A phylogenetic tree constructed from gene sequence data is based on similarities in, the correct option is (D) nucleotide substitutions in homologous genes.
Phylogenetic tree are constructed from gene sequence data by comparing the sequences of homologous genes (genes that have a similar function and evolutionary origin) from different organisms. The similarities and differences in the nucleotide sequences of these genes are used to infer evolutionary relationships among the organisms. The tree is built based on the principle of common descent, which states that organisms that share a common ancestor will have more similar gene sequences than those that do not. By comparing the sequence similarities and differences, it is possible to infer the evolutionary relationships among different organisms and construct a branching diagram, known as a phylogenetic tree, that illustrates these relationships.
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1. (20 points) the following data are available for liquid carbon tetrachloride vapor pressure (bar) 0.165077 0.369912 t (k) 300.0 320.0 0.742811 340.0 (a) (10 points) compute the heat of vaporization of carbon tetrachloride at 310 k using only these data. (b) (10 points) compute the heat of vaporization of carbon tetrachloride at 310 k using the srk equation of state.
The heat of vaporization of carbon tetrachloride at 310 k is ΔHvap ≈ 42.79 kJ/mol.
(a) Computing heat of vaporization using vapor pressure data:
Heat of vaporization can be calculated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which relates the vapor pressure and temperature of a substance to its heat of vaporization. The equation is given as:
dP/dt = ΔHvap/RT^2
Where ΔHvap is the heat of vaporization, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature and P is the vapor pressure. We can rearrange the equation to obtain ΔHvap:
ΔHvap = R * (dP/dt) * T^2 / (T2 - T1)
Using the data given, we can estimate dP/dt by taking the slope between the two points closest to 310 K:
dP/dt = (0.369912 - 0.165077) / (320.0 - 300.0) = 0.102175
Substituting the values into the equation for ΔHvap, we obtain:
ΔHvap = 8.314 * 0.102175 * (310)^2 / (320 - 300)
ΔHvap ≈ 42.79 kJ/mol
(b) Computing heat of vaporization using SRK equation of state:
Heat of vaporization can also be estimated using a thermodynamic equation of state such as the Soave-Redlich- Kwong (SRK) equation. This equation can be used to calculate the fugacity and enthalpy of a substance and can then be used to estimate its heat of vaporization.
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What is the mass of a water sample which absorbs 1450 J of energy when its temperature increases by 6.5 °C?
According to specific heat capacity, the mass of a water sample which absorbs 1450 J of energy when its temperature increases by 6.5 °C is 53.11 g.
What is specific heat capacity?Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius. It has units of calories or joules per gram per degree Celsius.
It varies with temperature and is different for each state of matter. Water in the liquid form has the highest specific heat capacity among all common substances .Specific heat capacity of a substance is infinite as it undergoes phase transition ,it is highest for gases and can rise if the gas is allowed to expand.
It is given by the formula ,
Q=mcΔt , on substitution of values m=1450/4.2×6.5=53.11 g.
Thus, the mass of a water sample which absorbs 1450 J of energy when its temperature increases by 6.5 °C is 53.11 g.
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If zinc replaces iron, iron replaces lead, and zinc replaces lead in a chemical reaction, the order of activity from most active to least active is _____.
zinc, iron, lead. If zinc replaces iron, iron replaces lead, and zinc replaces lead in a chemical reaction, the order of activity from most active to least active is zinc, iron, lead.
Even though the body only requires minute quantities of zinc, almost 100 enzymes depend on it to perform essential chemical processes. It plays a crucial role in the production of DNA, cell proliferation, the synthesis of proteins, the repair of damaged tissue, and the maintenance of a strong immune system. With the atomic number 30 and the symbol Zn, zinc is a chemical element. When the oxidation is eliminated, zinc transforms into a shiny-greyish metal that is slightly brittle at normal temperature. It is the first element in the table's group 12 of elements.With the atomic number 30 and the symbol Zn, zinc is a chemical element. When the oxidation is eliminated, zinc transforms into a shiny-greyish metal.
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Calculate the percent ma of olute in thi aqueou olution 5.50g of NaBr in 78.2g of olution.
The percent mass of solute in 5.50 g of NaBr in 78.2 g of solution is 7.03%.
A solute's percentage by mass in a solution tells you how many grammes of that solute there are in every 100 grammes of the solution. It's vital to remember that the solute always constitutes a smaller portion of the mixture than the solvent. The mass of the solvent and the mass of the solute together make up the total mass of a solution. By dividing the mass of the solute by the entire mass of the solution, we may get the concentration in percent by mass.
