a gear pair is designed to provide a 3:1 reduction in speed. the design uses 12 dp gears, driving a 36-tooth gear with a 12-tooth pinion. what is the spacing between the gear centers?

Using Ohm's Law, we can find the current in the circuit when the bulb is connected to the battery:

I = V/R = 12V / 3Ω = 4ASince the battery has a short-circuit current of 20A, it can safely supply the required 4A to the bulb. The power dissipated by the bulb can be calculated using the formula:

=P = I^2R = 4A^2 x 3Ω = 48W

Therefore, the power dissipated by the bulb when connected to the battery is 48 watts.

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Non-recurring engineering (NRE) cost is the one-time expense incurred during the design and development phase of a product, which is not related to the actual manufacturing cost.

Based on the given options, we can analyze which statement is true about NRE cost. Option A states that mass producing a chip increases the NRE cost, but this is not entirely true. In fact, mass production reduces the NRE cost per unit as the cost of development is spread over a larger number of units. Hence, option A is incorrect.

Option B suggests that manufacturing fewer chips decreases the NRE cost, which is also incorrect as the NRE cost remains the same irrespective of the number of chips manufactured.

Option C is partially correct as it states that the NRE cost for a given chip is $200 million, but the additional cost per chip would be $4 only if 50 million chips are sold. If fewer chips are sold, the additional cost per chip would be higher, and vice versa.

Option D is correct as it states that the NRE cost for a chip is $1,000,000, and if 100,000 chips are manufactured, then $100 is added per chip to cover NRE cost.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D, which explains the NRE cost for a chip and the additional cost per chip based on the number of chips manufactured.

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When low-volume products require more machine setups, overhead should be allocated based on direct labor hours.

The allocation of overhead costs is an important aspect of cost accounting, and it helps determine the true cost of producing a product or providing a service. When low-volume products require more machine setups, it implies that more time and resources are dedicated to setting up the machines for production. Since machine setup time is closely related to the use of direct labor, allocating overhead based on direct labor hours is an appropriate method in this scenario.

By allocating overhead based on direct labor hours, the costs associated with machine setup and other overhead expenses are distributed in proportion to the time spent on direct labor. This method ensures that products with more machine setups bear a larger share of the overhead costs, reflecting the resources and efforts required for their production.

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Here is a STRONG WRITERS solution to the readers-writers problem using monitors in pseudocode:

Monitor RWMonitor {

 int readers_waiting = 0;

 int writers_waiting = 0;

 bool writer_writing = false;

 condvar can_read;

 condvar can_write;

 procedure start_read() {

   if (writers_waiting || writer_writing) {

     wait(can_read);

   }

   readers_waiting--;

 }

 procedure end_read() {

   if (readers_waiting == 0) {

     signal(can_write);

   }

 }

 procedure start_write() {

   writers_waiting++;

   while (writer_writing || readers_waiting > 0) {

     wait(can_write);

   }

   writers_waiting--;

   writer_writing = true;

 }

 procedure end_write() {

   writer_writing = false;

   if (writers_waiting > 0) {

     signal(can_write);

   } else {

     signal(can_read);

   }

 }

}

// Example usage:

RWMonitor myMonitor;

int data;

// Reader

myMonitor.start_read();

// read data

myMonitor.end_read();

// Writer

myMonitor.start_write();

// write data

myMonitor.end_write();

This solution uses a monitor with two condition variables: can_read and can_write. The start_read() and start_write() procedures are used to request permission to read or write, respectively. If there are any writers waiting or a writer is currently writing, readers must wait until the writer is done. If there are no writers waiting or writing, readers can proceed immediately.The end_read() and end_write() procedures are used to signal to the monitor that a reader or writer is done reading or writing. If there are no more readers waiting, writers waiting can proceed. If there are no more writers waiting, readers waiting can proceed.This solution is STRONG WRITERS, which means that readers must wait until ALL waiting writers have proceeded before they can start reading. This ensures that writers have exclusive access to the shared data when they need it.

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Lack of boating safety education is one that has  accounted for 77% of fatal accidents percentage

Boat equipment/maintenance factors can cause accidents, including equipment failure like engine or navigation issues. Lack of maintenance: Improper boat upkeep can lead to equipment degradation and higher failure risks while boating.

Carrying too much weight or passengers can affect safety. Lack of Knowledge or Training: Insufficient training in boat operation and maintenance poses risks.

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Converting the units to pounds per square inch (psi), we can use the conversion factor: 1 psi = 144 lb/in^2.

To calculate the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the pool, we can use the concept of hydrostatic pressure. The hydrostatic pressure is given by the equation:

P = ρ * g * h

where P is the pressure, ρ is the density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height or depth of the fluid.

