Answer:
A long string of codons for amino acids, uninterrupted by a stop codon is called an open reading frame.
Explanation:
An open reading frame is a portion of a DNA molecule that, when translated into amino acids, contains no stop codons.
in a population, 25% of individuals exhibit albinism which is a lack of production of the pigment melanin. it is caused by two recessive allele (q2). what is the frequency of the recessive allele (g) in this population?
The frequency of the recessive allele (gg) in a population where 25% individuals exhibit albinism is 0.5.
According to Hardy weinberg principle, the frequencies of the genotypes can be determined by an equation: [tex](p+q)^{2}[/tex] = [tex]p^{2}[/tex] + 2pq + [tex]q^{2}[/tex], where [tex]p^{2}[/tex] represents the frequency of homozygous dominant allele and [tex]q^{2}[/tex] represents frequency of homozygous recessive alleles. As albinism is caused by recessive alleles ([tex]q^{2}[/tex]), the frequency would be half of the total frquency, that is 0.5 of 1, because p + q = 1.
Making one of the many proteins involved in the manufacture of melanin is controlled by a number of genes. Melanocytes, which are cells present in your skin, hair, and eyes, are responsible for producing melanin. A change in one of these genes leads to albinism. Albinism is indeed inherited or passed down through families. When a person inherits an albinism gene from their parents, they are born with the condition.
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biological evolution (the evolution of living cells) differs from chemical evolution (the evolution of the molecules that make living cells) in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of
Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of true cells.
Biological evolution, sometimes also called organic evolution, is the process by which species (made of living cells) evolved over a long period of time. It mainly resulted from mutation caused by physical, chemical, and biological mutagens.
Chemical evolution is the process that occurs due to changes in the molecules' structures. In this evolution, the biomolecules are subjected to changes in extreme conditions, thus increasing their complexity over time. These molecules interacted with each other, possibly gaining the ability to pass on genetic materials and reproduce, which leads to the origin of life on Earth.
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which rna molecule carries the nucleotide sequence responsible for the amino acid sequence in proteins?
RNA molecule carries the nucleotide sequence responsible for the amino acid sequence in proteins is mRNA or messenger RNA.
mRNA is formed in the nucleus of the cell via the process of transcription during the information from DNA gets encoded in the mRNA molecule. From nucleus the mRNA molecule gets transferred to the cytoplasm where under the control of translation machinery and ribosome it gets translated to protein molecules.
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Compared to human cells, there are about _______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.
Answer:
Compared to human cells, there are about _ 10 to 100 times as many______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.
Explanation:
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carbohydrates and proteomics. suppose that a protein contains six potential n-linked glycosylation sites. how many possible proteins can be generated, depending on which of these sites is actually glycosylated? do not include the effects of diversity within the carbohydrate added
Each side is either assumed or capable as 6 potential and connected black oscillation slides. It is the number of in blink mechanization sites that decides the number of probable proteins that can emerged. There are 64 potential proteins that can be generated.
Glycosylation is known to alter the way proteins are organised in 3 sides structurally. It is important to measure the stability, function, and structural form of proteins.
A Deadly Embrace: Hemagglutination linked by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein at Its 22 N-Glycosylation Sites, Red Blood Cell Surface Sialoglycoproteins, and Antibody is a investigating document by David E. Scheim.
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definition in metabolic processes of cell respiration and photosynthesis, prosthetic groups such as heme and iron-sulfur complexes are encountered in components of the electron transport chain. what do they do? a) donate electrons b) act as reducing agents c) act as oxidizing agents d) transport protons within the mitochondria and chloroplasts e) both oxidize and reduce during electron transport
Both oxidize and reduce during electron transport. Option E.
Photosynthesis produces glucose this is used in cell respiratory to provide ATP. Glucose is then converted to carbon dioxide and used for photosynthesis. Water is damaged down into oxygen throughout photosynthesis, but oxygen combines with hydrogen during cell respiration to provide water.
