A piece of sulfur weighs 2.27 g. when it was submerged in a graduated cylinder containing 50 ml of water, the level rose to 150 ml.
Mass of the material (m)/Volume of the substance equals a substance's density (d) (v)
= 227/100 g/ml
= 2.27 g/ml of sulfur
What is density?
Density is defined as mass per unit volume for a substance. Density, also referred to as mass per unit volume, is the ratio of mass to volume. It determines the material composition of an object in relation to its volume (cubic metre or cubic centimeter). In essence, density is a measurement of how closely together matter is packed.
Mass of the material (m)/Volume of the substance equals a substance's density (d) (v)
= 227/100 g/ml
= 2.27 g/ml of sulfur
Since the quantity of water increased from 50 to 150 ml when the sulfur was submerged. Therefore, it can be claimed that the sulfur's volume was (150-50)ml, or 100 ml.
Thus, the density of the sulfur is 2.27 g/ml in the end.
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What is this element called
Answer:
Hydrogen
Explanation:
The atom only has one proton and one electron making it the first element in the periodic table.
Write a balanced equation from the following cell notation: mn(s) | mn2 (aq) || cd2 (aq) | cd(s)
The balanced equation can be written as follows,
[tex]Mn(s)+Cd ^ {2+} (aq)[/tex]→[tex]Mn^{2+} (aq)+Cd(s)[/tex]
How should cell notation be written?The cell's components are written in chronological order, beginning with the left hand and progressing across the salt bridge to the right. A single vertical line denotes a phase boundary, such as the one between the solid Zn electrode and Zn2+(aq) or Cl2(g) and Cl-.Cell notations are abbreviations for voltaic or galvanic (spontaneous) cells. This unique shorthand describes the reaction conditions (pressure, temperature, concentration, and so on), the anode, the cathode, and the electrode components.Chemical formulas or element symbols represent the relevant components of each half-cell. Vertical parallel lines represent all interfaces between component phases; if two or more components are present in the same phase, their formulas are separated by commas.To learn more about cell notation refer to
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if a 125 ml erlenmeyer flask weighs 88.5 g, what is the volume in liters? group of answer choices 12.5 l 1.25 l 0.125 l 125 l 1250 l
If a 125 ml erlenmeyer flask weighs 88.5 g, then the volume of erlenmeyer flask in litre is 0.125 litre
Here given data is 125 ml erlenmeyer flask and weighs of erlenmeyer flask that is 88.5g
So, in that 125 ml erlenmeyer flask are seen only not the weighs are seen here the weighs of the erlenmeyer flask should not matter here
So, 125ml= 0.125 liters
Here correct answer choices is 0.125 liters
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28.5 g of iron shot is added to a graduated cylinder containing 45.5 ml of water. the water level rises to the 49.1 ml mark. what is the density of iron? blank1 - numeric answer
When 28.5 g of iron shot is added to a graduated cyclinder containing 45.5 ml of water, the water level rises to 49.9 ml. The density of iron would be 7.92 g/ml approax 8 g/ml.
As we already know that density is defined as the mass divided by volume (Mass/ volume).
It is denoted by ρ.
The unit of density is g/ml
Now the Question is
Mass of iron shot = 28.5 g
Density of water at normal = 45.5 ml
Density of water when rises = 49.1 ml
ρ, density = Mass / Volume
= 28.5 g / (49.10 −45.50)mL
= 7.92 g / mL
Approximately 8 g/ml
Hence, the density of iron is 7.92 g/ml approax 8 g/ml.
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Write the net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction that occurs when aqueous magnesium chloride is mixed with aqueous sodium phosphate. Be sure to include the physical states of all species.
Ionic equation is
[tex]Na^{+} _{3} }[/tex](aq) + 2[tex]PO_{4} ^{-3}[/tex](aq) + 3[tex]Mg^{2+}[/tex](aq) + 3[tex]Cl_{2} ^{-}[/tex]-----> [tex]Mg_{3}(PO_{4} )_{2}[/tex]((s) + 3[tex]Na^{+}[/tex](aq) + 3[tex]Cl^{-} _{2}[/tex](aq)
Here the reaction of aqueous magnesium chloride is mixed with aqueous sodium phosphate.
i.e., Mg[tex]Cl_{2}[/tex] react with [tex]Na_{3}PO_{4}[/tex]
Here the reaction is the replacement reaction, so when both magnesium chloride reacts with sodium phosphate it forms magnesium phosphate and sodium chloride.
