The side chain of a serine molecule has an aliphatic -OH, a polar bond that may create an H-bond with a water molecule. A partial charge intermolecular contact is called an H-bond.
Only once -OH is deprotonated may serine form a covalent connection with another substrate in the enzyme pocket.
The side chain of isoleucine is aliphatic, nonpolar, and hydrophobic. It can only engage in Van der Waals interaction with proteins. Proteins must contain polar aminoacids on their surface that may interact with water in order to be soluble in an aqueous environment.
Serine's side chain is hence polar and hydrophilic. With the watery environment, intermolecular attraction would develop in molecule. The hydrophobic, nonpolar side chain of isoleucine. The watery environment would resist it. Since the isoleucine side chain prefers to remain on the inner of the protein, this modification may modify the protein's overall structure.
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sometimes tectonic plates shift past each other in____ directions at their boundary
sometimes tectonic plates shift past each other in divergent directions at their boundary
What is a tectonic plate?A tectonic plate or lithospheric plate is a massive, irregularly shaped solid rock composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.
The Plate size can vary greatly that is from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across the Pacific and Antarctic Plates and the Plate thickness also varies greatly.
Continental crust is made up of granitic rocks which contain relatively lightweight minerals such as quartz and feldspar where as oceanic crust is made up of basaltic rocks, which are much denser and heavier.
Most of the boundaries between the plates is not seen, because they are hidden beneath the oceans and oceanic plate boundaries can be mapped accurately.
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What are the primary and secondary sources of energy?
Answer:
Primary energy consists of unconverted or original fuels. Secondary energy includes resources that have been converted or stored. For example, primary energy sources include petroleum, natural gas, coal, biomass, flowing water, wind, and solar radiation.
Explanation:
Paul has been sick for several days and has
a fever of 102. A few days ago, he visited
the ER, where the attending physician
diagnosed him with a bacterial infection. It's
been 3 days, but Paul's body has been
unable to fight the infection.
Bloodwork has been completed and lab
results indicate that the vacuoles in Paul's
white blood cells are successfully trapping
the bacteria; however, the organelle
responsible for releasing enzymes that
break down the bacteria's cell walls is not
working properly.
Which organelle
is malfunctioning?
Diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and even normal aging have all been related to dysfunctional mitochondria.
What do the makeup and purposes of mitochondria entail?Cell organelles called mitochondria, which are membrane-bound, generate the majority of a chemical energy needed to power a cell's metabolic processes (plural: mitochondrion). The chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a little molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What do mitochondria have importance?As the energy generators in almost every human cell (as well as those of animals, plants, and fungi), mitochondria play a crucial part in generating energy to power cellular function and pretty much all of our biological activities.
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n
6. Even a gene mutation that is a point mutation, meaning it affects
that nucleotide base, can still make a major change
Consider the below information for normal hemoglobin:
ns)
portion of
Hemoglobin DNA
MRNA
AMINO Acids
Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a point mutation known as a substitution. Show
what would occur if the first T ("thymine") DNA base in the portion shown above
experienced a mutation with a substitution of A ("adenine").
Sickle Cell Hemoglobin:
CCU-GAC1-GAG
mRNA:
GGA CTC CTC
CCU GAG GAG
Proline-Glutamic Acid-Glutamic Acid
Portion of mutated hemoglobin DNA:
Amino Acids:
Amino acids involved in the sickle cell anemia is Proline-Valine-Glutamic acid.
What is sickle cell anemia?Sickle cell is an inherited disease caused by a defect in a gene. A person will be born with sickle cell disease only if two genes are inherited—one from the mother and one from the father.
Sickle cells that block blood flow to organs deprive the affected organs of blood and oxygen. In sickle cell anemia, blood is also chronically low in oxygen. This lack of oxygen-rich blood can damage nerves and organs, including kidneys, liver and spleen, and can be fatal.
Stem cell or bone marrow transplants are the only cure for sickle cell disease, but they're not done very often because of the significant risks involved. Stem cells are special cells produced by bone marrow, a spongy tissue found in the centre of some bones.
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Answer:NRNA is
Explanation:
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.
During _____of the cell cycle, the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
Answer:
interphase
Explanation:
In the cell cycle the longest stage is interphase. This is when the cell grows and copies its DNA before moving into mitosis.
