According to cognitive-behavioral theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), all of the following are true about people diagnosed with OCD EXCEPT:
A. they may be depressed or generally anxious much of the time, so even minor negative events are more likely to invoke intrusive, negative thoughts.
B. they judge their negative, intrusive thoughts as more unacceptable than most people would and become more anxious and guilty about having them.
C. they appear to believe that they should be able to control all thoughts, and have trouble accepting that everyone has horrific notions from time to time.
D. they believe that having intrusive thoughts means they are going crazy, but they do not equate having the thoughts with actually engaging in the behaviors.

During the standoff between congress and the bush administration over the continuation of the war in iraq, theoretically, congress could have refused to authorize or appropriate funds for the war.

The ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War has not seen an official declaration of war. Vladimir Putin, the president of Russia, proclaimed the commencement of a "special military operation" when he said his country will invade Ukraine in 2022 rather than making a formal declaration of war.

A declaration of war, according to contemporary public international law, signifies the establishment of hostilities between two nations, and it has the effect of regulating the conduct of military encounters between the armed forces of the two nations.

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During the standoff between Congress and the Bush Administration over the continuation of the war in Iraq, theoretically, Congress could have used its power of the purse to defund the war effort.

The first day of George W. Bush's first inauguration as the forty-third president of the United States was January 20, 2001. It ended on January 20, 2009. Bush, a Texas Republican who narrowly defeated Democratic Vice President Al Gore during the 2000 presidential election, assumed office.

This would have effectively ended the war by cutting off the funds needed to continue military operations. However, in reality, Congress was hesitant to take such a drastic step, as it would have been seen as undermining the military and risking national security. Therefore, the war continued until the Obama Administration took office and implemented a withdrawal plan.

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Some Africans will call for resistance through armed struggle to defend further encroachment.

The correct option is A.

Resistance through armed struggle was a means of defending against further encroachment by Europeans in Africa. This involved using force and violence to resist European colonialism and exploitation of African resources and labor. Some African leaders, such as Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana and Nelson Mandela in South Africa, advocated for armed struggle as a means of achieving independence and ending colonization.

This approach often led to violent clashes between African resistance fighters and European colonial forces, resulting in loss of life and destruction of property. However, it was seen as a necessary means of defending African sovereignty and challenging European domination. The correct option is A.

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Little administrative costs and minimal deadweight losses are characteristics of an effective tax system. True.

The least deadweight loss in terms of tax revenue would be a tax that is paid regardless of what you do or purchase. The difference between the tax income the government receives and the cost of the public goods funded by the tax is known as the efficiency loss of the tax.

A personal income tax schedule is represented by the data below. Since taxes prohibit buyers and sellers from receiving part of the benefits of trade, they result in deadweight losses. If the decline in consumer and producer surplus is larger than the tax income, a tax on a good has a deadweight loss.

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Correct Question:

State true or false: An efficient tax system is one that imposes small deadweight losses and small administrative burdens.

True. An efficient tax system is one that imposes small deadweight losses and small administrative burdens.

Deadweight loss refers to the economic inefficiency that occurs when the tax imposed on a product or service is greater than the loss incurred by consumers or producers. An efficient tax system minimizes deadweight loss, which means that the tax is not too high and does not discourage economic activity. Administrative burdens refer to the cost and time associated with complying with tax laws and regulations. An efficient tax system minimizes these burdens by simplifying the tax code, reducing compliance costs, and making it easier for taxpayers to file their taxes. An efficient tax system benefits the economy by maximizing tax revenue while minimizing the negative impact on economic growth.

Overall, an efficient tax system is critical for promoting economic growth and ensuring a stable and sustainable fiscal policy.

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The current Xi Jinping government has taken a strong stance against corruption in China. Xi Jinping has launched a high-profile anti-corruption campaign, targeting both high-ranking officials and lower-level bureaucrats.

In 2013, the government established the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), which has been tasked with investigating and punishing corrupt officials.

The government has also implemented measures such as requiring officials to disclose their assets, cracking down on lavish government spending, and strengthening oversight of state-owned enterprises.

The government has also increased penalties for corruption, with many high-profile officials receiving lengthy prison sentences or even the death penalty.

While the anti-corruption campaign has been criticized for being politically motivated, it has been successful in reducing corruption and improving public confidence in the government. However, some argue that the campaign has also led to a climate of fear and has had a negative impact on political and economic reform in China.

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Option C) David is experiencing the aspect of adolescent thinking known as the "personal fable." This is the belief that one is unique, invincible, and special, and that their experiences are different from those of others.

