Answer:
6.68% , option E is correct
Explanation:
The price of the bond can be computed using the below formula for bond price calculation:
bond price=face value/(1+r)^n+coupon*(1-(1+r)^-n)/r
face value is $1000
r is the yield to maturity which is 5.89%
coupon=face value*coupon rate=1000*5.5%=55
n is the number of coupons the bond would pay which is 11 coupons over 20 years
bond price=1000/(1+5.89%)^20+55*(1-(1+5.89%)^-20)/5.89%
bond price=$ 954.87
The yield on the call can be determined using excel rate function as further explained below:
=rate(nper,pmt,-pv,fv)
nper is the number of coupons the bond would pay before being called in ten years' time i.e 10 coupons
pmt is the is the amount of annual coupon=$1000*5.5%=$55
pv is the current price of $954.87
fv is the call price which is $1,075
=rate(10,55,-954.87,1075)=6.68%
Smiling Elephant, Inc., has an issue of preferred stock outstanding that pays a $6.10 dividend every year, in perpetuity. If this issue currently sells for $80.65 per share, what is the required return?
Answer:
7.56%
Explanation:
Calculation for the required return for Smiling Elephant
Using this formula
Required return =D/P0
Where,
D=$6.10
P0=$80.65
Let plug in the formula
Required return =$6.10/$80.65
Required return =0.0756×100
Required return =7.56%
Therefore the Required return for Smiling Elephant Inc will be 7.56%
Use the information for the question(s) below. Project A Project B Time 0 −10,000 −10,000 Time 1 5,000 4,000 Time 2 4,000 3,000 Time 3 3,000 10,000 If WiseGuy Inc. uses IRR rule to choose projects, which of the projects (Project A or Project B) will rank highest?
Answer:
PROJECT B
Explanation:
Internal rate of return is the discount rate that equates the after tax cash flows from an investment to the amount invested.
IRR can be calculated using a financial calculator
For project A,
Cash flow in year 0 = -10,000
cash flow in year 1 = 5,000
cash flow i year 2 - 4,000
cash flow in year 3 = 3,000
IRR = 10.65%
For project B,
Cash flow in year 0 = -10,000
cash flow in year 1 = 4,000
cash flow i year 2 - 3,000
cash flow in year 3 = 10,000
IRR = 26.37%
Project B would be ranked higher because it has a higher IRR
To find the IRR using a financial calculator:
1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
2. After inputting all the cash flows, press the IRR button and then press the compute button
Larry Jones gifts land to a school district, but the deed states "for so long as the land is used for a school." Jones owns a(n):
Answer:
Reversionary interest
Explanation:
If Larry Jones gifts land to a school district, but the deed states "for so long as the land is used for a school." Jones owns a reversionary interest.
A reversionary interest can be defined as a property law (deed) which states that when a property such as a land transfer is used on a clause; “for so long as” or “on condition that."
Hence, once the interest of the benefactor comes to an end, the property reverts back to its original owner (grantor). It also gives the grantor's next of kin, successor or heir the power or right to take the property back in the future if promises are broken or the agreement comes to an end.
This ultimately implies that, if a property stated in the deed is not used or used, for certain purposes.
In this scenario, Larry owns a reversionary interest because he gifts a land to the school district, but in the deed he stated "for so long as the land is used for a school."
Q3) At an output level of 45,000 units, you calculate that the degree of operating leverage is 2.79. If output rises to 48,000 units, what will the percentage change in operating cash flow be
Answer: 18.6%
Explanation:
Degree of operating leverage = % change in Operating cash flow / % change in output
% change in Output
= [tex]\frac{48,000 - 45,000}{45,000}[/tex]
= 6.7%
Degree of operating leverage = % change in Operating cash flow / % change in output
2.79 = % change in Operating cash flow/ 6.7%
% change in Operating cash flow = 2.79 * 6.7%
% change in Operating cash flow = 18.6%
The Oriole Acres Inn is trying to determine its break-even point during its off-peak season. The inn has 50 rooms that it rents at $100 a night. Operating costs are as follows:
Salaries $7,500 per month
Utilities $1,500 per month
Depreciation $1,300 per month
Maintenance $1,760 per month
Maid service $24 per room
Other costs $46 per room
Determine the inn’s break-even point in number of rented rooms per month.