3Mg[tex]Cl_{2}[/tex] (aq) + 2[tex]Na_{3} PO_{4}[/tex] (aq) -------> [tex]Mg_{3} (PO_{4} )_{2}[/tex](s) + 6NaCl (aq)
And the ionic equation is:
[tex]Na^{+}_{3} }[/tex] (aq) + 2[tex]PO^{3-} _{4}[/tex] (aq) + 3[tex]Mg^{2+}[/tex](aq) + 3[tex]Cl^{-} _{2}[/tex] (aq)-------> [tex]Mg_{3} (POx_{4} )_{2}[/tex](s) + 3[tex]Na^{+}[/tex](aq) + 3[tex]Cl^{-} _{2}[/tex] (aq)
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Why is the sky blue In earth and space science
glycerol is syrupy liquid often used in cosmetic a 2.50 l sample of pure glycerol has a mass of 3.10^3 g what is the density
The density of the glycerol is 1250g/l.
What is density?Density refer to the mass of an object or particles with ratio to its volume.
Density =mass÷volume.
Mass of the object is 3.10^3
volume is 2.50l
Density = 3.10^3÷2.50
Density of the glycerol is 1250g/l
Therefore, The density of the glycerol is 1250g/l
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What is the function of enzymes within living systems? group of answer choices
a. structural elements
b. neurotransmitters
c. catalysts
d. hormones
The answer is catalysts.
What is meant by catalysts?The process of catalysis involves introducing a catalyst to a chemical reaction to speed up the process. Catalysts are not destroyed during the reaction and are unaffected by it.Generally speaking, there are four different kinds of catalysts. Homogeneous, heterogeneous (solid), heterogenized homogeneous catalyst, and biocatalysts are the first four.Catalysts are responsible for almost everything in your daily life, including cars, Post-It notes, laundry detergent, and beer. The bread, cheddar cheese, and roast turkey from your sandwich. Paper pulp is broken down by catalysts to create the smooth paper in your magazine.What is the function of enzymes within living systems? Catalysts.
Because Enzymes work as CATALYSTS within living system.
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Observation
Aqueous
sodium hydroxide
was added dropwise and then in
excess.
A white precipitate is formed which is soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide.
Sodium hydroxide is primary in nature. It reacts with steel chlorides and forms metal hydroxides as goods. we can stumble on the formed steel hydroxide within the form of a precipitate. by way of including an excess quantity of sodium hydroxide the shaped steel hydroxide precipitate goes too soluble. when an excess of sodium hydroxide is introduced to guide nitrate, sodium plumbite is shaped which gives a colourless solution.
Sodium hydroxide solution seems like a drab liquid. extra dense than water. touch may also severely worsen skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. while lead nitrate solution is reacted with excess sodium hydroxide solution it offers a clean solution via forming lead hydroxide which is colourless in nature. while sodium hydroxide is brought drop sensible till in extra to a solution of zinc sulphate it's far found that white precipitate is shaped that's soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide.
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How much energy is released when a peanut is burned in a calorimeter? The temperature of 1.00Kg of water rose from 22.6°C to
26.5°C. The specific heat of water is 4.184J/g °C.
Nuclear fusion reactions inside the cores of stars convert light elements into heavier ones and release enormous amounts of energy. at what point does the process of fusion begin in a star?
In a process known as nucleosynthesis, fusion powers stars and creates nearly all elements. As a main-sequence star, the Sun generates its energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. Each second, the Sun's core fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen and produces 616 million metric tons of helium. The fusion of lighter elements in stars has energy and mass that is always present.
How does the Sun get its energy from nuclear fusion reactions?Nuclear fusion reactions power the Sun and other stars. A fusion reaction occurs when two light nuclei combine to form a single heavier nucleus. Because the total mass of the resulting single nucleus is less than the mass of the two original nuclei, the process releases energy. The remaining mass is converted into energy.
Why is it claimed that nuclear fission in stars releases all elements?The occurrence of nuclear fusion in stars causes energy to be released from the core in the form of heat or light, or sometimes another nucleus. According to this, nuclear fission in stars virtually releases all elements.