David's belief that his life would be over if he fails to get into the University of Wisconsin is a manifestation of this aspect of thinking.

He believes that he is so special that his life's success or failure depends solely on getting into this one university, and that his parents cannot possibly understand what he is going through.

This type of thinking can be detrimental to an adolescent's mental health, as it can lead to irrational decision-making and increased stress levels.

It is important for David's parents to continue trying to talk to him about other options and to help him understand that his worth is not solely dependent on which university he attends.

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An LSD or mescaline trip typically lasts for 6 to 12 hours or even longer.

LSD and mescaline are hallucinogenic drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness, including sensory and perceptual changes. These effects are commonly referred to as a "trip."

The duration of a trip can vary depending on several factors, such as the dosage, method of administration, and individual differences in metabolism. Generally, an LSD or mescaline trip lasts for 6 to 12 hours, but it can last longer in some cases.

The effects of these drugs are dose-dependent, meaning that higher doses can lead to more intense and prolonged experiences. It is essential to note that the effects of LSD and mescaline are unpredictable and can vary widely from person to person, making it important to use these substances only under medical supervision and in a controlled environment.

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The method of ethical reasoning that deals with making decisions after considering the interests of others is utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that holds that the best ethical action is the one that maximizes overall well-being or happiness for the greatest number of people. It involves considering the consequences of actions and making decisions based on the greatest good for the greatest number of individuals, taking into account the interests and welfare of others. Egoism, enlightened egoism, and rights theory, on the other hand, may prioritize self-interest, personal gain, or individual rights over the interests of others in ethical decision-making.

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The authors divided the participants in their research to find the effect of violating the privacy norms on ad performance into four treatment groups.

In the study, participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) a control group that saw an ad with no privacy violation, (2) a group that saw an ad with a minor privacy violation, (3) a group that saw an ad with a major privacy violation, and (4) a group that saw an ad with a major privacy violation but also received a discount offer.

The authors then measured the participants' attitudes towards the ad and the brand, as well as their willingness to purchase the product. The results of the study showed that both minor and major privacy violations negatively impacted the participants' attitudes and willingness to purchase, but the negative effects were mitigated by the presence of a discount offer.

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The ethical considerations of the Cornell research study are a matter of debate. On the one hand, it is argued that subjects in the study should receive the same AIDS treatment available to people in the United States.

This is because it is ethically wrong to withhold potentially life-saving treatment from any group of people, particularly those who are already vulnerable due to their status as refugees.

However, on the other hand, it is also argued that the researchers are not obligated to provide the same treatment to all subjects. This is because the purpose of the study is to test the efficacy of a particular intervention, and providing treatment to all subjects would interfere with this aim.

In terms of providing stronger warnings to subjects about the dangers of not using condoms, it is widely agreed that this is an essential step in any research study involving sexual behavior. This is because the risks associated with unprotected sex are well-established, and it is the responsibility of the researchers to ensure that subjects fully understand these risks.

The informed consent process is another important ethical consideration in any research study. In the case of the Cornell study, it is unclear whether the consent process was sufficiently robust. Some have argued that the subjects may not have fully understood the implications of their participation, particularly with regard to the risks associated with unprotected sex.

Overall, while the Cornell research study raises important ethical questions, it is important to remember that the ultimate goal of the study is to improve the health outcomes of refugees living with HIV/AIDS. With this in mind, researchers should continue to work towards conducting studies that are both ethically sound and scientifically valid.

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Amnesia is a condition in which a person experiences a loss of memory. In the case of H.M., he had anterograde amnesia, which meant he was unable to form new memories after a certain point. However, he was able to remember events that occurred before his surgery.

The example you provided highlights the importance of memory in our everyday lives. H.M. would not have been able to recall the conversation he had with his friend or the friend's reaction due to his amnesia. This suggests that memory plays a crucial role in our ability to communicate, understand social cues, and form relationships. Furthermore, studying individuals with amnesia like H.M. has provided insight into the different types of memory and how they are processed in the brain. For example, it has been discovered that there are separate neural systems responsible for different types of memory, such as short-term and long-term memory. This research has helped scientists better understand the complexities of memory and how it functions in the brain.

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The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issues Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) to alert pilots of restricted airspace when a VIP is in the area.

A NOTAM alerts pilots to potential dangers like TFRs (temporary flying restrictions). The establishment of no-flight zones for the movement of the President, foreign dignitaries, and other VIPs is done via these TFRs.

The restricted airspace's location, altitude, duration, and any other relevant information will all be included in the NOTAMs.