Is it possible for producers to be on any other level of an energy pyramid? Explain your reasoning.
Answer: Energy can be passed up to the rest of the pyramid from plants. Producers are living things that are able to make their own food. Most of them use the sun's light to make their food.
Explanation:
Now if you are all the way at the top, what's at the bottom of this pyramid? In order for it to stand, it has to have a strong base. So at the very bottom, we have the living things that can hold themselves up on their own with nothing beneath them. These are plants that are able to make their own energy from sun, gas, and water. They do not need much help from other living things. Energy can be passed up to the rest of the pyramid from plants.
Producers are living things that are able to make their own food. Most of them use the sun's light to make their food. They use most of the food they make to grow and stay alive, then store the rest in their bodies. Have you ever pulled a carrot up out of the ground? The orange part is the plant's stored energy. This is a great way to grow and still keep some energy for later. That is, of course, until a hungry rabbit hops along.
Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that _____ diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals.
Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that poriferans diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals.
It is very likely that the Porifera, the most ancient animal group, originated in the Precambrian because they have an early branch on the animal phylogenetic tree. The common word for poriferans is sponge. Sponge evolution diverged from the development of other metazoans during an early branching event. This might be one of the causes for their lack of a distinct and intricate organ system.
Poriferans don't have mouths, instead they drink water through tiny pores in their outer walls. Spicules, the animals' tough support structure, were previously one of the main ways to identify sponges.
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HELPPPPPPPPP!!!!
why is it important for a fruit to ripen when its seeds are mature
what would you expect the scaling coefficient (b) to be when comparing the growth of an organisms surface area (y) when compared to its mass (x) if it is scaling isometrically? group of answer choices
Dimensions of the new shape x the scaling coefficient factor the original shape's dimensions. Ontogenetic allometry is the measurement of an organism's surface area (y) as a function of its mass (x).
How do cell volume and surface area relate to one another? Why are they so diminutive?A cell's surface area grows in proportion to its radius square, but its volume grows in proportion to its radius cube as the radius of the cell increases (much more rapidly). Consequently, a cell's surface area to volume ratio declines as it grows larger.
What exactly are allometric and isometric growth?The growth rates of certain body sections vary from those of the entire body during allometric growth. Body parts develop at the same rate as the rest of the body in isometric growth, in contrast. In summary, whereas the growth rate is identical for isometric growth, it is not for allometric growth.
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Answer all please I need it asap
1. A(n) _____________________ transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
2. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
3. In the __________________________, NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the _________________________, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. True / False: Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of heterotrophs.
6. True / False: Autotrophs need light in order to carry out photosynthesis.
1. An electron carrier transports electrons and their energy to another molecule.
2. The equation of photosynthesis is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
3. In the stroma NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the thylakoid membrane, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. Chloroplasts are not found in heterotrophic cells.
6. Autotrophs need light to carry out photosynthesis.
Why are the answers correct?
An electron carrier is an important molecule involved in cellular respiration as it transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and organisms such as algae use energy from the sun to convert water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugar.
The stroma uses ATP and NADPH in the next stage of photosynthesis to produce three-carbon sugars.
The thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyll and is located in the stroma where the light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
In summary, chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of autotrophs and not heterotrophs.
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Based on the information from the laboratory about hydrolysis & your knowledge of solubility why are carbohydrates excellent sources of quick energy for organisms
Carbohydrates are excellent source for quick energy because they are easily broken down by the process of hydrolysis. This happens because carbohydrates are easily soluble in water due to the various polar OH groups attached to its carbons.
Carbohydrates are one of the most essential food component required in diet. There are three types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Chemically, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy ketones or aldehydes.
Hydrolysis is the reaction where the water molecules break the bonds of the substance subjected to hydrolysis. The water itself also gets decomposed in the process.
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which of the following types of pathogens are most likely to be transmitted vertically by the maternal-parturition route? select one: a. foodborne pathogens b. vector-borne pathogens c. pathogens transmitted horizontally by the urogenital-sexual route d. pathogens transmitted horizontally by the respiratory-aerosol route e. none of the above
Pathogens are most likely to be transmitted vertically by the maternal-parturition route are Pathogens transmitted horizontally by the urogenital-sexual route. So the correct option is c.