Cell respiratory is a chain of metabolic reactions and strategies that convert biochemical energy from nutrients to adenosine triphosphate ATP and launch waste merchandise inside the cells of an organism.
Metabolism is the chemical response within the frame's cells that convert food into strength. Our our bodies want this power to do the entirety from transferring to wondering to developing. positive proteins in the frame control metabolic chemical reactions.
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The Opossum, which eats small snakes and berries alike, can fall under which categories within the food web feeding levels? Check all that apply.
A. Producer
B. Primary Consumer
C. Secondary Consumer
D. Tertiary Consumer
When the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel, the electricity is turned off
When the electricity is turned off the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel because electric current allow to move the molecules through the gel or matrix.
What is Gel Electrophoresis?Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charge molecules day and like DNA, RNA and proteins according to their size.
When electric current is passed across the gel, the molecules which are charged move through the gel. One end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end of the gel has a negative charge.
When electric current is applied across the gel ,the movement of these charge particles occur which is called migration. These migrated molecule migrate towards the opposite charges like molecule with negative charge get pulled towards the positive and positive charge get pulled towards the negative.
The gel is made up of permeable matrix ,a bit like sieve structure through which molecules travel when electric current is passed through it.
Thus, when the electricity is turned off the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel because electric current allow to move the molecules through the gel or matrix.
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Describe the characteristics and significance of the carbon atom ( organic chemistry )
Answer:
Carbon has an exceptional ability to bind with a wide variety of other elements. Carbon makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form multiple stable bonds with other small atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Explanation:
Carbon has an exceptional ability to bind with a wide variety of other elements. Carbon makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form multiple stable bonds with other small atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
probably the most often misused projection is multiple choice simple conic. goode's homolosine. mercator. gnomonic.
The most misused projection is Mercator
The most recognisable projection was the Mercator. It was a map of the surface of the Earth that depicted the meridian distances as straight lines. The map's inability to typically accurately represent the shape of the earth, however, causes distortions as the marked lines get closer to the poles. This makes it susceptible to errors.
Moreover, the widely used Mercator projection exaggerates the overall size of the landmasses that are close to the poles relative to those that are close to the equator. This then distorts their overall relative sizes. For example: Brazil's region looks to be much smaller on Mercator maps, but this image demonstrates that it is actually almost as big as Canada's.
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if you use distance analysis of morphological traits to build a phylogenetic tree that includes humans (a placental mammal), placental wolves, and marsupial wolves, which two groups would you conclude are most closely related? would the tree be correct?
Which two groups—marsupials and placental wolves—would you say are most closely connected to one another?
What is a phylogenetic example?A unique phylogeny example is the animal phylogenetic tree that shows the history of animal organs. In terms of the history of animal organs, it demonstrates animal phylogeny. Based on the unit level of organization in this sort of graphic, it is possible to determine the evolutionary pattern of the main animal lineages.
Why is phylogenetic analysis used?An in-depth understanding of how species change genetically is provided through phylogenetic analysis. With the aid of phylogenetics, researchers may assess the route an organism took to reach its ancestral origin and forecast potential genetic divergence.
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Marine Science Which of the following is essential to the nitrogen cycle?
a. rain
b. plants
c. plankton
d. hurricanes
why is it important to understand that human racial categories (based on skin color) are created from perceptions of phenotypic features and not genotypes?
Race is socially manufactured rather than physiologically determined for this reason. C. Because skeleton measurements, particularly those of the cranium, should be used to identify race D.
What is race to anthropologists?The majority of anthropologists think that racial classification of human populations lacks any biological foundation. 16. The majority of anthropologists think that there is no genetic foundation for racial classification of human groupings.
Why is it difficult to divide humans into races using biological traits?There is no connection between characteristics used to classify people into races (such skin colour) and the preconceptions that go along with them. Geographical and environmental factors gradually affect human populations' genetic makeup through natural selection.
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The bony projections that can be palpated medially and laterally at the wrist are the?.
The bony projections that can be palpated medially and laterally at the wrist are the: medial and lateral epicondyles. The lateral epicondyle is placed on the outer side of the elbow.