Answer:
Break-even point in units= 402 rooms a month
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
The inn has 50 rooms that it rents at $100 a night. Operating costs are as follows:
Salaries $7,500 per month
Utilities $1,500 per month
Depreciation $1,300 per month
Maintenance $1,760 per month
Maid service $24 per room
Other costs $46 per room
First, we need to calculate the total fixed costs and the unitary variable cost.
Total fixed costs= salaries + utilities + depreciation + maintenance
Total fixed costs= $12,060
Unitary variable cost= 24 + 46= $70
To calculate the break-even point in units, we need to use the following formula:
Break-even point in units= fixed costs/ contribution margin per unit
Break-even point in units= 12,060/ (100 - 70)
Break-even point in units= 402 rooms a month
The Cell Inc., a microbiology research laboratory headquartered in the United States, has been losing money. The CEO decides to outsource some production to companies in developing countries. This decision to shift functions or processes to less developed countries is most likely due to their
Answer:
ghjkgg 9ycutzts5a64sts64d6ix74s
The decision of the Ceo of Cell Inc. microbilogy research laboratory to outsource some production in developing countries so that maximum output and fast deliveries can be expected to customers and also by the company can focus on various other factors affecting the business.
What is a research laboratory?The scientific lab where the experiments or products research are made so that new products can be made or existing can be replaced in chemical biological or physical aspects.
What is outsourcing?The practice which is done by an individual or an organization by using third party to carry their business activities like performing tasks giving services to customers etc.
What is third party?The company or an individual which comes in between two aspects and try to manage or solve the issue or give solutions
To know more about Outsourcing, click here
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Parton and Sons is a law firm that uses activity-based costing. Classify these activities as value-added or non-value-added:
a. Taking appointments
b. Reception
c. Meeting with clients
d. Bookkeeping
e. Court time
f. Meeting with opposing attorneys
g. Billing
h. Advertising
Answer:
The answer is:
A - Non-value-added
B - Non-value-added
C- Value-added
D- Non-value-added
E - Value-added
F - Value-added
G - Non-value-added
H- Non-value-added
Explanation:
In activity-based costing, Non-value-added activities are activities that add costs to ones product without enhancing the value while value-added is a cost that enhance the quality of a product or service.
A - Non-value-added
B - Non-value-added
C- Value-added
D- Non-value-added
E - Value-added
F - Value-added
G - Non-value-added
H- Non-value-added
Bendel Incorporated has an operating leverage of 7.3. If the company's sales volume increases by 3%, its net operating income should increase by about:
Answer:
21.9%
Explanation:
Given that
Operating leverage = 7.3
Increase in sales = 3%
According to the given situation, the computation of net operating income is shown below:-
Increase in operating income = Operating leverage × Increase in sales
= 7.3 × 3 %
= 21.9%
Therefore for computing the increase in operating income we simply applied the above formula.
An investment earns 35% the first year, earns 40% the second year, and loses 37% the third year. The total compound return over the 3 years was ______. Multiple Choice 158.93% 19.07% 38.00% 6.36%
Answer:
19.07%
Explanation:
The computation of the total compound return over the 3 years is shown below:
= (1 + investment percentage earned in first year) × (1 + investment percentage earned in second year) × (1 + investment percentage loss in second year)
= (1 + 0.35) × (1 + 0.40) × (1 - 0.37)
= 1.35 × 1.40 × 0.63
= 1.1907
= 19.07%
Activity-based costing for a service company
Crosswinds Hospital plans to use activity-based costing to assign hospital indirect costs to the care of patients. The hospital has identified the following activities and activity rates for the hospital indirect costs:
Activity Activity Rate
Room and meals $240 per day
Radiology $215 per image
Pharmacy $50 per physician order
Chemistry lab $80 per test
Operating room $1,000 per operating room hour
The activity usage information associated with the two patients is as follows:
Patient Putin Patient Umit
Number of days 6 days 4 days
Number of images 4 images 3 images
Number of physician orders 6 orders 2 orders
Number of tests 5 tests 4 tests
Number of operating room hours8 hours 4 hours
Complete the Activity Table:
A. Determine the activity rate for each activity. Enter these rates in the Activity Rate columns.
B. Use the activity rates in (A) to determine the total and per-unit activity costs associated with patient.
Answer:
A.