In this case, the density of water is given as 62.4 lbm/ft^3, and the depth of the pool is 6.3 ft. The acceleration due to gravity, g, is approximately 32.2 ft/s^2.

Substituting these values into the hydrostatic pressure equation:

P = (62.4 lbm/ft^3) * (32.2 ft/s^2) * (6.3 ft)

P = (62.4 lbm/ft^3) * (32.2 ft/s^2) * (6.3 ft) / (144 lb/in^2)

Evaluating this expression will give us the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the pool in psi.

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True. The W3C's concept of "One Web" is based on the idea of creating a single website that can be accessed and viewed on any type of device, whether it's a desktop computer, tablet, smartphone, or any other device with internet access.

This means that web designers and developers need to create websites that are flexible and responsive, so that they can adapt to different screen sizes and resolutions. The goal is to provide a consistent user experience across all devices, without requiring users to download or install any special software or plugins. By following the principles of "One Web", developers can create websites that are accessible to everyone, regardless of their location, language, or ability. This approach not only benefits users, but also helps businesses and organizations to reach a wider audience and improve their online presence. Overall, the concept of "One Web" is about creating a web that is open, inclusive, and accessible to all.

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The correct voltage gain in dB is approximately 53.98 dB.

To calculate the voltage gain in dB, we use the formula:

Gain (dB) = 20 log10(Vout / Vin)

Given that Vin = 10 mV and Vout = 5 V, we can substitute these values into the formula:

Gain (dB) = 20 log10(5 V / 10 mV)

= 20 log10(500)

= 20 * 2.69897

= 53.9794 dB

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Tthe cycle time, in minutes, of the process  is 22 minutes

5 chairs are made per hour

Hence 1 chair is made in 12 minutes for stage 1

Then in stage 2 we have

Then in stage 2 we have 10 chairs per hour = 6 chairs per minute

The cycle time would be gotten by

12 + 10

= 22 minutes

Hence the cycle time, in minutes, of the process  is 22 minutes

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The  estimated discharge in the rectangular channel when the depth is doubled, the cross-sectional area will also double, resulting in a velocity reduction by a factor of 0.5. Hence, the new discharge will be 4 m3/sˣ0.5 = 2 m3/s.

The given scenario describes a rectangular channel with a bed slope of 0.0015 and a discharge of 4 m3/s at a depth of 0.8 m.

To estimate the discharge when the depth is doubled, we can use the concept of the specific energy equation, which states that the sum of the depth of the flow and the velocity head is equal to the specific energy of the flow.

By doubling the depth, the velocity head also doubles, assuming that the cross-sectional area of the flow remains constant.

Therefore, we can estimate the new discharge by applying the specific energy equation and solving for the velocity at the new depth.

Using this approach, the estimated discharge at the doubled depth would be approximately 8 m3/s.

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By using the formula for calculating capacitance required to achieve a power factor of unity, we determined that a capacitance of 7.95 microfarads is required to be placed in parallel with the motor in order to achieve a power factor of unity.

To answer this question, we need to use the formula for calculating capacitance required to achieve a power factor of unity. The formula is:
C = P / (2 x pi x f x V^2 x PF)
Where C is capacitance in farads, P is power in watts, f is frequency in hertz, V is voltage in volts, and PF is power factor.
Using the given values, we can calculate the power of the motor:
P = 1200 W

Next, we can calculate the capacitance required to achieve a power factor of unity:
C = 1200 / (2 x 3.14 x 60 x 200^2 x 1)
C = 7.95 x 10^-6 F
Therefore, the value of the capacitor C required to achieve a power factor of unity is 7.95 microfarads.

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 A) Note that we would need 8 machines to complete the job within the given constraints.

B) the  1,000 replacement parts cannot be completed within these constraints.

(a) First, we need to calculate the total production time required:

Total parts to be produced = 1,000

Cycle time per part = 16.0 min

Scrap rate = 3%

Total production time = Total parts * (Cycle time / (1 - Scrap rate))

= 1,000 * (16.0 / (1 - 0.03)) = 16,494.85 min

calculate the available production time:

calculate the number of machines required:

Machines required = Total production time / (Shift length * 60 - Machine setup time)

Machines required = 16,494.85 / (8.0 * 60 - 5.0 * 60) ≈ 7.64

So, we would need 8 machines to complete the job within the given constraints.

b)

With only two milling machines available, the total production time required will be

Total production time = Total parts * (Cycle time / (1 - Scrap rate))

Total production time = 1,000 * (16.0 / (1 - 0.03)) = 16,494.85 min

Number of shifts = 3 * 6 = 18

Shift length = 8.0 hr/shift

Available production time = Number of shifts * Shift length * 60

Available production time = 18 * 8.0 * 60 = 8,640 min

Clearly, the available production time is not sufficient to complete the job with only two milling machines, as the required production time is greater than the available production time.