What are the medial and lateral epicondyles?The medial epicondyle is a secondary growth center at our elbow. It first appears around age 6. Then, at the age of 14-17, it fuses to the shaft of the humerus.
Meanwhile, the lateral epicondyles are the unique feature found on long bones that are responsible as a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments. Besides that, epicondyles also serve as a point of attachment for the bone-to-muscle connection.
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large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are termed a. osteocytes b. osteoblasts c. osteoprogenitor cells d. chondrocytes e. osteoclasts
Large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are termed, E. osteoclasts.
Large multinucleated cells known as osteoclasts are responsible for resorbing bone. With the help of acids and hydrolytic enzymes, osteoclasts destroy the matrix and osteoid. In contrast to the other bone cells, osteoclasts are phagocytic and generated from monocytes.
Large bone cells called osteoclasts can have up to 50 nuclei. By releasing lysosomal enzymes and acids that disintegrate the bony matrix, they degrade the bone structure. These minerals, which are released from bones into the blood, aid in controlling calcium levels in bodily fluids. Osteo-progenitor cells give rise to osteoblasts in the body.
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what is the role of dna ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during dna replication? question 5 options: it synthesizes rna nucleotides to make a primer. it catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. it unwinds the parental double helix. it joins okazaki fragments together.
In the expansion of the lagging strand during DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase. The right response in this case is option D.
The leading and lagging strands are two different types of DNA strands that are produced during DNA replication, which creates a new strand of DNA. Additionally, some chemicals are present to carry out particular tasks necessary for the synthesis of these new strands.
The lagging strands must devise strategies to make sure they produce the new strands in this direction because the production of the new strand runs from the 5' to 3' direction; as a result, the Okazaki fragments are produced.
The Okazaki fragments are then joined and sealed together by DNA ligase, creating a long strand that is complementary to its template.
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DNA carries the cell’s genetic information; however, it cannot leave the __________________. Because of this, it copies part of its nucleotide sequence into a complementary copy of ______________ during the process called _____________________. During this process, ___________Polymerase separates the DNA strands. It then uses one strand of DNA as the __________________ from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. Each three letter sequence on the mRNA is called a ______________. The start codon is ____________ and the three stop codons are _____________, ____________, _____________. Once the mRNA leaves the nucleus it goes to the ____________________ to prepare for protein synthesis which is called ___________________. During this process, a ______________ molecule brings the _________________________ to the ribosome. The amino acids are hooked together by ____________________bonds. The tRNA is able to match up to the mRNA by its _______________________. When the stop _________________ is reached, the __________________ chain is released into the ______________________.
DNA carries the cell’s genetic information; however, it cannot leave the nucleus. Because of this, it copies part of its nucleotide sequence into a complementary copy of mRNA during the process called transcription.
How to illustrate the information?During this process, helicase polymerase separates the DNA strands. It then uses one strand of DNA as the template codon from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. Each three-letter sequence on the mRNA is called an AUG. The start codon is ____________ and the three stop codons are UAG UGA UAA.
Once the mRNA leaves the nucleus it goes to the ribosome to prepare for protein synthesis which is called translation. During this process, a tRNA molecule brings the amino acid to the ribosome. The amino acids are hooked together by peptide bonds. The tRNA is able to match up to the mRNA by its complimentary bases. The protein chain is released into the cytoplasm when the stop is reached.
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continental spreading centers include the_ in the us and the_ in africa
Answer:
the answer is b
Explanation:
neurological damage to which area would impair a monkey's ability to complete the wisconsin card sorting task?
neurological damage to Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex would impair a monkey's ability to complete the wisconsin card sorting task.
what is neurological damage?The University of California, San Francisco estimates that there are more than 600 different neurological conditions. Diseases known as neurological disorders impact the brain, as well as the central and autonomic nervous systems. The many forms of neurological disorders must first be distinguished in order to identify the signs and symptoms of neurological issues.