The NOTAMs must be followed by pilots in order to avoid enforcement action.

Additionally, pilots are encouraged to constantly check NOTAMs before every trip to make sure they are aware of any potential restrictions.

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The Indonesian archipelago has a long and complex history of cultural exchange with other regions. This includes the introduction of musical styles from around the world.

Portugal is among the many cultures that have made an impact on Indonesian music, with Portuguese musical influences reaching the archipelago as early as the 16th century. During the Age of Exploration, Portuguese traders, missionaries, and colonists brought their music to Indonesia, where it blended with local musical styles to create a unique hybrid.

Portuguese instruments such as the guitar and mandolin were adopted by Indonesian musicians and incorporated into the traditional music of the islands. This blend of Portuguese and Indonesian music developed over the centuries and is still prominent in the archipelago today.

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An increase in the government budget deficit will shift the ​demand curve for loanable funds to the right and the equilibrium real interest rate will ​rise. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

When the government runs a budget deficit, it needs to borrow money to finance its spending. This increases the demand for loanable funds, which shifts the demand curve to the right. As a result, the equilibrium real interest rate increases because borrowers are willing to pay higher interest rates to access the additional funds supplied by lenders. This higher interest rate also helps to reduce the quantity of loanable funds demanded and increases the quantity supplied, eventually leading to a new equilibrium. In a loanable funds market, the demand for loanable funds comes from households, businesses, and the government, while the supply of loanable funds comes from households and businesses who save their income. The equilibrium real interest rate is the interest rate at which the quantity of loanable funds demanded equals the quantity of loanable funds supplied.

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Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and similar self-help groups have been found to be effective in helping individuals with alcohol-related problems.

According to research, joining AA or other self-help organisations is linked to better outcomes in terms of lowered alcohol use, enhanced mental health, and boosted social support.

These groups also place a strong emphasis on individual accountability and self-efficacy, empowering members to actively participate in their own healing.

While AA and other self-help groups may not always be successful and should not be used as a replacement for professional treatment, they can be an important component of a person's entire treatment strategy.

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The ocular problem common to persons at this client's developmental level is Presbyopia.

The correct option is D.

Presbyopia is a condition associated with aging, where the eye gradually loses the ability to focus on nearby objects. It is caused by the natural hardening of the lens in the eye over time. Presbyopia is a common condition that affects many people over the age of 40, and it can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.

Tropia, Myopia, and Hyperopia are other ocular problems that are not necessarily associated with aging. Tropia is a type of eye misalignment, usually present from childhood. Myopia is a refractive error that causes distant objects to appear blurry, and it can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.

Hyperopia is a refractive error that causes close-up objects to appear blurry, and it can also be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. The correct option is D.

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In his letter to the Philippians, Paul urges his readers to experience "joy" and remain steadfast during times of adversity.

Paul emphasizes the importance of maintaining a positive attitude and finding joy in their faith, even when facing challenges or difficult circumstances. He encourages the Philippians to trust in God's plan and rely on His strength to help them persevere.

One key aspect of remaining steadfast is developing a strong sense of unity and support within the Christian community. By working together and sharing their struggles, believers can help each other grow stronger in faith and overcome adversity. Paul also advises them to stay focused on their ultimate goal, which is eternal life with Christ.

Another crucial element of Paul's message is the practice of humility and selflessness. He urges the Philippians to put others' needs above their own and model their behavior after Jesus, who willingly sacrificed himself for the sake of humanity. By adopting this mindset, they can overcome obstacles and find true fulfillment in their lives.

In summary, Paul's letter to the Philippians emphasizes the importance of joy, unity, and selflessness in remaining steadfast during times of adversity. By maintaining a positive attitude, supporting one another, and focusing on their faith in God, they can successfully navigate challenges and continue to grow in their spiritual journey.

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The outcome "the patient values a healthy body sufficiently to stop smoking" is an example of a patient-centered outcome.

The mentioned example reflects the patient's perspective, values, and preferences and highlights what the patient wants to achieve through smoking cessation. The outcome emphasizes the importance of the patient's personal motivation and readiness to quit smoking, which are critical factors in achieving long-term success in smoking cessation.

As a patient-centered outcome, it recognizes that the patient's goals and priorities are an essential component of the treatment plan and are critical to achieving positive health outcomes.

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The outcome described by the nurse is an example of a patient-centered outcome. This type of outcome focuses on the patient's values, goals, and preferences, rather than just the clinical measures of health.

In this case, the outcome reflects the patient's desire for a healthy body and the nurse's goal of helping the patient quit smoking. By focusing on the patient's values and goals, the nurse is able to create a more meaningful and personalized plan of care.

