a line of evidence not considered by darwin in his development of the theory of natural selection is

The isolation of a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) from a urine specimen requires further investigation to determine the significance of the isolate.

Isolation refers to the state of being separated from others, either physically or emotionally. It can occur voluntarily or involuntarily, and it can be temporary or long-term. Isolation can take many forms, including social isolation, emotional isolation, and physical isolation.

Social isolation occurs when an individual is physically separated from others, such as being confined to a prison cell or living alone in a remote area. Emotional isolation occurs when an individual feels disconnected from others, either due to personal experiences or mental health conditions. Physical isolation occurs when an individual is unable to interact with others due to physical barriers, such as being bedridden or in quarantine.

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you can plate the conjugation on a selective medium such as LB agar containing DAP, rifampicin, and kanamycin to enable the growth of both the E. coli donor and Pseudomonas recipient strains during conjugation.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. In biology, E. coli is extensively studied as a model organism due to its rapid growth, ease of culturing, and well-understood genetics.

E. coli can be both beneficial and harmful to humans. Some strains of E. coli are normal inhabitants of the human gut microbiome and aid in digestion, while others can cause infections such as urinary tract infections, food poisoning, and sepsis. In research, E. coli is often used to produce recombinant proteins for medical and industrial applications. It has also been used extensively in genetic engineering as a host for DNA manipulation, including the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

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The sympathetic nervous system can selectively reduce blood flow to the kidneys and digestive tract, increase perfusion of the skeletal muscles, and stimulate local vasodilation.

A, B, C are correct statements.

Exercise activates the sympathetic nervous system, which causes a coordinated body response that aims to maintain a suitable level of homeostasis in light of the increased demand on one's physical, metabolic, respiratory, and cardiovascular efforts.

Ongoing exercise causes impulses from many receptors to feed back on sympathetic centers, causing error signals to emerge from changes in intravascular pressures, plasma glucose concentrations, tissue oxygen tensions, body temperatures, and possibly mechanical performance and extracellular potassium concentration.

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The complete question is:

which of the following occur during a period of exercise? check all that apply. check all that apply

A. the sympathetic nervous system can selectively reduce blood flow to the kidneys and digestive tract.

B. the sympathetic nervous system can increase perfusion of the skeletal muscles.

C. metabolite accumulation in a tissue can stimulate local vasodilation.

D. the parasympathetic nervous system can selectively reduce blood flow to the kidneys and digestive tract.

E. metabolite accumulation in a tissue can stimulate local vasoconstrictio

Single-celled organisms divide to reproduce and increase their population. This is known as asexual reproduction and allows them to quickly colonize and occupy new environments. Additionally, cell division in unicellular organisms allows them to replace damaged or dying cells and maintain their overall health and function.

In multicellular organisms, cell division serves a variety of purposes. It is essential for the growth and development of the organism from a fertilized egg to an adult, as well as for the maintenance and repair of tissues and organs throughout the organism's life. During development, cell division allows for the formation of new tissues and organs, while in adult organisms, it allows for the replacement of damaged or dying cells. In addition, cell division plays a critical role in the immune response by allowing the body to rapidly produce new immune cells to fight off infections or diseases.

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Parasitology is the study of parasites and their interactions with their hosts. Physiology focuses on the study of the functions and processes of living organisms. Paleontology involves the study of fossils and ancient life forms. Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their effects on the body, and their use in the treatment of diseases.

Parasitology is the branch of biology that focuses on the study of parasites and their interactions with their hosts. It involves understanding the life cycles, morphology, physiology, and ecology of parasites, as well as the impact they have on the health and behavior of their hosts.

Parasitologists study various types of parasites, including protozoa, helminths (worms), and arthropods.

Physiology is the branch of biology that explores how living organisms function at the molecular, cellular, and organ system levels. It involves studying the physical and chemical processes that occur within organisms to maintain homeostasis and carry out essential functions.

Physiologists investigate various aspects of living organisms, such as the function of organs, tissues, and cells, as well as processes like metabolism, respiration, circulation, and reproduction.

Paleontology is the branch of biology that focuses on the study of ancient life forms and their interactions with the environment. Paleontologists examine fossils and traces of past organisms to understand their evolution, behavior, and ecological roles. By studying the remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms, paleontologists reconstruct the history of life on Earth and gain insights into evolutionary processes and the relationships between different species.