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Which test tube has the largest amount of precipitate? record the ratio of cuso4 to na2s used. what is the indicated by the maximum amount of particiapation
The third test tube has the largest amount of precipitate. The correct ratio for this reaction is 1:1.
What do you mean by test tube?
Test tubes intended for the general chemical work are usually made of glass, and for its relative resistance to heat. Tubes made from the expansion-resistant glasses, mostly borosilicate glass or fused quartz, can withstand high temperatures up to several hundred degrees Celsius.
Chemistry tubes are available in a multitude of the lengths and widths, typically from 10 to 20 mm wide and 50 to 200 mm long. The top often features a flared lip to aid pouring out contents.
A chemistry test tube typically has flat bottom, a round bottom, or a conical bottom. Some test tubes are made to accept a ground glass stopper or screw cap. They are often provided with small ground glass or white glaze area near the top for labelling with a pencil.
Test tubes are widely used by the chemists to handle chemicals, especially for qualitative experiments and assays. Their spherical bottom and vertical sides reduce mass loss when pouring, make them easier to wash out, and allow convenient monitoring of contents. The long, narrow neck of the test tube slows down the spreading of gases to the environment.
Test tubes are convenient containers for heating the small amounts of liquids or solids with a Bunsen burner or alcohol burner. The tube is usually held by its neck with clamp or tongs. By tilting tube, the bottom can be heated to hundreds of degrees in the flame, while the neck remains relatively cool, possibly allowing vapors to condense on its walls. A boiling tube is large test tube intended specifically for boiling liquids.
In reaction:
CuSO4 + Na2S ⇒ CuS + Na2SO4
Third test tube had largest amount of precipitate.
In third test tube all Cu2+ ion converted into CuS precipitate.
Test Tube Ratio
1 5:1
2 2:1
3 1:1
4 1:2
5 1:5
so, the correct ratio is 1:1.
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The average temperature in the mountains is 65° in April. The average temperature in that same spot is −5° in December. Determine how much warmer this location is in April than in December, and determine which temperature is the farthest away from 0°.
65 + |−5| = 70°, 65° is the farthest from 0°
65 − |−5| = 60°, 65° is the farthest from 0°
65 + |−5| = 70°, −5° is the farthest from 0°
65 − |−5| = 60°, −5° is the farthest from 0°
Answer:
A 65 + |−5| = 70°, 65° is the farthest from 0°
Explanation:
Answer:
A
Explanation:
This question involves absolute value which makes negative positive
which is farther from 0, 5 or 65?
if argus fell into the waters around labrador (temperature 1°c, or 34°f), what reaction is most likely to happen?
Piloerection is the reaction most likely to happen if Argus fell into waters around Labrador.
Piloerection is a phenomenon or a reaction causing erection of hairs or papillae of the skin due to the contraction of the tiny arrectores pilorum muscles (tiny muscles located at the origin of each body hair) that elevate the hair follicles above the rest of the skin and moves hair vertically, so hair seems to stand o the end.
When Argus fell into the water of temperature 1°C, or 34°F around Labrador, piloerection happens because Argus might be scared and cold, which makes his hair stand up or cause goosebumps.
Piloerection is a primary physical elicitor kind of response to cold or shock. In Argus and other animals, erection of coat hairs or feathers serves to increase the isolation layer of air around the body.
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Why does you body need a balance of foods high in protein, healthy fats, and carbohydrates?
Answer
Provide the body with the calories, or energy, to grow as well.
A sulfide of gold is composed of 6.462 g of sulfur and 25.06 g of gold. calculate the percent of both elements in the compound.
A sulfide of gold is composed of 6.31g sulfur and 25.93g of gold. Determine the percent of both elements in the compound. 7. Peaches are 8.6% sugar by mass.
What is compound?A chemical compound is a substance made of numerous similar molecules (or molecular entities), each of which contains atoms from different chemical elements and is bound together by chemical bonds. Since only one element's atoms make up a molecule, it is not a compound. A chemical reaction, which could involve interactions with other molecules, can change one component into another. It's possible for atom-to-atom bonds to break or develop throughout this process.
Depending on how the atoms in the molecule are bound together, there are four main types of compounds. Covalent bonds hold together molecular molecules, while ionic bonds, metallic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds, ionic bonds,
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How many hydrogen bonds is his 107 forming within ca ii? study the amino acid structure of his and explain why these h bonds are possible at ph 7.4.