So we can conclude to state that  1,000 replacement parts cannot be completed within these constraints.

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False.  all vehicles manufactured after september, 2005, will have advanced frontal airbags.

While it is true that many vehicles manufactured after September 2005 are equipped with advanced frontal airbags, it is not a universal requirement. The specific regulations regarding airbag requirements may vary by country and region. Additionally, the presence of advanced frontal airbags can also vary depending on the vehicle make, model, and trim level. It is always recommended to refer to the vehicle's specifications or consult the manufacturer for accurate information regarding airbag systems in a specific vehicle.

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Solid solution strengthening and dislocation strengthening are the two general intrinsic toughening approaches that work for all metals, and they play an essential role in making metals more durable and resistant to wear and tear.

There are two general intrinsic toughening approaches that work for all metals. The first approach is solid solution strengthening, where a small amount of a different element is added to the metal to strengthen its grain boundaries. This creates a more stable lattice structure that resists deformation. The second approach is dislocation strengthening, where dislocations in the metal's crystal structure are introduced to create obstacles to dislocation movement. This creates a more complex lattice structure that resists deformation and improves the metal's toughness. These two approaches work together to make metals stronger, harder, and more resistant to deformation.

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Thermal efficiency is the ratio of the useful work output from a heat engine to the amount of heat energy input, expressed as a percentage, used to measure the efficiency of energy conversion processes.

In order to answer this question, we need to first understand what prob. 9-50 is asking. In this problem, we are given the specifications for a Brayton cycle with a compression ratio of 10 and a maximum cycle temperature of 1500 K. We are asked to calculate the thermal efficiency and net work output of the cycle, assuming both the compressor and turbine are isentropic.

Now, if we want to rework this problem with the given efficiencies of 90% for the isentropic compression and 95% for the isentropic expansion, we need to adjust our calculations accordingly. Specifically, we need to account for the fact that these efficiencies are not perfect, and that some energy will be lost as the gas is compressed and expanded.

To do this, we can simply multiply our original values for the compressor work and turbine work by the efficiency ratios. For example, if we had originally calculated that the compressor work was 100 kJ/kg, we would now multiply this by 0.9 to get the actual compressor work of 90 kJ/kg. Similarly, if we had originally calculated that the turbine work was 200 kJ/kg, we would now multiply this by 0.95 to get the actual turbine work of 190 kJ/kg.

With these adjusted values, we can then recalculate the thermal efficiency and net work output of the cycle as before, using the same equations and assumptions. The final results will be slightly different from our original calculations, but the overall process and methodology will be the same.

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A bimetallic stem is a common type of temperature compensator used in flow control valves for hydraulic systems. The stem is made up of two different metal strips that are joined together, typically brass and steel. These metals have different coefficients of thermal expansion, which means that they expand and contract at different rates as the temperature changes.

As the temperature of the hydraulic fluid changes, the bimetallic stem will bend due to the differential expansion of the two metals. This bending motion is translated to the flow control valve and will cause the valve to open or close, depending on the direction of the temperature change. In this way, the bimetallic stem compensates for temperature variations in the hydraulic fluid and maintains a consistent flow rate.

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The current produced by the solar cells of a pocket calculator is approximately 0.325 mA. To find the current in milliamperes produced by the solar cells of a pocket calculator through which 8.20 C of charge passes in 7.00 hours, follow some steps:

The steps are as follow:
1. Convert the time to seconds: 7.00 hours × 3600 seconds/hour = 25200 seconds
2. Calculate the current in amperes using the formula: Current (A) = Charge (C) / Time (s)
  Current (A) = 8.20 C / 25200 s = 0.000325396825 A
3. Convert the current to milliamperes: 0.000325396825 A × 1000 mA/A = 0.325396825 mA
The current produced by the solar cells of a pocket calculator is approximately 0.325 mA.

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A Remote ID broadcast module is an essential component of an unmanned aircraft (UA) system, enabling the remote identification of the UA during its operation.

According to the FAA regulations, a person may not use a Remote ID broadcast module that relies solely on a software upgrade to existing hardware on the UA, fails the self-test when powered on, or is installed by anyone other than the UA manufacturer.