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Behaviorism and cognitive theories of development, like Piaget's, differ in their approach to understanding human behavior and development.

A psychological school known as behaviorism uses outward behaviors rather than inward mental processes to explain human behavior. According to behaviorists, conditioning—the process of associating a behavior with its results (rewards or punishments)—is how the environment shapes behavior. In other words, behaviorists contend that people's actions are influenced more by their environment than by their own thoughts, emotions, or cognitive processes.

Contrarily, cognitive theories of development emphasize how internal mental processes like perception, memory, and reasoning influence how people behave and develop. According to cognitive theorists, people actively build their understanding of the world through a series of developmental stages, each of which is distinguished by increasingly complex cognitive processes.

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This quote is spoken by Lady Gertrude in Shakespeare's play Hamlet. She is telling her guests to remain seated despite her husband, King Hamlet's, erratic behavior.

She explains that this behavior is nothing new and it will pass quickly. She advises them to not pay too much attention to him, as it may exacerbate his outburst.

In this scene, the King has just killed Polonius, and Lady Gertrude is trying to calm him down. The last line of the quote, "Are you a man?" is directed towards her son, Hamlet, who is also present in the scene.

She is questioning his masculinity for not stepping up to defend his father's honor. This quote highlights the tension and dysfunction within the royal family and the complex relationships between its members.

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The forming stage is the first stage of group development in which members become oriented to the team and acquainted with one another.

During this stage, members are typically polite and cautious as they get to know one another and try to understand their roles and responsibilities within the team. They may also explore the goals and objectives of the team, as well as the potential challenges and obstacles they may face.

The forming stage is crucial for building a foundation of trust and understanding among team members. It sets the tone for how the team will communicate, collaborate, and work together to achieve their goals.

By taking the time to get to know one another and establish a shared sense of purpose, the team can move forward with a greater sense of cohesion and commitment.

However, it's important to note that the forming stage can also be a time of uncertainty and ambiguity, as members navigate the dynamics of the team and try to establish their place within it.

As such, it's important for team leaders to provide guidance and support during this stage, to ensure that members feel comfortable and confident as they begin their work together.

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The Hippocratic Oath, an ethical code attributed to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, established key principles that the medical practitioner must adhere to when providing care for patients.

First and foremost, the Oath requires doctors to prioritize the well-being of their patients by ensuring that their treatments are beneficial and not harmful. This principle is embodied in the phrase "First, do no harm," or "Primum non nocere" in Latin.

Additionally, the Oath emphasizes the importance of patient confidentiality, stating that the practitioner must respect and protect the privacy of their patients. By keeping sensitive medical information confidential, doctors build trust with their patients and create an environment where individuals feel comfortable discussing their health concerns openly.

The Hippocratic Oath also calls for medical practitioners to treat all patients fairly and without discrimination. This means providing care to patients regardless of their social status, race, gender, or other factors. The Oath highlights the importance of treating patients as individuals with unique needs, rather than as mere cases or symptoms.

Furthermore, the Oath recognizes the significance of professional collaboration and mentorship. Practitioners should respect and learn from the knowledge and experience of their colleagues, while also sharing their own expertise to improve the overall quality of patient care.

Finally, the Hippocratic Oath establishes the practitioner's responsibility to maintain high ethical standards, both in their own practice and within the broader medical profession. This includes maintaining personal integrity, always acting in the best interests of the patient, and striving for continued growth and learning within the field of medicine.

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In Norfolk Island, an English prison colony east of Australia, Captain Alexander Maconochie created the "correctional system" around 1840.

The "Mark System's" creator, Alexander Maconochie (1787–1860), is a significant figure in the history of criminal punishment and is best remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to apply it at the Norfolk Island Penal Station between 1840 and 1844.

A piece by Maconochie that is eight pages long and titled "Comparison Between Mr. One such instance was the mark system, which Capt. Alexander Maconochie created at Norfolk Island, an English prison colony east of Australia, in 1840. The National Institute of Prisons states that controlling inmate risk and maintaining the safety of both inmates and staff are the main objectives of categorization.

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Any use of classical or operant conditioning to directly alter human behavior is called b) behavior modification.

While classical conditioning is education puppies to salivate to the sound of a metronome, operant conditioning is education them to take a seat down with the aid of using giving them a deal with after they do. B.F. Skinner proposed the principle of operant conditioning, and he used a easy test with a rat to expand the principle. Behavior modification is a sort of conduct therapy. B. F. Skinner validated that conduct will be fashioned via reinforcement and/or punishment. Skinner referred to that a reinforcer is a result that will increase the chance of conduct to recur, at the same time as punishment is a result that decreases the chance.