Pharmacology is the branch of biology that investigates the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms. It involves studying how substances interact with biological systems, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Pharmacologists explore the mechanisms of drug action, evaluate their therapeutic effects, and investigate their potential side effects and interactions.

Their research helps in the development of new drugs, understanding drug interactions, and optimizing drug therapies for various diseases and conditions.

In summary, parasitology focuses on the study of parasites, physiology explores the functioning of living organisms, paleontology examines ancient life forms, and pharmacology investigates the effects of drugs on biological systems.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are generally considered to be more proficient at producing extracellular enzymes compared to ectomycorrhizae (EM).

Arbuscular mycorrhizae form symbiotic associations between fungi from the Glomeromycota phylum and the roots of most land plants. They penetrate the root cells to form specialized structures called arbuscules, which facilitate nutrient exchange between the fungus and the plant.

AM fungi are known to secrete a wide range of extracellular enzymes, including phosphatases, chitinases, and proteases. These enzymes play essential roles in nutrient acquisition, such as breaking down organic compounds and releasing nutrients that are then taken up by the plant.

On the other hand, ectomycorrhizae form associations between fungi from various fungal groups, such as Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and the roots of specific plant species, usually trees.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi form a sheath around the root tips without penetrating the root cells. While ectomycorrhizae can produce extracellular enzymes, their enzyme production capacity may not be as extensive as that of arbuscular mycorrhizae.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more involved in enhancing nutrient uptake through physical exploration of the soil and the formation of extensive mycelial networks.

In summary, considering the production of extracellular enzymes, arbuscular mycorrhizae are generally considered more proficient due to their extensive enzyme secretion, which aids in nutrient acquisition for both the fungus and the host plant.

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The type of natural air pollution among the given options is: all of the above. Pollens, smoke from fires, and salt dust are all examples of natural sources of air pollution.

Natural air pollution refers to pollutants that occur in the environment without human intervention. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources including natural wildfires, dust storms, volcanic eruptions, and plant life such as pollen.

Pollens, smoke from fires, salt dust, and other naturally occurring particles can all contribute to air pollution. It is important to note that while natural sources of pollution exist, human activities also contribute significantly to air pollution and its negative impacts on human health and the environment.

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Heat. Prions are exceptionally resistant to heat, which is why they are able to pass through the acidic digestive tract following ingestion of tainted food, without being degraded by proteases.

Prions are molecular agents composed of misfolded proteins, and the protein residues that make up the prion are exceptionally resistant to heat and other chemical denaturants such as 5M urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate, even when heated to temperatures as high as 143°C for up to two hours.

Prions are also resistant to most methods of sterilization, such as chlorine, formalin, and gamma irradiation, further increasing their ability to survive within the digestive tract. Prions are quite hardy and only begin to show signs of denaturation after prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures and conditions.

This allows the prion particles to not only escape digestive processes, but spread successfully through contaminated food and water. Prion microorganisms are thought to be the cause of fatal, infectious, degenerative neurological diseases.

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The statement that represents the major concept of the biological theory of evolution is (b) "present-day organisms on Earth developed from earlier, distinctly different organisms."

This concept is also known as descent with modification or common descent, and it is a central idea in the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin.

This theory proposes that over time, populations of organisms change through the process of natural selection, resulting in the formation of new species from earlier ones.

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Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called nociceptors. The correct answer is C.

Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this process is called nociception.

Nociceptors are found in the skin, muscles, joints, and viscera. They are activated by a variety of stimuli, including extremes in temperature, pressure, and chemicals. Nociceptors are also activated by tissue damage, such as that resulting from cuts, bruises, and burns.

Nociceptors play an important role in protecting the body from harm. They help us to avoid dangerous situations and to seek treatment for injuries. However, nociceptors can also be involved in chronic pain conditions, such as fibromyalgia and migraine headaches.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, nociceptors.

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A relatively high proportion of the population lies in the youngest age band is indicated f the population pyramid has a much wider base than the top

A series of population pyramids will give a clear image of how a country transitions from high to low fertility rates. If the pyramid has a broad base, this indicates that a relatively high proportion of the population lies in the youngest age band, such as( ages 0–14), which suggests that the fertility rate of the country is high and above replacement fertility level. If a population is below replacement fertility level, the older population is declining with age, due to a combination of mortality and an increase in the number of births over time. There are almost more females than males in the older age ranges since women have a greater life expectancy, for a variety of reasons including women partaking less in risky behaviors.