% by mass = [tex]\frac{mass of solute}{mass of solution}[/tex] × 100
We may directly calculate the percent by mass of NaBr in the solution using the solute mass and total solution mass, as illustrated.
% of NaBr = [tex]\frac{5.50}{78.2}[/tex] × 100
or, % of NaBr = 7.03%.
Hence the percent mass is 7.03%.
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What do these two changes have in common? melting glass, a puddle freezing into ice on a cold night. Select all that apply. Both are caused by cooling. Both are changes of state. Both result in a different type of matter than was there before. Both are chemical changes.
The common in melting glass and a puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is because both processes involve the transformation of a solid into a liquid or the transformation of a liquid into a solid.
What do you mean by transformation?
Transformation in chemistry is the process of changing a chemical compound from one form to another. This includes the conversion of one element into another, the conversion of an ionic compound into a molecular compound, and the conversion of a solid into a liquid or a gas. Transformation can also refer to the process of changing the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
The two changes in question have these three elements in common:
a. Both are caused by cooling.
b. Both are changes of state.
c. Both result in a different type of matter than was there before.
The two changes in question have these three elements in common: they are both caused by cooling, they are both changes of state, and they both result in a different type of matter than was there before. However, they are not both chemical changes; melting glass is a physical change, while a puddle freezing into ice is a chemical change.
Hence, option A, B and C are correct.
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What is the molarity when 40 grams of HF is added to water to make a 500 ml solution? CzHg + 502 --> 3CO2 + 4H20
M (molarity) = moles/Liters
1000 ml= 1L
molar mass in grams = 1 mole of substance
A mol of HF has a molar mass of 20.01 + 18.998 = 39.008 g/mol. Using the formula: we can get the number of moles of HF in 40 grams. Molar mass divided by mass equals a mole.
Moles equal 40 g / 39.008 g/mol, or 1.024 moles. We may use the amount of HF we know now to calculate the molarity of the solution. Molarity = Mole/Liter Molarity: 2.048 M = 1.024 mol/(500 ml/1000 ml/L) A 2.048 mol HF solution is the answer. It's important to note that the equation you supplied for hydrogen fluoride (HF) is incorrect; the proper formula is CzHg + 502 --> 3CO2 + 4H20.A mol of HF has a molar mass of 20.01 + 18.998 = 39.008 g/mol. Using the formula: we can get the number of moles of HF in 40 grams. Molar mass divided by mass equals a mole. We may use the amount of HF we know now to calculate the molarity of the solution.
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Look at Figure 1. In the ionic compound NaCl, the sodium ion is the cation. What pattern do you observe in the first word in the names for the other ionic compounds?
We observe the same pattern as Ionic compounds are formed by electrically neutral cation-anion pairs. Ionic bonds hold together ionic compounds. They are named with the cation name first, then the anion name, with the word "ion" omitted.
The charge on cations is positive. They are made of metals on the periodic table's left side. The primary group of metals (Groups 1–8) form cations with a single, fixed charge. The charge corresponds to the periodic table's Group (column) number. After the element name, add the word "ion" to form the cation name.
Anions are charged negatively. They are composed of nonmetals, which are found on the periodic table's right side. Using the Octet Rule, the negative charge is found to be eight (8) minus the Group number. Anions have a single, fixed charge at all times. By changing the element name suffix to "-ide" and adding the word "ion" after the element name, the anion name is formed.
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the building block of all elements and the smallest component into which an element can be divided is called ?
The building block of all elements and the smallest component into which an element can be divided is called an atom. An atom is the fundamental unit of matter that makes up all elements. It is composed of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons, which orbit around the nucleus. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines what element the atom belongs to.
19. what should the difference be from entering water temperature to exiting water temperature in a water cooled condenser using a recirculating water loop?
The difference be from the entering water temperature to the exiting water temperature in the water cooled condenser using the recirculating water loop is 10 °F.
When using the water-cooled condenser, the water should be constantly move over the condenser. For this process, the water should flow in and at the bottom of part and water should flow out at the top part. A water-cooled condenser will lasts years longer, the maintenance is not neglected. water-cooled condenser has the higher heat transfer rate.
Thus, 10 °F is the difference be from the entering the water temperature to the exiting water temperature .
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the concentration of toluene (c {7}h {8}) in subsurface soil samples collected after an underground storage tank was removed indicated the toluene concentration was 5 mg/kg. what is the toluene concentration in ppm {m}?
We may use the following conversion factor to convert toluene concentration from mg/kg to ppm: 1 mg/kg equals 1 ppm As a result, the toluene content in subsurface soil samples.