An organism that infects its host with disease is referred to as a pathogen, and the severity of the disease symptoms is referred to as virulence. Pathogens come in many forms, including bacteria, viruses, and multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes.
The urine tract and the genital tract are the two primary divisions of the urogenital system. Urine is produced, stored, and eliminated by the urinary tract, made up of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
The majority of primary genitourinary infections are sexually transmitted, and common pathogens include viruses, bacteria, parasites, and bacteria including Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis (herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus).
While vertical transmission occurs from mothers to their offspring, horizontal transmission occurs between members of the same generation.
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What steps does the cell take to speed up the rate of DNA replication?
Plants that reproduce sexually generate seeds. These seeds are often dispersed away from the parent, either through wind, animals, or water. Look at the seed shown in this image of bullrush plants. What form of dispersal do you think it uses, and why?
Wind dispersal is the process through which winds act as dispersal agents, transporting seeds far from the parental plants. In the exposed example, eolic dispersion is used by this plant species to transport seeds.
What is wind seed dispersal?
Wind dispersal refers to the transport of seeds from the parental plant to other places far away from it by the action of winds.
Winds distribute seeds in different directions and varying distances from the parental plant, which makes them good species dispersal agents.
Some plant species adapted to this agent and developed seed structures that make them more suitable for being transported further and better by winds.
Some adaptations are, for instance,
Light seedsDry seedsThey have structures like feathers, hair, wings, and others.
When we look at the image, we can see bunches of seeds attached to the top of tall sticks.
Plants develop these long sticks to expose seeds to the wind. The longer the stick is, the more exposed sees are.
We can also see that seeds have hair-like structures, which facilitate their release and transport whenever winds blow.
The form of dispersal this plant species uses is wind dispersal. We can tell this because of the long sticks to which seeds are attached and seeds with hair-like structures.
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Which term applies to an individual who possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait? Choose the correct answer.
O mutated
O haploid for the trait
O homozygous for the trait
heterozygous for the trait
A person must be homozygous for the trait if they have two recessive alleles for it.
What are alleles?One of two or more genes that may alternate at a specific location (locus) on the chromosome is known as an allele, also known as an allele. The phenotype of a particular trait may be influenced by a single allele, multiple alleles, or pairs of alleles.
The mix of alleles that an organism possesses creates its genotype. The genotype of the organism is referred to as homozygous for that trait if the paired alleles are the same. The organism's genotype is heterozygous if they are different.
In heterozygous matings, dominant alleles abolish the features of recessive alleles. Alleles, however, can co-dominate for some features. H. Neither recessive nor dominant. For instance, in the human ABO blood group system, recessive traits result in homozygosity for the gene. Because there is no dominant gene to cover up the recessive allele, it is expressed.
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Oxygen is important in the oxidation of glucose because it ____________________________.
Answer:
Oxygen is important in the oxidation of glucose because it is highly electronegative.
Explanation:
adenosine inhibits other neurons in the brain. specifically, it inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters and decreases the effect of dopamine. during the day, adenosine levels rise, and adenosine acts on its receptor to inhibit other neurons. specifically, what effects would caffeine have?
Caffeine prevents adenosine from binding, which results in an increase in dopamine and a shift in perspective as well as less weariness.
The parasympathetic nervous system is affected by caffeine. the main organs, including the brain. Caffeine impacts the activity within the neuron cell as it attaches to the adenosine receptor, it inhibits the adenosine receptor.
Caffeine use frequently causes dilated pupils, tremors, anxiety, restlessness, and irritability, among other physiological consequences.
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you are studying the dna of a person who you know has two defective copies of the gene that encodes phenylalanine hydroxylase. you are surprised to find that this person also carries two defective copies of the gene for homogentisic acid oxidase. what disease symptoms will this person exhibit? (assume pathway intermediates are not available from sources outside the phenylalanine breakdown pathway.)
This person will exhibit symptoms of Alkaptonuria
Defective homogentisic acid oxidase gene causes alkaptonuria, and deficient phenylalanine hydroxylase gene causes phenylketonuria.
Due to an incomplete oxidation of tyrosine and phenylalanine caused by the genetic condition known as alkaptonuria, higher levels of homogentisic (or melanic) acid are produced. Ochronosis and phenylketonuria are other names for it.
