloon is then taken outside,
where the temperature is -28. °C. Calculate the new volume of the balloon.
You may assume the pressure on the balloon stays constant at exactly 1 atm. Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
The new volume of the balloon is 26.307L. This can be solved with the help of Charles' law.
What is Charles' law?
According to the Charles' law, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature at constant pressure.
Here we assume that the pressure is constant in both the cases.
V1/T1 = V2/T2
30.6L/285.15K = V2/245.15K
V2= 26.307L.
Therefore, the new volume at -28 degree Celsius and constant 1 atm pressure is 26.307L according to Charles' law.
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What is the physical state of strontium at 25 degrees?
Answer:
Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. Classified as an alkaline earth metal, Strontium is a solid at room temperature.
Explanation:
Max Points, 4 Parts,
1. explain to John Dalton what his Solid Sphere Model got correct, and what it got incorrect
2. explain to Dmitri Mendeleev what his periodic table got correct, and what it got incorrect
3. explain to Ernest Rutherford what Niels Bohr's model of the atom would eventually improve compared to his own Nuclear Model
4. Isaac Newton was actually an avid alchemist (popular with the learned thinkers in the 17th century). He began studying chemistry but eventually grew bored of it for the perceived excitement of alchemy. In 1-2 paragraphs, convince Isaac Newton to toss aside his alchemy fixation for true chemistry
The assumption that an atom is indestructible is refuted by the fact that it can be further split into protons, neutrons, and electrons.
However, an atom is the smallest particle involved in chemical reactions. According to Dalton, every aspect of an element's atoms is the same.
The atom is the smallest unit of matter that may be divided without generating particles with an electrical charge. It is also the smallest material with properties resembling chemical elements. As a result, the atom acts as the basic building block of chemistry. Examine various electron configurations in the electron shells that enclose the atomic nucleus of an atom.
Examine various electron configurations in the electron shells that enclose the atomic nucleus of an atom. An atom is primarily made of space. The rest is made up of a positively charged nucleus made up of protons and neutrons that is surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is small and dense in comparison to electrons, which are the lightest charged particles in nature.
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how does increasing plant biomas affect atmospheric co2
Plants absorbs the atmospheric carbon dioxide and use it up for photosynthesis. Hence, increasing plant biomass reduces the atmospheric carbon dioxide.
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is a biochemical process by which the plants synthesis glucose and energy in leaves using carbon dioxide and water with the aid of light energy.
The pigment chlorophyll is a photoactive substance which absorbs the light energy. Using carbon dioxide and water plants synthesis glucose and oxygen is released in this reaction.
Therefore, as the plant biomass increases, the intake of carbon dioxide by these plants increases, leading to a reduction in the atmospheric carbon dioxide which is good to decline the effect of global warming also.
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How much heat is released during the combustion of 1.39 kg of C5H12?
The heat that is released by the 1.39 Kg of pentane is 58518 kJ.
What is the heat released?We know that the combustion of pentane is an exothermic reaction because heat is released in the process. We have to look to the balanced thermochemical reaction equation for the combustion of pentane.
Given that the number of moles of the pentane that is burnt here = 1.39 * 10^3 g/72 g/mol
= 19.3 moles
Now;
If we require 3032 kJ of energy to burn one mole of pentane
If we have 19.3 moles of pentane then we have;
19.3 moles * 3032 kJ/ 1 mole
= 58518 kJ
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Each element is composed of a unique kind of atom.
True or False
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
10^-2 M NH3 in water Kb=1.8*10^-5, conc. of all species=?
1.34 x 10^{-3} is the concentration of NH4 .
What is pH ?
pH, a quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. Widely used in chemistry, biology, and agriculture, this term translates the concentration value of hydrogen ions. This typically ranges from about 1 to 10-14 gram equivalents per liter. Converted to a number between 0 and 14. At neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline), the concentration of hydrogen ions is 10−7 gram equivalents per liter, which corresponds to a pH of 7. Solutions below pH 7 are considered acidic. Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are considered basic or alkaline.
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Blimps, which frequently fly over sporting events, hold approximately 1.85×10^5 ft3 of helium.
Part A
If the gas is at 23 ∘C and 1.0 atm, what mass of helium is in the blimp?
Express the answer in kilograms to two significant figures.
The mass of the Helium that is produced is 860 Kg.
What is the mass of the Helium?We know that we must first be able to obtain the number of moles of the Helium gas from the ideal gas equation and that is the first step in our solution.
Thus we have;
Volume of the gas = 1.85×10^5 ft3 or 5.23 * 10^6 L
Temperature of the gas = 23 ∘C + 273 = 296 K
Pressure of the gas = 1.0 atm
Number of moles of the gas = ??
Gas constant = 0.082 atmLK-1mol-1
Then;
PV = nRT
P = pressure of the gas
V = volume of the gas
n = Number of moles of the gas
R = gas constant
T = temperature
n = PV/RT
n = 1.0 atm * 5.23 * 10^6 L/0.082 atmLK-1mol-1 * 296 K
n = 5.23 * 10^6/24.27
n = 2.15 * 10^5 moles
Mass of the Helium = 2.15 * 10^5 moles * 4 g/mol = 860 Kg
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Which practice is the most sustainable?
A. Using a combination of paper and plastic grocery bags only once
B. Using cloth grocery bags over and over again
C. Using paper grocery bags once and then recycling them
D. Using plastic grocery bags once and then recycling them
The practice is the most sustainable is using cloth grocery bags over and over again.
The sustainable practices are the practices which supports the ecological and economic health . the is of plastic bag , paper or cloth bag over and over again . we have to reuse for the shopping purpose. go for the paperless document. cloth bag are reusable and better than a plastic bags. cloth bag will reduces the plastic use and the pollution will also reduce caused by the plastic bags.
Thus, The practice is the most sustainable is using cloth grocery bags over and over again.
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