After digestion and absorption, food provides an available source of energy to tissues if it is converted into Glucose.
What is the main basis of energy for the body?
Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main basis of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs. Glucose can be used directly or stored in the liver and muscles for later use
Why is glucose the primary energy source?
The body breaks down most carbohydrates from the foodstuffs we eat and converts them to a variety of sugar called glucose. Glucose is the main origin of fuel for our cells. When the body doesn't require to use the glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and forces.
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Why doesn’t it matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E? What would it take to increase the rate of enzyme activity?
It does not matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E due to the no substrate on which the enzyme act.
Why doesn’t it matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E?It does not matter if enzymes is added to graph E because there is no increase occur in the graph's slope due to limited amount of substrate. If more substrate is added then the enzyme is continuously added and the rate of activity or chemical reaction is also increases.
What would it take to increase the rate of enzyme activity?It would take more substrate in order to increase the rate of enzyme activity because enzyme act as catalyst that is responsible for increasing the rate or speed of the chemical reaction. More substrate means more enzyme activity.
So we can conclude that it does not matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E due to the no substrate on which the enzyme act.
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Describe how to make a wet mount slide of your cheek cells.
Answer:
Explanation:
5 steps for creating a wet mount slide?
Wet Mount:
Place a drop of fluid in the center of the slide.
Position sample on liquid, using tweezers.
At an angle, place one side of the cover slip against the slide making contact with outer edge of the liquid drop.
Lower the cover slowly, avoiding air bubbles.
Remove excess water with the paper towel.
how you would classify the transport carried out by na-k pumps which move na out of the cell? why do you choose this classification? question 21 options: 1) as facilitated diffusion as they use carrier proteins but no energy is required. 2) as simple diffusion as they transport na and k down a concentration gradient 3) as active transport as they transport against a concentration gradient and energy is utilized. 4) as osmosis as they use energy and transport against a concentration gradient
The transport of na -k molecules is Active transport.
Is the Na K pump an antiport?An antiporter transport protein is the sodium-potassium pump. This pump uses roughly 30% of the body's ATP, which results from the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule as three Na+ molecules are pumped out of the cell and two K+ molecules are pumped in.
Option 3 will be correct as active transport as they transport against a concentration gradient and energy is utilized.
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Out of the four measuring instruments (micropipette, serological pipette, transfer pipette, and eyedropper), which do you expect to be the most precise? why?
Out of the four measuring instruments, the micropipette is expected to be most precise because it continually dispenses a set volume of substance. A micropipette is a typical but crucial laboratory tool used to precisely and accurately transfer liquid quantities in the microliter range. Single channel and multiple channel micropipettes are both available.
Fixed and variable micropipettes are the two different types of micropipettes. The Fixed micropipettes have a fixed volume of liquid that can be transferred. There is no way to modify the preset micropipettes to remove more or less volume. Utilize the liquid in the pipette's concave surface at the bottom to measure.
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Out of the four measuring instruments, the micropipette is expected as to be most precise that because it continually dispenses a set volume of the substance. A micropipette is typical but the crucial laboratory tool used to precisely and then accurately transfer to liquid quantities in the microliter range. A Single channel and the multiple channel micropipettes are both are available.
The Fixed and the variable micropipettes are the two different types of the micropipettes. The Fixed micropipettes have the fixed volume of the liquid that can be transferred. There is no way to modify the preset of micropipettes to remove the more or less volume. Utilize the liquid in the pipette's or concave surface at the bottom to measure
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Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. this causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. which type of feedback does oxytocin trigger?
Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. this causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix is positive feed back.
What is positive feedback mechanism?Positive feedback systems are uncommon. Instead of undoing changes, it increases them. Positive feedback mechanisms are demonstrated by the posterior pituitary gland's production of oxytocin during labor.Oxytocin causes the muscular contractions that push the baby towards the delivery canal. During labor, the release of oxytocin causes contractions to be stronger or more frequent. Up until the moment the baby is outside the birth canal, the contractions get stronger and stronger. Labor contractions stop when the stimulus to the pressure receptors quits, which also causes the production of oxytocin to stop.Positive feedback mechanisms regulate self-replicating, potentially uncontrollable phenomena without the need for constant modification. In systems that produce positive feedback, the initial stimulus is reinforced rather than suppressed. Positive feedback makes a difference from the optimum normal value bigger.Learn more about the positive feedback mechanism with the help of the given link:
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WHAT IF? A locus that affects susceptibility to a degenerative brain disease has two alleles, V and v. In a population, 16 people have genotype V V, 92 have genotype V v , and 12 have genotype v v . Is this population evolving? Explain.