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Answer:

(i)removal of black paper strips, boiling in water, and testing with iodine solution. (ii) Removal of black paper strips, boiling alcohol over a water bath, washing the boiled leaf, and testing with iodine solution.

Explanation:

i hope this helps

The column left (right) movement in military drill most closely resembles the "left (right) flank" movement. In this movement, the unit turns 90 degrees to the left (right) while maintaining its original direction of march.

Similarly, in the column left (right) movement, the unit turns 90 degrees to the left (right) and then continues marching forward. The parade rest command is used to allow troops to rest while still maintaining formation and the face about command is used to turn the unit 180 degrees to face the opposite direction.

The face attention command is used to return to the original position of attention.

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The most important insect vectors of plant viruses are aphids, whiteflies, and thrips.

Aphids, whiteflies, and thrips are small insects that feed on plant sap. They can transmit plant viruses by injecting them into the plant cells when they feed. These insects are very efficient at transmitting viruses, and they can spread viruses over long distances.

Aphids are the most important insect vectors of plant viruses. They can transmit over 1,000 different plant viruses. Whiteflies are also important insect vectors of plant viruses.

They can transmit over 500 different plant viruses. Thrips are less important insect vectors of plant viruses, but they can transmit over 100 different plant viruses.

The spread of plant viruses by insect vectors can have a devastating impact on agriculture. Viruses can cause plants to wilt, die, or produce deformed fruit. The spread of plant viruses can also lead to crop losses.

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The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) are both involved in the synthesis and modification of various biomolecules.

The RER is involved in protein synthesis and processing, while the SER is involved in lipid metabolism, including synthesis, modification, and degradation.

The SER is also involved in the detoxification of drugs and poisons. However, neither the RER nor the SER are involved in DNA production, as this process occurs in the cell nucleus. Additionally, while both the RER and the SER are involved in vesicle formation for transport to the Golgi apparatus, this is not their only function, as they also have other important roles in the cell.

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Bacteria that have the ability to cleave tryptophan can be detected by the indole test. The indole test is a biochemical assay that detects the presence of the enzyme tryptophanase, which is responsible for the cleavage of tryptophan into indole, pyruvic acid, and ammonia. The test is based on the ability of bacteria to produce indole from tryptophan.

To perform the indole test, the bacteria are first cultured in a tryptophan-rich medium. Then, a small amount of Kovac's reagent is added to the culture. The Kovac's reagent contains p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, which reacts with indole to form a red-colored compound. If the bacteria can cleave tryptophan and produce indole, Kovac's reagent will react with the indole, and a red color will be observed. If the bacteria cannot cleave tryptophan, no red color will be observed.

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The behavior of different types of cooking oils, when tested for bubbles and dissolvability, depends on their chemical properties.

Cooking oils are made up of different types of fatty acids, which determine their chemical properties. Oils with higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids, such as vegetable and corn oil, are more likely to produce bubbles and appear to dissolve due to their lower viscosity and higher degree of reactivity with other substances.

On the other hand, oils that are high in saturated fats, such as coconut oil and palm oil, are more likely to be solid at room temperature and may not produce bubbles or dissolve in the same way as other oils. Understanding the properties of different types of cooking oils can help cooks choose the right oil for different recipes and cooking methods.

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There are three main types of plant labels: stick-on, hanging, and metal. Stick-on labels are the most common, but can be prone to fading and falling off. Hanging labels are durable but can be more difficult to read. Metal labels are the most permanent and weather-resistant, but also the most expensive.

Metal labels are durable and long-lasting, but they can be expensive and may rust over time. Wood labels are a natural and eco-friendly option, but they can rot, break, or become damaged by insects or weather. Stone labels are durable and can last for decades, but they are heavy and may be difficult to write on.

Each type of plant label has its own advantages and disadvantages, so gardeners should choose based on their needs, preferences, and the environmental conditions in which the labels will be used.

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The best explanation for why attenuation is a mechanism that is unique to prokaryotes is option B. Only prokaryotes can translate an mRNA while the mRNA is being transcribed.

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation coexist within the cytoplasm. No physical segregation between the two processes allows ribosomes to initiate their protein-making functions even before mRNA transcript completion.