The amino acid structure of histidine and classification.
What is histidine ?
An important amino acid that is crucial to the production of proteins is histidine. It is classified as a positively charged amino acid in terms of physiological pH since it contains a carboxylic acid group, a -amino group, and an imidazole side chain.
Arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), and histidine are the three amino acids with basic side chains at neutral pH. (His)
Because the basic nitrogen atom in imidazole of histidine has a single electron pair, metallic cations like Zn 2+ and Ca 2+ can bind to it as a coordinate ligand [26, 27]. Interaction of hydrogen bonds [28–31].
The H bond formation are possible at 7.4pH since it is the pH of our blood.
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What is the sum of squares for the group that didn't get treatment? report your answer to two decimal places (e.g. 39.87)
Sum of squares for the group that didn't get treatment is 228.333. Reporting the answer to two decimal is 228.33.
What is a decimal?A decimal is a number that consists of a whole and fractional part. Decimal numbers lie between the integers and represent the numerical value for quantities that are whole plus some part of a whole.
We get the decimals when we break a whole into smaller parts. A decimal number then has the two components: a whole number part and fractional part. The decimal place value system for whole part of a decimal number is the same as the whole number value system. However, we get fractional part of the decimal number as we move toward the right after the decimal point.
Decimals are a set of numbers lying between the integers on a number line. They are just the another way to represent fractions in mathematics. With the help of the decimals, we can write more precise values of measurable quantities like length, weight, distance, money, etc.
The numbers to the left of decimal point are the integers or whole numbers and the numbers to the right of the decimal point are decimal fractions. If we go right from the ones place, the next place will be (1/10) times smaller, which will be (1/10)th or tenth place value.
Sum of squares for the non-treated group = 13700 seconds
=[tex]\frac{13700}{60}[/tex]
= 228.333 minutes
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The complete question is:
"Assume you are interested in evaluating the effectiveness of a training program designed to decrease the time required to complete a skilled motor task. Seventeen subjects are randomly assigned to one condition or another: Ten subjects are randomly assigned to receive the training program. A second group of 7 subjects receives no training. All subjects then perform the motor task. Test whether training had any effect on the time (in seconds) required to complete the task using a two-tailed t-test (α = .05). Descriptive statistics for the time required to complete the task (in seconds) are presented below for each group.
Trained group Non trained group
X [tex]X^{2}[/tex] X [tex]X^{2}[/tex]
33 1089 50 2500
41 1681 46 2116
38 1444 47 2116
26 676 48 2209
28 784 37 1369
34 1156 39 1521
32 1024 41 1681
30 900
31 961
37 1369"
A cube containing two sodium atoms has a mass of 7.64 x 10-23 g and a density of 0.963g/cm3. calculate the length of a side of the cube in pm.
Sodium crystallizes in the cubic lattice and the edge of the unit cell is 430pm.
What is crystallizes?When atoms or molecules are strongly ordered into a structure known as a crystal, the process of crystallization, also known as crystallisation, results in the formation of a solid. Precipitation from a solution, freezing, and—less frequently—direct deposition from a gas are a few of the processes that crystals can go through to develop. When liquid crystals are formed, time of fluid evaporation and variables like temperature and air pressure have a significant impact on the crystal's characteristics.
There are two main stages to crystallization. The first is nucleation, which is the emergence of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second process, known as crystal growth, results in a crystal state by enlarging the size of the particles.
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Describe why chemical energy potential energy is a form potential energy
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy because the energy stored in the chemical bonds can be used to generate work when they are broken down in exothermic reactions.
What is chemical energy?Chemical energy is a form of potential energy because the bonds of compounds (e.g. foods) may release energy when they are break down during enzymatic reactions, thereby storing potential energy that is transformed into kinetic energy.
In conclusion, chemical energy is a form of potential energy because the energy stored in the chemical bonds can be used to generate work when they are broken down in exothermic reactions.
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27.20cm3 of a NaOH solution was titrated with 25cm3 of a 0.75mol/dm3 HNO3. What was the concentration of the NaOH solution
The Concentration of NaOH solution when NaOH solution was titrated with 25cm3 of a 0.75mol/dm3 HNO3 is 26.4 g/dm3.