The Hardy-Weinberg theory states that as long as a population has the same allelic and genotypic frequencies through generations, it is in equilibrium, and is not evolving. This population IS EVOLVING.
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theory that states that when a population is in equilibrium, it is not evolving.
The allelic frequencies in a locus are represented as p and q.
Assuming a diallelic gene,
Alleic frequencies,
The frequency of the dominant allele p(X) is pThe frequency of the recessive allele p(x) is qThe genotypic frequencies after one generation are
p² (Homozygous dominant genotypic frequency), 2pq (Heterozygous genotypic frequency), q² (Homozygous recessive genotypic frequency).Allelic and genotypic frequencies remain the same through generations in a population that is in H-W equilibrium. As long as they remain the same, the population is not evolving.
The addition of the allelic frequencies equals 1
p + q = 1.
The sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
In the exposed example, we need to see if the population is evolving or not.
To do it, we will take the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the current generation, and then we will take the expected genotypic frequencies for the next generation to compare them and see if they are the same or different.
Diallelic gene
Dominant allele VRecessive allele vPopulation size = 120 individuals
VV individuals = 16Vv individuals = 92vv individuals = 12Genotypic frequencies (current generation - observed data)
F(VV) = p² = 16/120 = 0.1333
F(Vv) = 2pq = 92/120 = 0.7667
F(vv) = q² = 12/120 = 0.1
Allelic frequencies
f(V) = p = p² + 1/2 2pq = 0.1333 + 0.7667/2 = 0.5166
f(v) = q = q² + 1/2 2pq = 0.1 + 0.7667/2 = 0.4833
According to these allelic frequencies, the expected genotypic frequencies for the following generation would be as follow,
F(VV) = p² = 0.5166² = 0.2668 ≅ 0.267
F(Vv) = 2pq = 2 x 0.5166 x 0.4833 = 0.499
F(vv) = q² = 0.4833² = .02335 ≅ 0.234
And the expected numbers of individuals from the following generation expressing each gentoype would be,
VV = 0.267 x 120 = 32
Vv = 0.499 x 120 = 60
vv = 0.234 x 120 = 28
As we can see, genotypic frequencies change from one generation to the other. We can assume that this population is not in H-W equilibrium and, hence, it is evolving.
p₁² ≠ p₂²
0.1333 < 0.267
2pq₁ ≠ 2pq₂
0.7667 > 0.499
q₁² ≠ q₂²
0.1 < 0.234
The homozygous genotypes are increasing their frequency.
This population is EVOLVING and probably disruptive selection is going on.
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Which statement forms part of cell theory?
Answer:
all living things are composed of one or more cells
Explanation:
Suppose a person began breathing very rapidly while resting. Describe the effect on blood CO2 levels and the steps by which the negative-feedback circuit would restore homeostasis.
Gas exchange in the lungs also contributes to the body's acid-base balance. When the pH of the blood gets excessively acidic, the pace of breathing rises.
What impact does CO2 have on breathing rate?The air might lose oxygen if the concentration is high. Rapid breathing, a quick heartbeat, clumsiness, emotional instability, and weariness might occur when there is less oxygen available for respiration. Vomiting, collapsing, having convulsions, going into a coma, and dying can happen when oxygen availability decreases.
What results in an increase in blood CO2 levels?There are a variety of potential causes, such as chronic diarrhoea or liver or renal illness. Due to lung or breathing issues, such as hyperventilation, you may have respiratory alkalosis, a disease in which your blood is not acidic enough (rapid, deep breathing).
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Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are nucleotides that make up ______.
Answer:
DNA
Explanation:
All of these nucleotide's are all found in DNA.
A species is a group of organisms capable of mating and producing fertile offspring, and speciation is the process of forming a new species.
One way a new species may form is by geographic isolation. This occurs when members of a population are physically separated, for example, by a river, or a desert.
After the separation the two populations, responding to different conditions, will adapt differently, and so their evolutionary paths will
Answer:
A species is a group of organisms capable of mating and producing offspring, and speciation is the process of forming a new species. One way a new species may form is by geographic isolation. This occurs when members of a population are physically separated, for example, by a river, or a desert. converge.