The first condition implies that a Remote ID broadcast module cannot be used if it requires a software upgrade to an existing hardware system on the UA. This is because such upgrades may not be reliable and may pose a safety risk to the operation of the UA. The second condition implies that the module must pass a self-test when powered on, ensuring that it is functioning correctly and transmitting the required information. Finally, the third condition implies that only the manufacturer of the UA may install the Remote ID broadcast module, ensuring that it is correctly installed and configured for optimal performance.

These conditions are designed to ensure the safe and reliable operation of unmanned aircraft systems and to ensure that Remote ID broadcast modules are correctly installed and functioning correctly. Compliance with these regulations is critical to ensure the safety of the public and to prevent accidents or incidents involving unmanned aircraft systems.

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Yes, it is possible to conduct a valid plane strain fracture toughness test for CrMoV steel alloy under the given conditions of Kic=53 MPa.m^(1/2), sigma(ys)=620 MPa, W=6 cm, and plate thickness t=2.5 cm.

The plane strain fracture toughness test measures the ability of a material to resist crack propagation under conditions of high stress and restricted plastic deformation. It is commonly represented by the parameter Kic (critical stress intensity factor).

To determine if a valid test can be conducted, we need to check if the sample dimensions meet the requirements for plane strain conditions. The size of the specimen is characterized by the parameter B, which represents the ligament length between the center of the crack and the outer edge of the specimen.

For a valid plane strain fracture toughness test, the specimen dimensions should satisfy the following criteria:

B ≥ 2.5 * Kic / σ(ys)

Substituting the given values, we have:

B ≥ 2.5 * 53 MPa.m^(1/2) / 620 MPa

By calculating this inequality, we can determine if the given values for W (6 cm) and t (2.5 cm) satisfy the plane strain condition. If the calculated B value is greater than or equal to the required value, a valid plane strain fracture toughness test can be conducted.

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True. In general, ceramic reinforcements have a coefficient of thermal expansion smaller than that of most metallic matrices.

Ceramic materials tend to have lower coefficients of thermal expansion compared to metals, which means they expand and contract less with temperature changes. This difference in thermal expansion can lead to challenges in composite materials where a ceramic reinforcement is combined with a metallic matrix, as the mismatch in thermal expansion can create stress and potentially lead to failure at the interface between the two materials. However, this difference in coefficient of thermal expansion can also be beneficial in certain applications where the composite material needs to have improved thermal stability and resistance to thermal cycling.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Insufficient Vacuum

To determine the minimum standard size overcurrent protective device (OCPD) necessary to supply a 7-ampere noncontinuous load and a 17-ampere continuous load, first calculate the total load.

The continuous load must be multiplied by 1.25 (125%) to account for its duration. So, 17 amperes * 1.25 = 21.25 amperes. Add this to the noncontinuous load of 7 amperes, resulting in a total load of 28.25 amperes.
Next, choose an OCPD with a rating equal to or greater than the total load. Common OCPD ratings are 15, 20, 25, and 30 amperes. In this case, a 30-ampere OCPD is the minimum standard size necessary to supply the combined 7-ampere noncontinuous load and 17-ampere continuous load safely.

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To design a circuit that meets the given specifications, you will need to select appropriate components such as a MOSFET, gate driver, and power supply.

The MOSFET should have a high enough voltage and current rating to handle the steady-state conditions and the switching transient. The gate driver should be capable of providing sufficient voltage and current to drive the MOSFET quickly and efficiently. The power supply should be able to provide the necessary voltage and current for the circuit.Once you have selected the components, you can simulate the circuit in LTspice to verify that it meets the specifications. You will need to set up the simulation parameters such as the frequency, duty cycle, and input voltage. Then, you can run the simulation and analyze the results to ensure that the circuit behaves as expected.

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In many cases, it is possible to meet design specifications using only a proportional (P) controller or a combination of proportional and derivative (PD) controller.

The choice depends on the specific system dynamics and requirements. A proportional controller can provide steady-state accuracy and reduce steady-state error by adjusting the control variable proportionally to the error. However, it may result in overshoot or slow response time for systems with significant process dynamics. Adding derivative action with the proportional controller (PD) can improve response time and stability by considering the rate of change of the error. This combination can dampen oscillations and provide faster error correction. For systems with complex dynamics, additional control strategies such as integral action (PID) or advanced control techniques may be required

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Therefore, the minimum protrusion we would expect for 93.3% (30) of assembled parts is 2.65 mm.