You might be curious in what causes a neurological disorder if you think that you or a loved one may be dealing with one of these problems. Such dysfunction might have a wide range of root causes. Numerous membranes that might be sensitive to stress and pressure shield the spinal cord and brain. Deep beneath the epidermis, the peripheral nerves are equally susceptible to harm. A single neuron or an entire neurological pathway may be impacted by neurological illnesses. Dysfunction can result from even a minor alteration in the structural route of a neuron. Thus, a variety of factors can lead to neurological illnesses, such as: factors associated
lifestyle ,Infections, Genetics ,causes associated to diet
, environment-related factors ,physically hurt.
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phenotypes that are influenced by the combined effects of both genetic and environmental factors are called
Phenotypic plasticity is the effect of both genetic and environmental factors.
What is Phenotypic plasticity?
It is basically defined as the ability of single genotypes to make different phenotypes when they are exposed to various environmental factors. It permits species to keep up with environmental changes (global changes) due to its environmental variability response mechanism.
Phenotypic plasticity is particularly crucial for plants, whose life style requires them to deal with constant ambient changes.
For example: water flea(daphnia) clones which are genetically identical, can have different morphologies depending on whether they were grown in presence or absence of predator.
Therefore, Phenotypic plasticity is the effect of both genetic and environmental factors
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hich cell type, molecule, or process listed below among a - d does not have a function or rolein both the innate and adaptive immune systems? a. macrophages b. dendritic cells c. complement d. phagocytosis e. a - d all have a role in both systems.
The correct response is complement. It do not have a function or role in both the innate and adaptive immune system.
Adaptive immune responses have the purpose of eliminating invasive infections and any hazardous chemicals they may create. It is essential that these responses are only created in response to molecules that are foreign to the host and not the molecules of the host itself because they are damaging. Innate immunity, also known as nonspecific immunity, is the defense mechanism you were born with. You are shielded from all antigens by it. Barriers that prevent hazardous substances from entering your body are a part of innate immunity. These barriers serve as the immune system's first line of defense.
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amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling, and multiple marker screening provide important information about the health of the letus to the parents. this knowledge can help parents prepare for the possible birth of a child with a genetic disorder.
A) why are older women more likely to have these tests performed?
B) do you think there should be any restrictions on their use?
Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis show increased risks in older women because it increases the risks of suffering mutations (a) and this procedure may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion (b).
What are chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis?Chorionic villus sampling (or abbreviated as CVS) and amniocentesis are medical procedures used to determine the risk of genetic disorders in a developing embryo, which is associated with the presence of mutations and therefore they have increased risks in older women who are more prone to have mutations.
It is important to highlight that these procedures (Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis) may increase the risk of abortion.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are diagnostic procedures used to determine the presence of genetic disorders in the developing embryos and they can affect the rate of spontaneous abortion.
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Provide a possible mechanism for why the muscle was unable to maintain a prolonged contraction during fatigue.
Muscles can't sustain prolonged contractions during fatigue because muscles can run out of energy (ATP), so ATP production will be diverted by anaerobic means. The anaerobic process will produce more lactic acid, so lactic acid will accumulate and diffuse into the blood fluid.
What causes muscle fatigue other than lactic acid buildup?Several opinions explain the onset of muscle fatigue, including:
Lactic acid accumulation is the cause of muscle fatigue.Due to the accumulation of free H+ derived from the hydrolysis of ATP and anaerobic glycolysis in exercising muscles.In increasing exercise intensity, energy is mainly obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP and anaerobic glycolysis. Both of these processes produce free H+. With the increasing intensity and demand for ATP, the process of anaerobic glycolysis and ATP hydrolysis increases. In this condition, there is an increase in the concentration of H+ ions from anaerobic glycolysis and ATP hydrolysis, and if the buffering capacity of the cells is exceeded, the accumulation of free H+ will cause muscle fatigue.
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once threads form, they stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork that entraps blood cells and platelets. this meshwork is called a .
Fibrin stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork.