Titration is a method of chemical analysis where the quantity of a sample's constituents is determined by adding a precisely measured amount of a different substance to which the desired constituent will react in a specific, known proportion.Given,
Volume of HNO3 is 25cm³ = 0.025 dm³
Amount of solute in mol = concentration in mol/dm3 × volume in dm3
Amount of HNO3 = 0.75 × 0.025 = 0.018 mol
The balanced equation is: NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
So the mole ratio NaOH:HNO3 is 1:1
Therefore 0.018 mol of NaOH reacts with 0.018 mol of HNO3.
Volume of sodium hydroxide solution 27.20cm³ =
0.027 dm³.
Concentration = 0.018 / 0.027 = 0.66 mol/ dm³
Relative formula mass of NaOH= 40
Mass = relative formula mass × amount
Mass of HCl = 40 × 0.66
= 26.4
So concentration = 26.4 g/dm3
Therefore, concentration of NaOH is 26.4 g/dm3
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Why can't an atom's electrons ever be located between orbits?
a compound is found to contain 42.88 % carbon and 57.12 % oxygen by mass. what is the empirical formula for this compound?
The empirical formula for the compound containing 42.88% carbon and 57.1% oxygen by mass is Carbon Monoxide (CO).
To find the empirical formula for 42.8% carbon (C) and 57.1% oxygen (O)
First, find the molar mass of each component-
C = 12.010, O = 15.999
Converting to the moles :
C = 3.563, O = 3.568
Finding smallest mole value :
C = 3.563
Dividing all components by smallest value :
C = 1, O = 1.001
By rounding off -
C = 1, O = 1
Combining to get empirical formula : CO
Now, multiplying all by 1 ( molar mass of empirical formula/molar mass of sample = 28.01 / 28.034 ) to get molecular formula : CO
Since multiplied by 1, Therefore, the empirical formula and molecular formula are same.
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How many moles of Zn are in 0.535 g Zn?
Answer:
The amount of zinc for a given amount are 0.0082 moles.
Explanation:
Answer:
No. of moles = 0.0082
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles of a substance given its mass, we can use the following formula:
[tex]\boxed{\mathrm{No. \ of \ moles = \frac{Mass}{Molar \ mass}}}[/tex]
The molar mass of zinc is 65 g/mol. The given mass of Zn in this question is 0.535 g. Using this information and the formula above, we can calculate the number of moles of Zn:
No. of moles = [tex]\mathrm{\frac{0.535 \ g}{65 \ g/mol}}[/tex]
= 0.0082 mol
Therefore, there are 0.0082 mol Zn in 0.535 g of Zn.
you use 25% ethyl acetate (an ester) in hexane to run a tlc and obtain a single round spot with an rf of 0.9 for the main compound. what would you do?conclude that the sample is pure.assume that tlc will be useless and find a different way to see if the sample if pure.try a completely different set of solvents, as ethyl acetate and hexanes will never work.try 10% ethyl acetate to see the results.try 35% ethyl acetate to see the results.
Try 35% ethyl acetate to see the results, this is because adding more ethyl acetate will increase the polarity and the compounds get easily separated.
In TLC, the polarity between the stationary phase and mobile phase is the basis for mixture separation. In accordance with the "like dissolves like" principle, polar substances can only dissolve in other polar substances, while non-polar substances may only dissolve in other non-polar substances. Consequently, when two compounds with different levels of polarity are present, the more polar molecule interacts with silica more strongly and is therefore better able to displace the mobile phase from the accessible binding sites. The less polar compound thus travels higher up the plate (resulting in a higher Rf value).
However, changing the mobile phase to a more polar solvent or mixture of solvents improves binding to the polar plate and thereby displacing solutes from it, causing all compounds on the TLC plate to rise higher up the plate. It is a prevalent belief that although "weak" eluents hardly move the examined compounds, "strong" eluents drive them up the plate.
Therefore, all compounds move longer and have a larger Rf when a mobile phase is made more polar than it was originally.
Since hexane has a non-polar property while ethyl acetate has a polar property. As a result, adding 35% ethyl acetate will enhance the polarity, making it easier to separate the compounds.
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How does the carbonate ion concentration of seawater affect the calcification rate of a coral reef?
As the concentration of carbonate ions is increased, the speed of calcification increases.
Why is carbonate important for ocean life?