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Answer: in case of wars

Explanation: there were a lot of wars in Greece back then and if they aren't fortified anymore then other people would come and attack them.

The woman in India is likely a practitioner of Buddhism. The Tripitaka is a collection of Buddhist scriptures and is considered a holy text in Buddhism. The aim of overcoming suffering and attaining Nirvana is a central tenet of Buddhism. Additionally, Buddhism is non-theistic, meaning that it does not require belief in a particular god or gods.

A lynch mob that enables its members to believe they will not be prosecuted is an example of deindividuation.

What is deindividuation?

Deindividuation is a social psychological concept that refers to the loss of individual identity and self-awareness that can occur when people are part of a large group or crowd. In such situations, individuals may feel a decreased sense of personal responsibility and accountability for their actions, which can lead to a breakdown in social norms and an increase in impulsive and often deviant behavior.

What is self-awareness?

Self-awareness refers to the ability to recognize and understand one's own emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, and how they impact others. It involves being conscious of one's own strengths and weaknesses, as well as having a clear understanding of one's values, beliefs, and goals. Self-awareness is an important aspect of emotional intelligence and is linked to better decision-making, effective communication, and healthy relationships.

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Complete question is: A lynch mob that enables its members to believe they will not be prosecuted is an example of deindividuation.

Desertification in Inner Mongolia is being countered through various measures such as afforestation, grazing bans, and reforestation programs.

The Chinese government has invested heavily in planting trees and combating overgrazing to prevent the spread of desertification. Additionally, sustainable farming practices and water conservation techniques are being implemented to reduce soil erosion and conserve water resources. These efforts have shown some positive results in recent years, as the rate of desertification in Inner Mongolia has slowed down. However, it remains a significant environmental and socio-economic issue in the region. In Inner Mongolia, an area of northern China, desertification is a significant issue. Combinations of overgrazing, deforestation, and climate change are among the causes. The Chinese government has put in place a number of efforts to stop desertification in Inner Mongolia, including: Reforestation: In places that were either arid or deforested, the government has begun planting trees. This creates a home for wildlife and aids in soil stabilization and erosion prevention. Restoration of the grasslands: The government has instituted a program that restricts the number of animals that are allowed to graze on the grasslands. Overgrazing, which can cause soil erosion and desertification, is less likely as a result.

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This is an example of positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is a type of behavior modification technique used in operant conditioning to strengthen behavior by providing a consequence that is desirable.

In this case, the consequence of not being able to use her phone was undesirable, so it provided an incentive for Rho not to use her phone again in the future. The professor's action of taking away Rho's phone was a form of punishment, which is an effective form of positive reinforcement.

The punishment served to decrease the likelihood of the undesired behavior occurring in the future. This is an example of how positive reinforcement can be used to modify behavior and make it more desirable.

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Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that children progress through a series of four distinct stages of cognitive development, beginning with the sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to approximately two years of age. Piaget believed that during this stage, infants' cognitive abilities were limited to reflexes and simple behaviors, and they lacked the capacity for more complex mental processes such as problem-solving and reasoning.

However, recent research in developmental psychology has challenged this notion and suggested that infants possess more advanced cognitive abilities than Piaget's theory suggests. For example, studies have shown that infants as young as three months can understand cause-and-effect relationships and anticipate the outcomes of their actions. Additionally, infants have been shown to possess a basic understanding of object permanence, or the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Overall, while Piaget's theory of cognitive development provides a valuable framework for understanding how children's thinking evolves over time, it may underestimate the cognitive capacities of infants and fail to fully capture the complexity of their early cognitive development.

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Answer:

self-abusive systems

Explanation:

The five main classes of service systems with the systems hierarchy according to Kenneth Boulding are:

Integrative systems: These are systems that promote cooperation and harmony between individuals or groups. They are characterized by positive interactions and mutual benefits.

Exchange systems: These are systems where individuals or groups interact in a market-like fashion, exchanging goods, services, or ideas for mutual benefit.

Threat systems: These are systems where individuals or groups interact in a hostile or aggressive manner, with the aim of gaining power or resources at the expense of others.

Parasitic systems: These are systems where one individual or group benefits at the expense of another, without providing any benefit in return.

Self-abusive systems: These are systems where individuals or groups engage in behaviors that are harmful to themselves, such as drug addiction or self-harm.

Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "self-abusive systems."