The fibrin, an insoluble protein that is created in reaction to bleeding and serves as the main component of the blood clot, is caught in a meshwork that is formed when they adhere to the exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels.
It is made of fibrinogen, a soluble protein produced by the liver and present in blood plasma, which is a stiff protein material that is structured in long fibrous chains.
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cells cannot use the energy of gluclose directly because a gluclose molecule contains too much energy true or false
Answer: false
Explanation: false, energy stored in glucose is transferred to ATP or adenosine triphosphate which is chemical energy a cell can use
of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the concentration gradient. diffusion distance. membrane surface area. membrane thickness. electrical charge.
Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the concentration gradient.
The exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs mostly based on pressure or concentration gradients in the primary sites of gaseous exchange in the lungs, known as alveoli. Diffusion coefficient of the gases and pressure difference across the membrane also play a vital role in diffusion.
Other significant variables that can impact the pace of diffusion include the solubility of gases and the thickness of the membranes engaged in diffusion. As oxygen and carbon dioxide do not react in the alveoli, the reactivity of gases has no impact on the rate of alveolar diffusion.
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during the initial few minutes of exercise, oxygen uptake cannot meet the energy demand. what is this called? select one: a. oxygen deficit b. epoc c. steady state
During the initial few minutes of exercising when oxygen uptake doesn't meet the demand of energy is called oxygen deficit state.
When the body consumes more oxygen than it takes in, an oxygen deficit occurs. Low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxemia) or tissues can be caused by an oxygen deficiency (hypoxia). An elevated heart rate and fast breathing are two symptoms that an individual with an oxygen shortage may have. Exhaustive activity naturally results in an oxygen deficit. The body will strive to restore oxygen levels in blood during what is known as a recovery period when exercise causes an oxygen deficit.
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The evolution of Drug-Resistance HIV. Within a few weeks of treatment with drug X, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of X-resistant HIV. Explain how this rapid evolution of drug resistance is an example of natural selection.
Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance either by obtaining specific resistance genes from these other bacteria or by developing mutations that change the biological targets of antibiotics.
What does mutation entail?a deviation from the typical DNA sequence at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (including polymorphisms) may affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral.
What are the four mutation types?Gametes experience germline mutations. Other bodily cells can develop somatic mutations. Mutations that modify the chromosome's structure are called chromosomal changes. A single nucleotide is altered by point mutations.
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he table below shows the right ascensions of two stars at a location.
Name of star Right ascension (in hours)
Star 1 5
Star 2 3
Which of these statements is correct about the stars?
Star 1 will rise two hours before Star 2.
Star 1 will rise three hours before Star 2.
Star 1 will cross the meridian four hours before Star 2.
Star 1 will cross the meridian seven hours before Star 2.
The correct statements about the stars is: Star 1 will rise two hours before Star 2.
The first option is correct.
What are stars?A star is described as an astronomical object comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its gravity.
we have the following assumptions;
Star 1 - 4 hours right ascension
Star 2 - 3 hours right ascension
Subtracting hours right ascension
5 hours right ascension - 3 hours right ascension = 1 hours right ascension.
Thus, we can conclude that:
star 1 will rise two hour before star 2
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which of the following is a example of facilitated diffusion?
A. plants bringing nutrients into their roots from the soil
B. the sodium-potassium pump actively bringing sodium and potassium into the cell
C. protein channels embedded in the cell membrane helping large molecules enter the cell
D. liquid molecules colliding
An example of facilitated diffusion is protein channels embedded in the cell membrane helping large molecules enter the cell. So, the correct answer will be option (c).
The type of diffusion where the molecules move or transfer from a higher concentrated region to a lower concentrated region with the help of a carrier agent is generally known as Facilitated diffusion. Since facilitated diffusion is a type of passive diffusion, it does not need or use energy. Factors, such as the size of the molecules, temperature, diffusion distance, concentration, etc., take part in affecting facilitated diffusion. Some more examples of facilitated diffusion include Ion channels, Glucose transporter, Aquaporins, and so on.
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