Calcium carbonate minerals are the life blocks for the skeletons and shells of several marine organisms. In areas where most life now congregates within the ocean, the seawater is supersaturated with regard to calcium carbonate minerals.
How do organisms use carbonate?
the most way is via photosynthesis by phytoplankton, where CO2 and sunlight are wont to produce sugars and a waste product of oxygen. carbon are often utilized in the calcium carbonate shells of animals including corals, clams, mussels, oysters.
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their is no sodium found in nature in pure form due to its reactivity what does this say about the activation energy of the reaction of sodium
Activation energy is defined as the least quantity of extra energy needed by a reacting molecule to get transformed into product.
Activation energy is nearly pertained to its rate.
According to question,
Sodium is might be a generous elements in the earth’s crust layer. It is also a extremely reactive metal, so it doesn’t sway in every direction for very long as free atoms. Since it has a single electron in its outer most shell, which it contributes willingly, Na relate with other reactive elements for the formations of compounds like NaCl and NaOH etc.
Sodium doesn't required any heating to react.
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Give the iupac name for the following compound. be sure to answer all parts. ch3ch2con(ch3)ch2ch3
the IUPAC nomenclature name for ch₃ch₂con(ch₃)ch₂ch₃ for five carbon atoms is 2- METH- BUTANE
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry :
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is that the world authority on chemical nomenclature, terminology (including the naming of latest elements in the periodic table), standardized methods for measurement, atomic weights and lots of other critically-evaluated data.
What is the IUPAC naming system?
IUPAC nomenclature is predicated on naming a molecule's longest chain of carbons connected by single bonds, whether during a continuous chain or in a ring. All deviations, either multiple bonds or atoms aside from carbon and hydrogen, are indicated by prefixes or suffixes consistent with a specific set of priorities
What is IUPAC and its function?
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is that the world authority on chemical nomenclature and terminology, including the naming of latest elements in the periodic table; on standardized methods for measurement; and on atomic weights, and lots of other critically-evaluated data.
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When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, the temperature of the resulting solution is lower than the temperature of the water before the salt dissolves. How can this result be explained based on bond breaking in bond making that is occurring?
Homolysis is the process of breaking a covalent single bond when, as in the first example, one of the shared pair's electrons is still present with each fragment. Heterolysis is the term for when a bond breaks while still having one fragment and both of the sharing pair's electrons, as in the second and third examples.
How can this result be explained based on bond breaking in bond making that is occurring?
Due to electrical charges and the fact that both water and salt molecules are polar, with positive and negative charges on opposite sides of the molecule, salt dissolves in water at the molecular level.
The chloride ion is negatively charged, while the sodium ion is positively charged, which is why the bonds in salt compounds are referred to as ionic. A water molecule is also ionic in nature, but the link is covalent because two hydrogen atoms place their positive charges on opposite sides of the oxygen atom, which has a negative charge. Water's covalent bonds are more powerful than salt molecules' ionic bonds, so when salt is combined with water, the salt dissolves.
The negatively charged side of the water molecules is drawn to the positively charged sodium ions, whereas the positively charged side is drawn to the negatively charged chloride ions. In essence, a tug-of-war takes place, with the water molecules coming out on top. The ionic link that held sodium and chloride ions together is broken when water molecules force the ions apart. As seen in this picture, the sodium and chloride atoms are encircled by water molecules after the salt compounds are separated. After that, the salt dissolves and forms a homogenous solution.
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complete the electron‑pushing mechanism for the given base‑promoted hydrolysis of an amide. add atoms, bonds, nonbonding electron pairs (lone pairs), charges, and curved arrows where indicated
When a base is present, the addition of water to an aldehyde causes the following reaction:
The hydroxide ion functions as a nucleophile in the first phase of the mechanism by being able to donate a single pair of electrons to the carbon atom of the carbonyl bond. Upon addition, an alkoxide is created. Water then protonates the alkoxide, regenerating a hydroxide ion and a primary gem-diol. When two neighboring alkyl groups are linked to a carbon atom, the result is a secondary gem-diol. This would result from the substrate molecule was ketone. When an alcohol and an aldehyde combine to generate a new compound, a hemiacetal is created. This compound has a carbon atom attached to both an ether and hydroxyl group. A carbon atom that is joined to two ether groups and comes from an aldehyde-reacting species is known as an acetal group.
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