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what type of mutation in this non-autonomous te (ds) would allow it to move in the presence of an autonomous te (ac)?
Transposase gene mutation in this non-autonomous te (ds) would allow it to move in the presence of an autonomous te (ac).
An alternate inside the ordinary DNA series at a specific gene locus. although the time period often has a bad connotation, mutations (which includes polymorphisms) may be harmful, useful, or neutral in their effect on cell feature.
There are 3 sorts of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions, and insertions. 1. Base Substitutions. single base substitutions are known as factor mutations, taking into account the factor mutation Glu -----> Val which causes the sickle-cell disorder. factor mutations are the maximum common form of mutation and there are sorts.
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which of these is a feature of most shield volcanoes? broad base, steep sides, violent eruptions, or thick lava?
Answer: Broad Base
Explanation:
Which term applies to an individual who possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait? Choose the correct answer.
mutated
O haploid for the trait
O homozygous for the trait
heterozygous for the trait
The term applies to an individual who possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait and is homozygous for the trait. Option B.
The genotype is formed by the combination of alleles that an organism has. If the paired alleles are the same, the organism's genotype is said to be homozygous for that trait, and if they differ the organism's genotype is said to be heterozygous. Homozygosity also refers to a genotype consisting of two identical alleles of a gene for a particular trait. An individual can be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive.
In complete dominance, only one allele of the genotype is present in the phenotype. In codominant cases, both alleles of a genotype are present in the phenotype. In the case of imperfect dominance, the phenotype shows a mixture of genotypic alleles. Homozygous and heterozygous are terms used to describe a pair of alleles. Individuals who have two identical alleles are said to be homozygous. Individual organisms with different alleles are said to be heterozygous.
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Which statement describes one difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
A Only eukaryotic cells are found in unicellular organisms
B Eukaryotic cells are smaller and less complex than prokaryotic cells
C Only eukaryotic cells contain DNA
D Only eukaryotic cells have specialized organelles enclosed in membranes
The one difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is that only eukaryotic cells have specialized organelles enclosed in membranes.
The single membrane layer surrounds the prokaryotic cells but there are two surrounding membranes in the case of eukaryotic cells which are the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. The cell wall in the plasma membrane is made up of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and certain amino acids, whereas chitin and cellulose combine together to make up the cell wall of eukaryotic cells. The cell membrane of the prokaryotic cells contains the Respiratory enzyme while the cell membrane of the eukaryotic doesn't contain this enzyme. In prokaryotic cells, endocytosis and exocytosis do not occur and it takes place in many protists and also in animals.
I hope this answer helps.
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what was a crucial advantage of the daguerreotype method? group of answer choices no darkroom required shorter exposure times it allowed multiple copies to be made from a single negative it resulted in sharper images than the competition
Crucial advantage of the daguerreotype method is that it resulted in sharper images than the competition.
Daguerreotypes was an early photographs method on a light-sensitive metal plate coated in crystals. A daguerreotype just needed just twenty minutes exposure. Daguerreotype, produced an opaque original positive that could be duplicated only by copying it with a camera.
There are advantages of the daguerreotype they produce crystal clear images , It was the first commercially successful photography method in photography history . other disadvantage includes it has a long exposure time, it is expensive, and the cameras are very large.
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which of the following observations tells a scientist that the organism she is observing is a eukaryote? group of answer choices the organism has ribosomes the organism has a membrane bound nucleus the organism is unicellular the organism has a cell membrane
Answer: organism has a membrane bound nucleus.
Explanation:
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus which has nuclear membrane & in prokaryotic cells DNA is not contained in a membrane bound nucleus it is simply in a region of the cell called the nucleoid.
discussing the major body systems on the circulatory system.
The parts of your circulatory system are your: Heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout your body. Blood vessels, which include your arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood, made up of red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets.
Circulatory system is made up of the following components: The heart is a muscular organ that circulates blood throughout your body. Blood vessels are made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood, which is composed of red and white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.
Your circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to your body's other cells, then collects any waste products produced by these cells, including carbon dioxide, and transports these waste products to your kidneys and lungs for disposal.