We must multiply the toluene concentration by a conversion factor in order to change it from mg/kg to ppm.
1 ppm is equal to 1 mg/kg * (106 g per kilogramme) / (93 g/mol)
The resulting value is 5 mg/kg * (106 g / 1 kg) / (93 g/mol) = 5 * (106) / 93 = 537,924.19 ppm.
As a result, there are 537,924.19 ppm of toluene in the soil samples.
To convert from mg/kg to ppm, multiply the concentration by the conversion factor (1,000,000 mg/kg).subsurface soil samples collected after an underground storage tank was removed indicated the toluene concentration was 5 mg/kg. what is the toluene concentration in ppm {m}Toluene is a molecular weight of 92.14 g/mol chemical molecule.
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vapor density is a type of physical data contained on a msds. True or false
vapor density is a type of physical data contained on a msds is True. (MSDS) Material Safety Data Sheet.
A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a document that details how to handle chemical products safely as well as any possible risks to human health, property, or the environment. It is a crucial place to start when creating a comprehensive health and safety programme. It also includes details on how to use, store, and handle it. Weight of a gas or vapour in relation to the weight of an equivalent amount of air (air=1) is known as vapour density. Greater than 1 density means something is heavier than air, while less than 1 density means something is lighter than air. Just above the earth, vapours that are heavier than air might move and could cause an explosion or fire.
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Suppose that two students perform a titration experiment multiple times, resulting in the average concentrations reported here. Student A 0.125 ± 0.008 M Student B 0.12 ± 0.03 M
The more precise work was done by ___ because ____
Student A because they have a lower margin of error (0.008 M) than Student B (0.03 M) due to their average concentration. This suggests that compared to Student B's results, Student A's measurements were
A core or usual number within a set of data is often what is meant by the phrase "average." The mean, median, and mode are a few methods for calculating averages. The mean is calculated by dividing the total number of values in a collection of data by the number of values in the When a set of data is sorted in order, the median is the midway value.The value that appears most frequently in a collection of data is called the mode.The most frequent method for calculating averages in statistics is the mean, however depending on how the data are distributed, the median or mode may be more suitable.
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determine the phase change that carbon dioxide undergoes as temperature is increased at a constant pressure of 101 kpa (about 1 atm).
Carbon dioxide undergoes a phase change from a solid (dry ice) to a gas as the temperature is increased at a constant pressure of 101 kPa (approximately 1 atm).
When a solid substance is heated at constant pressure, its temperature increases until it reaches its melting point, at which point it will begin to melt and change from a solid to a liquid. However, some substances, such as carbon dioxide, can also undergo a phase change from a solid to a gas at a certain temperature and pressure, without going through the liquid state. This process is called sublimation.
Carbon dioxide sublimes at a temperature of -78.5 °C (-109.3 °F) at a pressure of 101 kPa (1 atm). This means that when the temperature of carbon dioxide is increased at a constant pressure of 101 kPa, it will change from a solid (dry ice) to a gas without ever becoming a liquid.
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why is it more effective to perform an extraction with several small portions of solvent as opposed to one large portion of solvent of equal volume? byu
It is more effective to perform an extraction with several small portions of solvent as opposed to one large portion of solvent of equal volume because the amount of the material left in the trash will be less.
The extraction of certain ratio of the solute is able to the distribute among the phases during each extraction. The various extractions with the lesser amounts of the solvent are more efficient than the single extraction with the huge amount of solvent.
The extraction is about to maximize the outside field of the communication between the two solvents, we can easily get the more surface area in the contact with the fewer amounts.
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Determine whether the following effects of the American Revolution were political or economic. Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States. Countries that participated in the war agreed to repay debts to one another. The war opened up discussion about racial equality.
Answer: The Revolution also unleashed powerful political, social, and economic forces that would transform the post-Revolution politics and society, including increased participation in politics and governance, the legal institutionalization of religious toleration, and the growth and diffusion of the population.
Explanation: Britain spent a huge amount of money fighting the Revolutionary War, sending the national debt soaring and creating a yearly interest of nearly 10 million pounds. Taxes had to be raised as a result. The trade that Britain had relied on for wealth was severely interrupted.
a scientist is interested in studying different elements. she has 4 different chemicals on her bench. examine the list of chemicals. how many different elements does she have available to study? chemical namechemical formula phosphoric acid h3po4 glucose c6h12o6 epsom salts mgso4 chlorate of potash kclo3
The different types of the elements does she have available to study are :
Hydrogen, Phosphorus , Oxygen, Carbon, Magnesium, Sulphur, Potassium, Chlorine.