Room and meals= $240 per day
Radiology = $215 per image
Pharmacy = $50 per physician order
Chemistry lab = $80 per test
Operating room = $1,000 per operating room hour
B.
Patient Putin
Unit = $1,585
Total = $10,640
Patient Umit
Unit = $1,585
Total = $6,025
Explanation:
Activity rate = Total Overhead Cost / Total Activity
Room and meals= $240 per day
Radiology = $215 per image
Pharmacy = $50 per physician order
Chemistry lab = $80 per test
Operating room = $1,000 per operating room hour
Patient Putin
Unit Total
Room and meals $240 $1,440
Radiology $215 $860
Pharmacy $50 $300
Chemistry lab $80 $40
Operating room $1,000 $8,000
Total $1,585 $10,640
Patient Umit
Unit Total
Room and meals $240 $960
Radiology $215 $645
Pharmacy $50 $100
Chemistry lab $80 $320
Operating room $1,000 $4,000
Total $1,585 $6,025
You are thinking of building a new machine that will save you $ 4 comma 000$4,000 in the first year. The machine will then begin to wear out so that the savings decline at a rate of 1 %1% per year forever. What is the present value of the savings if the interest rate is 9 %9% per year?
Answer:
The present value of the savings=$37,064.22
Explanation:
The present value of the savings is the amount that it worths today, this would be done in two stages;
The first stage is to determined the present of the first cash savings as follows:
PV of the first payment = 4,000 × (1.09)^(-1)=3,669.72
Second step is to determine the present value of the declining perpetuity
PV of declining perpetuity. A perpetuity is the series of cash flow occurring for the foreseeable future of years.
A- 4,000, g-negative growth rate = 1%,
interest rate = 9%
PV in year 1 = 4,000× (1-0.09)/(0.09+0.01)
= 36,400
PV in year 0 = 36,400 × (1.09)^(-1) = 33,394.49
The present value of the savings = 33,394.49 + 3,669.72= 37,064.22
The present value of the savings=$37,064.22
Bee Inc. is working on its cash budget for March. The budgeted beginning cash balance is $55,000. Budgeted cash receipts total $139,000 and budgeted cash disbursements total $134,000. The desired ending cash balance is $80,000. To attain its desired ending cash balance for March, the company needs to borrow:
Answer:
$20,000
Explanation:
The computation of the borrowed amount is shown below:
As we know that
Ending cash balance = beginning cash balance + cash receipts - cash disbursements + cash borrowings
$80,000 = $55,000 + $139,000 - $134,000 +cash borrowings
$80,000 = $194,000 - $134,000 + cash borrowings
So, the borrowing is $20,000
assuming it is stored safely how long after It was prepared can refrigerated food be sold or served 1-7 days b-10 days c-14 days d-20 days
Answer:
1-7 days
Explanation:
But, ideally 4 days should be the maximum for prepared food to be refrigerated before it is sold or served.
Leaving food refrigerated for a long time makes it to lose its nutrients. Some foods like potatoes, meat, eggs, chicken, etc. can become harmful or poisonous, especially when you reheat them before eating. That is why it is right to adhere to proper routines for refrigerating food and also preparing and serving the food. Some healthy food are better eaten immediately after their preparation.
. Identify each of the following as (i) part of an expansionary fiscal policy, (ii) part of a contractionary fiscal policy, or (iii) not part of fiscal policy. a. The personal income tax rate is lowered. b. Congress cuts spending on defense. c. College students are allowed to deduct tuition costs from their federal income taxes. d. The corporate income tax rate is lowered. e. The state of Nevada builds a new tollway in an attempt to expand employment and ease traffic in Las Vegas.
Answer:
Option, A , D, E = expansionary fiscal policy.
Option B = Contractionary fiscal policy
Option C = not a part of fiscal policy
Explanation:
The expansionary fiscal policy occurred when there is a decrease in taxes and an increase in government expenditure (spendings). While contractionary fiscal policy occurs when taxes are increased by the government and there is a fall or decrease in government spendings. Therefore, Option A, Option D, and Option E are part of the expansionary fiscal policy.