In contrast, eukaryotes manifest separation where transcription takes place in the nucleus while translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The ear canal acts as a resonant chamber that amplifies sounds in a frequency-dependent manner, with different frequencies being amplified to different degrees.

The shorter ear canal in infants and small children can affect their sensitivity to different frequencies, as the resonance of the ear canal is shifted to higher frequencies.

This means that high-frequency sounds will be amplified more in their ears, while low-frequency sounds will be less amplified compared to adults with longer ear canals. Additionally, the shape and size of the external ear, which also contribute to sound localization and frequency filtering, are different in infants and small children, which further impacts their sensitivity to different frequencies.

However, the auditory system is highly adaptable and can adjust to these differences over time, allowing infants and children to develop normal hearing sensitivity as they grow older.

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Yes, a pure culture can be prepared directly from a mixed-broth culture through a process known as subculturing or streak plating.

This method involves transferring a small sample of the mixed-broth culture onto a solid growth medium, such as agar, in a petri dish.

To prepare a pure culture sterilize the necessary equipment, such as an inoculating loop or needle, petri dishes, and growth medium (agar), to ensure a contamination-free environment.

Take a small sample of the mixed-broth culture using a sterilized inoculating loop or needle.

Streak the loop or needle across the surface of the agar in the petri dish, spreading the sample over a small area.

Sterilize the loop or needle again to avoid cross-contamination.

Incubate the petri dish upside down in an incubator at the appropriate temperature and conditions required for the specific organism you wish to isolate.

After incubation, individual colonies of different microorganisms should grow on the agar surface. Each colony represents a single organism derived from the original mixed-broth culture.

Using a sterilized loop or needle, carefully pick a single colony and streak it onto a new agar plate. This process is known as a subculture.

By streaking the colony onto a fresh plate, you are separating it from any remaining mixed culture and ensuring a pure culture of the desired organism.

Repeat this subculturing process multiple times, transferring colonies from one plate to another, to ensure that the culture remains pure.

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False. Not all shared traits between sister taxa are synapomorphies. Synapomorphies are shared derived characteristics that are inherited from a common ancestor and are unique to a particular clade.

However, some shared traits between sister taxa may be ancestral traits that were present in their common ancestor but have not changed in one or both of the taxa. These shared traits are called symplesiomorphies and are not useful for distinguishing between sister taxa. Therefore, the presence of a homologous trait in two sister taxa does not necessarily indicate whether it is a synapomorphy or a symplesiomorphy without considering the broader evolutionary context of the taxa and their relatives.

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B. an increase in extracellular K+ concentration will immediately depolarize the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron.

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is maintained by the concentration gradient of ions across the cell membrane, with more positively charged ions outside the cell than inside. The typical resting potential of a neuron is around -70 mV.

An increase in extracellular K+ concentration would cause the concentration gradient of K+ ions to be reduced, making it easier for K+ ions to diffuse out of the cell. This would result in depolarization of the neuron's membrane potential, as the cell becomes more positive.

Opening of K+ channels (A) would lead to an efflux of K+ ions, which would make the cell more negative and hyperpolarize the membrane potential, making it further from the threshold potential required to initiate an action potential.

Exposure to a toxin that blocks the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels (C) would prevent depolarization of the neuron, as Na+ channels are responsible for the rapid depolarization phase of the action potential.

Exposure to a toxin that blocks the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels (D) would prolong depolarization and delay repolarization, but it would not immediately depolarize the resting membrane potential.

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Mia can organize the elements by level of organization as individual organisms (frogs, turtles, birds, squirrel, snake), populations (group of each species), communities (grasses, shrubs, wildflowers, rocks, algae, water plants), and ecosystem (including the stream and all the components mentioned).

One way Mia can organize these elements by level of organization is by utilizing the ecological hierarchy or levels of ecological organization.

This hierarchical framework allows for the classification of living and non-living components based on their organizational complexity and interactions.

Starting from the simplest level to the most complex, Mia can organize these elements as follows:

By organizing these elements using the ecological hierarchy, Mia can appreciate the interconnections and interdependencies among the different levels of organization within the park's natural environment.

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The taxonomic subgroups of canis familiaris (dogs) and canis lupus (wolves) are distinct from one another.

Describe a subspecies. Each of the groupings that a species is found in is referred to as a subspecies in taxonomy.