1) The chemical formula of the phosphoric acid is : H₃PO₄
Elements : Hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen
2) The chemical formula of the glucose is : C₆H₁₂O₆
Elements : Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
3) The chemical formula of the Epsom salts is : MgSO₄
Elements : Magnesium, Sulfur, Oxygen
4) The chemical formula of the chlorate of potash is : KClO₃
Elements : Potassium, Chlorine and Oxygen.
Thus, the Hydrogen, Phosphorus , Oxygen, Carbon, Magnesium, Sulphur, Potassium, Chlorine are the different elements to study.
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Which behavior is a response that is determined by heredity?
Responses
fighting for protection
fighting for protection
All behaviors are determined by heredity.
All behaviors are determined by heredity.
hunting in packs
hunting in packs
sleeping
Answer:
sleeping
Explanation:
......hope this helps, :)
glucose indicator was added to a beaker of an unknown liquid. starch indicator was added to a different beaker containing the same unknown liquid. the color of the indicator solution before they were added to the beakers and the color of the contents of the beakers after adding the indicator solution are recorded in the chart below. which carbohydrate is present in the unknown liquid and why?
The mixture in beaker 2. changed color due to the presence of starch in the unknown liquid.
How does organic chemistry define glucose?A e-9, glucose is a form of carbohydrate. It is made from carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms. Due to the presence of carbon atoms, fructose is an organic substance.
What really is glucose and what does it do?Blood sugar, often known as glucose, is the main sugar found in your blood. It comes from the food we eat and is used as your body's main source of energy. Your blood supplies glucose to all the tissues in your body, which then uses it as fuel. Diabetes is a disorder when your glucose levels levels are too high.
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are electric car batteries bad for the environment?
The environmental impact of electric car batteries depends on the source of the electricity used to charge them and the method of disposal or recycling of the batteries.
If the electricity used to charge the batteries comes from renewable sources, the environmental impact is minimal. However, if the electricity comes from fossil fuels, the environmental impact can be significant. Additionally, proper disposal or recycling of batteries is important to minimize environmental impact. The environment refers to the natural surroundings and conditions in which people, animals, and plants live. It includes everything from the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we live on, and the weather patterns that affect us.
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why are viruses referred to as being obligate parasites ?
3.your body contains vast numbers of carbon atoms. how is it possible that some of these carbons may have been part of the body of a prehistoric creature?
The Carbon is reused through carbon cycle. There is a carbon in oil, which is made of the prehistoric creatures. which is made of the ancient animals, and this carbon is then discharged into the air during ignition.
Our body contains vast numbers of the carbon atoms. These carbons have been the part of the body of prehistoric creature. which is made of the ancient animals. This carbon is then discharged into the air during ignition. Carbon is then taken by the plants as CO₂, carbon dioxide, which we then eat.
The Carbon particles of the body used to be the piece of the body of a prehistoric creature, as chemical components is utilized and then reused by the living animals.
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The rate constant of the first-order reaction A→3B is 0. 291 s−1. The concentration of A at t=5 seconds is 0. 081 mol/L. What was the initial concentration of A?
The initial concentration of A is 3.58 mol/L.
To calculate the initial concentration of A, we must first consider the rate equation for the reaction. The rate equation is given by:
Rate = k[A]
where k is the rate constant and [A] is the concentration of A. Rearranging the rate equation gives the following:
[A] = Rate/k
Therefore, we can calculate the initial concentration of A by substituting the rate constant and the concentration at t=5 seconds into the rate equation, giving us:
[A] = 0.291 s−1 / 0.081 mol/L
This gives us an initial concentration of A of 3.58 mol/L.
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The alkali metals lithium, sodium, and potassium react violently with water,
The reaction becomes more explosive as you move from top to bottom down
the group. What can you conclude about the rate laws for these reactions as
you move down the group from lithium to potassium?
the rate constant increases because the reactions are faster. The alkali metals lithium, sodium, and potassium react violently with water, The reaction becomes more move from top to bottom down.
Due to its strong reactivity, potassium creates this gas the fastest, leading to the violent explosion. Because sodium and lithium have lesser reactivities than other elements (lithium being the lowest), their reactions aren't quite as explosive. Similarily, 53/20 x 250/1000 = 0.6625g of anhydrous sodium carbonate is needed to make a 250 ml solution of N/20. Therefore, 0.6625g of anhydrous sodium carbonate needs to be dissolved in 250 ml of distilled water to produce a N/20 solution.and potassium react violently with water, The reaction becomes more explosive as you move from top to bottom down.anhydrous sodium carbonate is needed to make a 250 ml solution of N/20. Therefore.