Option B is a contractionary fiscal policy. While option C is not a part of fiscal policy
he financial manager at Starbuck Industries is considering an investment that requires an initial outlay of $24,000 and is expected to produce cash inflows of $1,000 at the end of year 1, $5,000 at the end of years 2 and 3, $14,000 at the end of year 4, $9,000 at the end of year 5, and $7,000 at the end of year 6. a. Select the time line option that represents the cash flows associated with Starbuck Industries' proposed investment. b. Which of the approaches—future value or present value—do financial managers rely on most often for decision making? Why?
Answer:
Please check the attached image for the timeline image.
present value. this is because in making the decision of whether to carry out a project, the decision is made at the beginning of of the project and not in the future. so it is important to determine the present value to know if the project is profitable and should be carried out.
Explanation:
Timeline is arranges a series of events in chronological order. cash inflows are recorded as positive while cash outflows have a negative sign in front of the amount.
present value is the sum of discounted cash flows
During the current month, Grey Company transferred 60,000 units of finished production out of the Mixing Department at a cost of $6 each. They were transferred to finished goods. The journal entry to record the transfer would be which of the following?
a. Finished Goods 360,000
Work in Process 360,000
b. Finished Goods 360,000
Cost of Goods Sold 360,000
c. Work in Process 600,000
Finished Goods 600,000
d. Work in Process 600,000
Cost of Goods Sold 600,000
Answer:
a. Finished Goods 360,000
Work in Process 360,000
Explanation:
During transfer, de-recognize the cost of finished and transferred production from the Work In Process Account of the Mixing Department (Credit) and accumulate the cost in the Finished Goods Account (Debit).
When the units are finally sold, Cost of Goods Sold is recognized (Debit) and the Finished Goods Account is De-recognized (Credit).
Gordon purchased real estate for $900,000 and listed title to the property as "Gordon and Fawn, joint tenants with right of survivorship." Gordon predeceases Fawn when the real estate is worth $2,900,000. Gordon and Fawn are brother and sister.
What are the gift and estate tax consequences?
If an amount is zero, enter "0".
a. Gordon made a gift when the real estate was purchased of $_____ to Fawn.
b. Gordon's estate must include $______ as to the property.
c. How would the estate tax consequences change if it was Fawn (not Gordon) who died?
Fawn's estate would include $___0___ as to the property.
Answer:
a. Gordon made a gift when the real estate was purchased of $450,000 to Fawn.
Since Gordon gave 50% of the real estate to his sister as a gift when he purchased it, the gift must be valued at the time it happened ($900,000 x 50%)
b. Gordon's estate must include $2,900,000 as to the property.
Gordon purchased all the real estate by himself, so his estate must include the value of the whole property.
c. How would the estate tax consequences change if it was Fawn (not Gordon) who died?
Fawn's estate would include $0 as to the property.
Since Fawn didn't buy the property, her estate cannot include any amount of it.
A company's flexible budget for 13,200 units of production showed sales, $54,120; variable costs, $21,120; and fixed costs, $18,000. The operating income expected if the company produces and sells 19,600 units is:
Answer:
Net income= $31,000
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Production= 13,200
Sales= 54,120
Variable costs= $21,120
Fixed costs= $18,000
First, we need to calculate the unitary contribution margin:
Unitary contribution margin= total contribution margin/number of units
Unitary contribution margin= (54,120 - 21,120) / 13,200
Unitary contribution margin= $2.5
Now, for 19,600 units:
Total contribution margin= 2.5*19,600= 49,000
Fixed costs= (18,000)
Net income= 31,000
ohnson, LLC’s bonds have exhibited a substantial trading volume in the past few years. Its bonds would be referred to a
Answer:
Seasonal issue
Explanation:
The seasoned issue or seasonal issue is that issue which is made for extra securities held from the company i.e established and it considered those securities who are already traded in the secondary market. The bond which are outstanding and traded in the secondary markets is known as seasoned issued
Since in the question it is mentioned that there is a substantial trading volume in the past few years so this represents the seasoned issue
You’ve just secured a new client in your accounting practice, Peter's Pool Corporation (PPC), a brand new small business specializing in pool service. The owner, Peter Peck, is a terrific swimmer and pool repair specialist, but definitely not an accountant. Your job is to help Peter put his affairs in order. Luckily, Peter has only been in operation for a month and things have not gotten too out of hand yet! Peter has to submit his financial statements to his investors and doesn’t know where to begin. It’s your job to go through the complete Accounting cycle to prepare the financial statements for the PPC.