To answer this question, we need to first understand what is meant by "protrusion". Protrusion refers to the amount of the bolt that extends beyond the bottom of the nut once the clamp is fully assembled.
Given that 93.3% (30) of the parts meet the tolerances shown, we can assume that there will be some variation in the assembled parts. In other words, not all assembled parts will be exactly the same.
To determine the minimum protrusion we would expect for this share of assembled parts, we need to consider the worst-case scenario, which is when all the tolerances stack up against us.
The tolerances shown in the diagram indicate that the thickness of the four materials can vary by up to ±0.1mm, and the height of the nut can vary by up to ±0.05mm. This means that the total height of the assembled parts can vary by up to ±0.4mm (4 x 0.1mm), and the height of the nut can vary by up to ±0.05mm.

To calculate the minimum protrusion, we need to consider the case where the nut is at its maximum height tolerance (+0.05mm), and the four materials are at their minimum thickness tolerance (-0.1mm each, for a total of -0.4mm). This would result in the total height of the assembled parts being -0.35mm (i.e., lower than the nominal height of the clamp).

To ensure that the bolt always protrudes from the bottom of the nut, we need to add the height of the nut to the total height of the assembled parts. In this worst-case scenario, the total height would be:
-0.35mm (total height of assembled parts) + 3mm (height of nut) = 2.65mm
Therefore, the minimum protrusion we would expect for 93.3% (30) of assembled parts is 2.65mm.

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An 18-inch square concrete column with a 640 k factored ultimate compressive load requires a well-designed spread footing. Utilizing a concrete mix with a 3,000 psi compressive strength and A36 structural steel alloy (yield stress of 60,000 psi), we can determine the required footing thickness and flexural reinforcing steel design.

To find the footing thickness, we use the formula: T = √(Ultimate Load / (0.17 x 3000 x 8 x 12)). Then, we calculate the steel reinforcement using the formula: As = (0.85 x 3000 x b x d) / (60,000). Next, we check for one-way and two-way shear using appropriate formulas and verify that the design meets the requirements.

Upon completing the calculations, we sketch the footing design, indicating the thickness, reinforcement details, and column placement to ensure stability and support.

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The yield strength has already reached 238 MPa at a grain diameter of 7.8 x 10^-3 mm, the desired grain diameter for a yield strength of 238 MPa has already been achieved. Therefore, the answer is 7.8 x 10^-3 mm.

The yield strength (th) of an alloy is related to its average grain diameter. In the given scenario, when the average grain diameter is 5.4 x 10^-2 mm, the yield strength is 146 MPa, and when the diameter is reduced to 7.8 x 10^-3 mm, the yield strength increases to 238 MPa.

To find the grain diameter at which the yield strength will be 238 MPa, we can use the Hall-Petch equation, which relates yield strength to grain size:

σy = σ0 + kd^(-1/2)

where σy is the yield strength, σ0 is a material constant, k is the strengthening coefficient, and d is the grain diameter.

Since the yield strength has already reached 238 MPa at a grain diameter of 7.8 x 10^-3 mm, the desired grain diameter for a yield strength of 238 MPa has already been achieved. Therefore, the answer is 7.8 x 10^-3 mm.

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The value of IC is 4.865 mA. To find the value of IC, you need to consider the given values of IE and IB. Here, IE = 5.34 mA and IB = 475 μA.

Step 1: Convert the given values into a common unit. Since IE is given in mA, we will convert IB into mA. To do this, divide IB by 1000.
IB = 475 μA / 1000 = 0.475 mA
Step 2: Use the relation between the current values in a BJT transistor, which states that the sum of the collector current (IC) and the base current (IB) equals the emitter current (IE).
IC + IB = IE
Step 3: Substitute the values of IE and IB into the equation.
IC + 0.475 mA = 5.34 mA
Step 4: Solve for IC by subtracting IB from both sides of the equation.
IC = 5.34 mA - 0.475 mA
Step 5: Calculate the value of IC.
IC = 4.865 mA
So, the value of IC is 4.865 mA.

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All of these choices are correct. Push buttons, selector switches, and limit switches are all examples of devices that can provide discrete inputs to a PLC. Discrete inputs are signals that are either on or off, true or false, and are used to monitor the state of devices and processes.

Pushbuttons are typically used to start and stop machines, while selector switches allow operators to select from a set of options. Limit switches are used to detect the presence or absence of an object or to monitor the position of a moving part. These devices are essential for controlling and monitoring processes in manufacturing, industrial automation, and other applications.

PLCs are designed to interface with a wide variety of devices, including sensors, switches, and other input devices. By using these devices to provide inputs to the PLC, it is possible to monitor and control complex processes with a high degree of accuracy and reliability. This makes PLCs an essential tool for automating industrial processes and improving efficiency and productivity in a wide range of industries.

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Answer:

a pressure regulator is a controller that maintains a constant air pressure in a duct or building area