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Genetic drift is best described as the redistribution of the frequency of gene occurrence in a(n) _______. a. population b. organism c. ecosystem d. disaster please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Genetic drift is best described as the redistribution of the frequency of gene occurrence in a(n) a. population.
In the field of biology, genetic drift can be described as a random event in which the allele frequency for a certain population modifies or changes due to an unexpected event.
A gene frequency that was low might become higher and vice versa as a result of genetic drift.
This shift in allele frequency, referred to as genetic drift, might also cause an allele to completely disappear from a certain population.
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1. with regard to linked genes on the same chromosome, which of the following statements is false? a. crossing over is needed to produce nonrecombinant offspring. b. crossing over is needed to produce recombinant offspring. c. crossing over is more likely to separate alleles if they are far apart on the same chromosome. d. crossing over that separates linked alleles occurs during prophase of meiosis i.
With regard to linked genes on the same chromosome, the following statements is false a.) crossing over is needed to produce the nonrecombinant offspring.
What are linked genes?When genes are present on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome, they assort independently and can be said to be unlinked.
Genes are said to be linked when they are closely together on the same chromosome. Sex-linked genes are located on sex chromosome and X-linked genes are located on X chromosome. The crossing over frequency between genes can be used to construct linkage maps that show the locations of genes on chromosomes.
Genetic linkage analysis helps in determining whether the disease phenotype is caused by mutation in a single gene.
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ntraspecific competition among planthoppers . intraspecific competition among planthoppers . results in increased development time. occurs via resources rather than interference. results in reduced survivorship. all the above.
'ntraspecific competition among planthoppers. intraspecific competition among planthoppers . results in increased development time. Occurs via resources rather than interference. Results in reduced survivorship. All the above. All of the choices are correct.
At large population densities, intraspecific competition can be fierce and detrimental to fitness. Low survival rates, sluggish growth, diminished fecundity, and decreased reproductive rates are caused by high population density.
What about intraspecific competition?When members of the same species compete against one another, this is known as intraspecific competition. Depending on the type of competition that exists, each individual within the species will be affected differently by it. Competition in a "contest" might be active or passive and have many effects. Members of the same species may compete with one another for food, shelter, water, and mates in intraspecific competition. Members of various species compete with one another across interspecific boundaries. For instance, various species of predators may engage in competition over the same prey. Pertaining to or occurring within a single species. Because the resource requirements of members of the same species are relatively comparable whereas those of different species are less similar, intraspecific rivalry tends to be more powerful than interspecific competition. One common theory is that intraspecific competition for scarce dietary resources is the reason why the egg yield of the individual parasite declines with population density. Many sea urchins may experience changes in growth, reproduction, and morphometry due to intraspecific competition). Similar results from C. rodgersii experiments show a high degree of plasticity in development and morphology in many habitat types. Interspecific competition has a negative overall effect on both participating species (a -/- interaction). In other words, if the other species didn't exist, each one would thrive more.
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two-species interactions are classified by the impact each species has on the other. thus, a competitive interaction is one where the populations of each species are hut by the presence of the other species, usually because each species uses the same resources. niche patitioning enables species to coexist by
By preventing direct competition, niche partitioning allows species to coexist.
Why is the competitive and beneficial interactions between species crucial to the ecosystem's health?Numerous ecological characteristics and functions, including food webs and nutrient cycles, are based on interactions between species. Depending on the evolutionary context and environmental circumstances in which they take place, the nature of these interactions can change.
As a result, a competitive interaction is one in which the presence of another species negatively affects the populations of both species. This typically happens because both species depend on the same resources. By preventing direct competition, niche partitioning allows species to coexist.
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Label the parts of the below lipid molecule.
Is this a saturated or unsaturated lipid? __________________________
The lipid molecule shown in the image is a satured lipid.
What is a satured lipid?Saturated fatty acids are long carboxylic chains without double bonds in their structure jointly linked to a glycerol molecule. Saturated fatty acids are usually found in lipids and are solid at room temperature. Saturated fatty acids will contain many hydrogen atoms attached to their chain.
Its structure is linear and straight since it does not have double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, like unsaturated fatty acids, so they can stay close to each other. For this reason its solid composition.
Therefore, we can confirm that the lipid molecule shown in the image is a satured lipid.
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