Answer: just give what u know the business is small so it can’t manage
Explanation:
Production and Purchases Budgets At the beginning of October, Comfy Cushions had 2,600 cushions and 15,500 pounds of raw materials on hand. Budgeted sales for the next three months are: Month Sales October 13,000 cushions November 15,000 cushions December 18,000 cushions Comfy Cushions wants to have sufficient raw materials on hand at the end of each month to meet 25 percent of the following month's production requirements and sufficient cushions on hand at the end of each month to meet 20 percent of the following month's budgeted sales. Five pounds of raw materials, at a standard cost of $0.90 per pound, are required to produce each cushion. Required a. Prepare a production budget for October and November. Do not use a negative sign with your answers.
Answer:
Production budget for October and November
October November
cushions cushions
Budgeted Sales 13,000 15,000
Add Budgeted Closing Inventory 3,000 3,600
Total Production needed 16,000 18,600
Less Budgeted Opening Inventory (2,600) (3,000)
Production Budget 13,400 15,600
Explanation:
A Production Budget shows the quantities of finished goods that must be produced to meet expected sales plus any increase in inventory levels that might be required.
Two investment advisers are comparing performance. One averaged a 21% rate of return and the other a 18% rate of return. However, the beta of the first investor was 1.4, whereas that of the second investor was 1. a. Can you tell which investor was a better selector of individual stocks (aside from the issue of general movements in the market)? First investor Second investor Cannot determine b. If the T-bill rate was 7% and the market return during the period was 13%, which investor would be considered the superior stock selector? Second investor First investor Cannot determine c. What if the T-bill rate was 4% and the market return was 17%? First investor Second investor Cannot determine
A buyer and a seller enter into a real estate sales contract. Under the contract's terms, the buyer will pay the seller $500 a month for 10 years. The seller will continue to hold legal title, while the buyer will live in the home and pay all real estate taxes, insurance premiums, and regular upkeep costs. What kind of contract do the buyer and seller have
Answer: Land Sales Contract
Explanation:
Land Sales contract are a way to buy a property for people who would otherwise be unable to buy one because they were unable to get a mortgage or are running low in funds.
It works by the buyer paying the seller a certain amount of money for a period of time according to an agreement. During this period of payment, the seller continues to hold the legal rights to the property and then passes it to the buyer when they are finished paying. In this scenario therefore, the seller effectively plays the role of a mortgage bank.
Exercise 10-6 Direct Materials and Direct Labor Variances [LO10-1, LO10-2] Huron Company produces a commercial cleaning compound known as Zoom. The direct materials and direct labor standards for one unit of Zoom are given below: Standard Quantity or Hours Standard Price or Rate Standard Cost Direct materials 7.40 pounds $ 2.60 per pound $ 19.24 Direct labor 0.45 hours $ 8.00 per hour $ 3.60 During the most recent month, the following activity was recorded: 12,100.00 pounds of material were purchased at a cost of $2.50 per pound. All of the material purchased was used to produce 1,500 units of Zoom. 575 hours of direct labor time were recorded at a total labor cost of $5,750. Required: 1. Compute the materials price and quantity variances for the month. 2. Compute the labor rate and efficiency variances for the month.
Answer:
Instructions are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Direct material:
Standard= 7.40 pounds $ 2.60 per pound
Actual= 12,100 pounds of material were purchased for $2.50 per pound.
Direct labor:
Standard= 0.45 hours $ 8.00 per hour
Actual= 575 hours of direct labor time were recorded at a total labor cost of $5,750
Units produced= 1,500
To calculate the direct material price and quantity variance, we need to use the following formulas:
Direct material price variance= (standard price - actual price)*actual quantity
Direct material price variance= (2.6 - 2.5)*12,100
Direct material price variance= $1,210 favorable
Direct material quantity variance= (standard quantity - actual quantity)*standard price
standard quantity= 1,500*7.4= 11,100
Direct material quantity variance= (11,100 - 12,100)*2.6
Direct material quantity variance= $2,600 unfavorable
To calculate the direct labor efficiency and rate variance, we need to use the following formulas:
Direct labor time (efficiency) variance= (Standard Quantity - Actual Quantity)*standard rate
Standard quantity= 1,500*0.45= 675
Direct labor time (efficiency) variance= (675 - 575)*8
Direct labor time (efficiency) variance= $800 favorable
Direct labor rate variance= (Standard Rate - Actual Rate)*Actual Quantity
Actual rate= 5,750/575= $10
Direct labor rate variance= (8 - 10)*575
Direct labor rate variance= $1,150 unfavorable
Consider a service company that provides carpet cleaning and uses straight-line depreciation. Classify the cost of the depreciation on the carpet cleaning machines.