Subspecies characteristics, In addition to the traits of the species in which they are found, these groupings also have unique morphological traits that set them apart from one another.

The Canis lupus species, which includes both dogs and wolves, is a zoological subspecies.

In addition to significant physiological and anatomical distinctions, the domestication process that gave origin to dogs is mostly to blame for this division into subspecies.

As a result, we may infer that dogs belong to the Canis lupus familiaris subspecies of the Canis lupus species.

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When plate tectonic processes closed off the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean during the Late Miocene, species went extinct because the Mediterranean Sea became more saline.

The closure of the Strait of Gibraltar, which occurred as a result of plate tectonic processes during the Late Miocene, caused the Mediterranean Sea to become more isolated from the Atlantic Ocean. This isolation led to a decrease in the amount of freshwater entering the Mediterranean, causing the sea to become more saline over time. This change in salinity had a profound impact on the marine organisms living in the Mediterranean, many of which were not adapted to survive in such high salinity conditions.

As a result, a number of species went extinct, while others evolved adaptations to the new environment. This event is an example of how changes in the Earth's geology and climate can have significant impacts on the evolution and extinction of species over time.

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For a reaction, Δ H= 2 kJ. The value of TΔ S is the reaction spontaneous is: A. 2 kJ / T.

The Gibbs free energy change (G) of a reaction which is related to the enthalpy change (H), the entropy change (S) and the temperature (T), determines the spontaneity of the reaction:

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

ΔG = change in Gibbs free energy

ΔH= change in enthalpy

T=  temperature in Kelvin

ΔS= change in entropy

So setting G to zero and solving for TS will allow us to calculate the value of TS at which the following reaction is spontaneous:

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = 0

TΔS = ΔH / T

Substituting  ΔH into the above equation

TΔS = 2 kJ

Therefore the correct option is A.

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The trait of temperature-dependent sex determination in alligators is thought to have been selected by natural factors in the alligator ecosystem, particularly the variation in temperature across the nesting sites.

Alligators are reptiles that exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, which means that the sex of the offspring is determined by the temperature of the nest during incubation. The exact temperature threshold that determines sex varies among species, but for American alligators, temperatures above 90°F (32°C) typically result in more males, while temperatures below 82°F (28°C) result in more females.

This trait is believed to have evolved in response to the natural variation in temperature across nesting sites in the alligator ecosystem. Since alligators nest in areas with different temperatures, those that have the ability to produce offspring of a certain sex based on the temperature of the nest are more likely to have greater reproductive success. For example, if there is a warm period, alligator mothers who lay their eggs in warmer parts of the nesting site will produce more male offspring, while those who lay their eggs in cooler parts will produce more female offspring. Thus, the ability to produce offspring of a certain sex based on temperature could be advantageous for alligators in adapting to their local environments and maximizing their reproductive success. This factor, among others, is believed to have selected the trait of temperature-dependent sex determination in alligator populations.

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Lab safety protocols are essential to the successful completion of experiments and research in a laboratory setting.

They are designed to protect the lab workers that are directly involved with the protocol, the lab equipment and materials used in the protocol, and visitors to the lab that do not understand the science experiment.

In addition, lab safety protocols protect against accidents or injuries while in the lab and protect immunocompromised individuals that enter into biohazardous lab rooms.

Lab safety protocols are typically quite extensive and may include putting certain fire and safety regulations into place, setting up emergency plans, ensuring workers have appropriate protective equipment, training lab workers on safe laboratory practices, and much more.

Overall, lab safety protocols are essential to provide a safe work environment for all those involved.

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The function of the pinocytic vesicle is to facilitate the transport of materials into a cell.

A pinocytic vesicle's job is to carry things into a cell. Pinocytosis is the process by which elements from the external environment are taken in by cells and engulfed in a vesicle. A tiny pocket in the cell's plasma membrane formed during pinocytosis filled with dissolved materials and extracellular fluid. The pocket subsequently separates from the plasma membrane, creating a pinocytic vesicle that holds the swallowed substance.

Following this, the vesicle enters the cell and joins forces with other membrane-bound organelles, such as lysosomes, which digest the ingested material in preparation for processing. Pinocytosis serves to remove and recycle proteins and lipids from plasma membranes as well as to allow cells to take in nutrients, hormones, and other signalling molecules from the extracellular environment.

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