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(d) does the value of kc increase, decrease, or remain the same when the temperature is decreased? justify your answer based on the expression for kc and the concentrations of the product and reactants.
The value of kc increases when the temperature is decreased and thereby the reaction to shifts to the right. decreasing the concentration of reactants and increasing products.
What is the equilibrium constant of concentration?The equilibrium constant of concentration is a mathematical expression that describes the relationship between the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium in a chemical reaction. It is usually written as Kc or Kp.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the equilibrium constant of concentration increases when temperature drops and thus decrease the reactant levels and increases the products.
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large organic molecules are built on a carbon skeleton, but their unique chemical properties are determined primarily by _______________________________ that are attached to the carbon skeleton.
large organic molecules are built on a carbon skeleton, but their unique chemical properties are determined primarily by functional groups that are attached to the carbon skeleton.
The functional groups are the grouping of the components in which the different chemical reaction of theses molecule are depends. The unique chemical properties are determined by the the primarily functional groups.
The few example of functional group is given below as :
C₂H₅OH CH₃COCH₃ CH₃ CH₂ CH₂CHO
Ethanol Propanone Butanal
Alcohol Ketone Aldehyde
These are the some examples of functional groups.
Thus, the unique properties are determine by the functional groups that are attached to the carbon skeleton.
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mandelate esters exhibit spasmolytic activity (they act as muscle relaxants). the nature of the alkyl group (r) greatly affects potency. research indicates that the optimal potency is achieved when r is a nine-carbon chain (a nonyl group). explain why nonyl mandelate is more potent than both octyl mandelate and decyl mandelate
Because they are non-polar, alkyl groups reduce a molecule's solubility in water. As a result, the nonyl group increases the molecule's solubility in water and enhances its ability to penetrate cell membranes.
How many different alkyl groups exist?There are thus four C4H9- alkyl groups that are isomeric. A similar IUPAC process to that was employed to name alkanes is used to name alkyl groups, only with longest continuous sequence beginning somewhere at branch point. The methyl group of CH3 is the lowest alkyl group.
What number of alkyl are there?Methane and ethane only produce one type of alkyl group. However, depending around which nucleophile "loses" a hydrogen ions, many isomeric carboxyl group are typically feasible for a continuous chain of carbon atoms.
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Question
*Drag each tile to the correct location on the concept map", for the question.
Read the Instructions for this self-checked activity. Respond to each question, and check your answers. At the
end of the activity, write a brief
evaluation of your work.
The Rank of the diseases in order by number of deaths are:
Heart disease: 647,457 deaths per yearCancer: 599,108 deaths per yearChronic lower respiratory diseases: 160,201 deaths per yearStroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 146,383 deaths per yearAlzheimer’s disease: 121,404 deaths per year.What is the disease about?Heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death globally, with heart disease causing the most deaths each year. Heart disease can refer to a variety of conditions that affect the heart, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and hypertension. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions.
Note that Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. There are many different types of cancer, each with its own causes and risk factors. Some common types of cancer include lung cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.
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what would be the best technique for mixing a nice medium range color such as a medium green, one that is midway between blue and yellow?
The best technique for mixing color to create a nice medium green color is to mix equal parts of blue and yellow paint.
When mixing colors, it is important to understand the color wheel and the primary colors. The primary colors are red, blue, and yellow. By mixing two primary colors together, you can create the secondary colors.
In this case, if you mix blue and yellow paint together, you will create a medium green color. However, you should experiment with the ratios of blue and yellow paint until you achieve the desired shade of green. Additionally, you can also add small amounts of other colors such as white or black to adjust the value and saturation of the green color.
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The improvement of energy efficiency in the United States is important. Which scenario is least
likely to occur due to improved energy efficiency in the United States?
O Allow more time to improve use of renewable resources.
O Increase environmental problems.
Make nonrenewable resources last longer.
Reduce dependence on other countries.
beryllium's atomic mass is 9, and its atomic number is 4. how many neutrons are found in a beryllium atom?
The number of neutrons possessed by beryllium with atomic mass is 9, and its atomic number is 4 is 5 neutrons.
What is neutron?A neutron is a subatomic particle with no charge that is a component of an atom's nucleus.
By deducting the number of protons or atomic number from the mass number, one can determine the number of neutrons that make up an atom of an element.
In other words, the number of neutrons equals the mass number minus the number of protons.
This suggests that the proton number or atomic number of beryllium is 4. An isotope of beryllium-9 has the following number of neutrons:
Neutron number = 9 - 4 = 5.
Because of this, an isotope of beryllium-9 has five neutrons.
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