a. Fixed
b. Indirect
Answer:
Both :
a. Fixed and,
b. Indirect
Explanation:
The depreciation expense on production machinery form part of the product or service cost.
The cost however, can not be traced to the product or service that is why it is an Indirect cost as opposed to the direct costs which can be traced directly on the product or service.
Straight line method charges a fixed amount of depreciation thus the depreciation is a fixed charge.
Sales 22160 units Cash, beginning balance $34000 Selling and administrative (of which depreciation, $5,000) $53000 Required minimum cash balance $66480 If necessary, the company will borrow cash from a bank on the first day of March. Assume that the borrowing can be made in any (exact) amount, but bears interest at 3% per month. The March interest will be paid during subsequent months. Q: What is the closest amount of cash that must be borrowed on March 1 to cover all cash disbursements and to obtain the desired March 31 cash balance
Answer:
Loan taken: 58,320
Explanation:
We add up the beginning cash with the receipts and subtract the expenses.
Then, we compare agaisnt the mnimum required balance
Beginning Cash 34,000
Cash Receipts
Sales 22,160
Total cash form operations: 56,160
Cash disbursements
S&A expense (w/o depreciations) 48,000
Ending Cash from operations 8,160
Minimum Balance: 66,480
Loan taken: 58,320
The rate of return on the common stock of Lancaster Woolens is expected to be 18 percent in a boom economy, 8 percent in a normal economy, and only 2 percent in a recessionary economy. The probabilities of these economic states are 12 percent for a boom and 10 percent for a recession. What is the variance of the returns on this common stock
Answer:
Variance of the return on this common stock is 0.15%
Explanation:
Note: See the attached excel file for the calculation of the variance of the returns on this common stock.
Note that the probability of a normal economy can be obtained as follows:
Probability of normal economy = 100% - Probability of a boom - Probability of a recession = 100% - 12% - 10% = 78%
These probabilities are used in the attached excel file.
"Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the rights agent? I The rights agent usually handles the mechanics of a rights offering II The rights agent is usually the existing transfer agent of the issuer III The rights agent issues the additional shares upon presentation of the rights certificates with payment"
Answer:
I, II, and III
I The rights agent usually handles the mechanics of a rights offering
II The rights agent is usually the existing transfer agent of the issuer
III The rights agent issues the additional shares upon presentation of the rights certificates with payment
Explanation:
Aright is defined as an offering to existing shareholders to purchase more shares. Usually there is a proportion of original shares the shareholder can now purchase. For example 1 to 5 shares means the shareholder can buy one share for every 5 old shares owned.
A rights agent is a person or entity that is responsible for maintaining records on behalf of rights holders.
When rights are issued, a rights agent is handles sales to shareholders, he is usually the initial transfer agent for the issuing company, and he issues the additional shares when payment and rights certificates are presented.
With an increase in product advertising of $50 million you expect to increase sales by 10,000 units. If unit grow margin is $4,800, will the additional advertising increase product contribution?
Answer:
Income will decrease by $2,000,000.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Advertising increase= $50,000,000
Units increase= 10,000 units
Unit contribution margin= $4,800
To calculate the total effect on income, we need to use the following formula:
Effect on income= total contribution margin - increase in fixed costs
Effect on income= 10,000*4,800 - 50,000,000
Effect on income= $2,000,000 decrease
Income will decrease by $2,000,000.
The country of Morson has decided to privatize the state-owned cable television company. How can the country help this newly privatized industry succeed
Answer:
Government Support
Explanation:
Privatization is better for a country. It minimizes the monopoly and encourages healthy competition. Increased competition in the business world is good. There can be variety of services available to the consumers. Government should support privatization by introducing schemes of interest free loan for investors. There will be large number of firms that might want to enter business world but the money is not available to them for startup.