Explanation:
The gene that causes sickle cell disease is present in a higher percentage of residents of sub-Saharan Africa than among those of African descent living in the United States. This gene provides some protection from malaria, a serious disease that is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. Discuss an evolutionary process that could account for the different percentages among residents of the two regions. (See Concept 1.2 .)
The evolutionary process that accounts for the different sickle cell allele ratios is stabilizing selection in endemic malaria areas.
What is stabilizing selection?Stabilizing selection is a special class of natural selection that acts to maintain the frequency of a harmful allele in the population because it confers some type of adaptive advantage to the individuals in the population.
In this case, the allele for sickle-cell anemia can be harmful when it is homozygous individual but it is beneficial in heterozygous individuals because it allows them to resist malaria disease, and therefore this allele is maintained by a special class of stabilizing selection on the population.
In conclusion, the evolutionary process that accounts for the different hemoglobin allele ratios in the two world regions may be associated with the different types of natural selection (i.e., stabilizing selection in endemic malaria areas).
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the energy stored in atp comes from which of the following? the energy stored in atp comes from which of the following? adenosine triphosphate kinetic energy food molecules heat
The energy stored in the ATP comes from food molecules (option C).
What is ATP?ATP, which is an acronym for Adenosine triphosphate, is a biological molecule that carries and stores energy for use by living cells.
It is regarded as the energy currency of the cell. The ATP molecule stores energy in the phosphate bonds and is release when the bond is broken.
However, this energy emanates from the food molecules we ingest. Digestion, which breaks down food molecules into simplest absorbable unit, follows ingestion.
Therefore, the energy stored in the ATP comes from food molecules.
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one population of a species has 25 individuals, all with genotype aa; a second population of this species has 40 individuals, all with genotype aa. assume that these populations live far apart but in similar environmental conditions. based on this information, the observed genetic variation most likely resulted from .
Genetic drift is an evolutive force that affects small populations and changes their allelic and genotypic frequencies by randomly fixating some alleles and eliminating others. Option A) Genetic Drift.
What is genetic drift?Genetic drift is an evolutionary mechanism in which the allelic frequencies in a population change through many generations. Its effects are harder in a small-sized population.
Genetic drift results in some alleles loss, even those that are beneficial for the population, and the fixation of some other alleles by an increase in their frequencies. The final consequence is to randomly attach one of the alleles.
Two events that involve genetic drift are the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.
Now we need to define which option is the best.
We have two small populations (25 and 40 indviduals)One of the populations is AA while the other one is aaThey are separated and far away from each otherThey are under equal environemntal conditionsWhat happened?
Gene flow
This is not the case, because gene flow decreases heterogeneity between populations, reducing genetic variation. Besides if these populations are far away, gene flow would be difficult.
Nonrandom matings
This is not the case, because with nonrandom mating there would not be such a change in frequencies.
Directional selection
Directional selection does not seem to be the cause either, because both populations are under the exact same environmental conditions, so pressures acting on them are the same. There is no change in this aspect.
Genetic Drift
I believe this is the best option. Genetic drift causes a change in allele frequencies and affects small populations. These populations might have been separated for a long time, and suffered the effects of genetic drift. It might be a founder effect case, with the smaller population being the newest one.
The correct option is Genetic Drift. Option A.
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Complete question
One population of a species has 25 individuals, all with genotype AA; a second population of this species has 40 individuals, all with genotype aa.
Assume that these populations live far apart but in similar environmental conditions.
Based on this information, the observed genetic variation most likely resulted from.
(A) genetic drift.
(B) gene flow
(C) nonrandom mating.
(D) directional selection.
If you removed the root cap from a root, would the root still respond to gravity? Explain.
Answer: No, the root would not respond to gravity because the gravity sensing cells are in the root cap.
When more than one wild-type allele occurs in a population, the phenomenon is called?
When more than one wild-type allele occurs in a population, the phenomenon is called genetic polymorphism.
In the field of genetics, genetic polymorphism can be described as a phenomenon in which more than one allele is present as specific gene loci. These different alleles are expressed in different organisms of the same species.
Both the wild-type alleles, that occur through genetic polymorphism, have the ability to express themselves in a population. These variations are present in more than 1% of the population.
The most common example of genetic polymorphism is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In the field of genetics, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be described as a change that occurs in a single nucleotide at specific gene loci.
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Balancing selection can maintain variation at a locus (see Concept 23.4). Based on the foraging experiments described in this chapter, devise a simple hypothesis to explain the presence of both for ² and for alleles in natural fly populations.
It is known as balanced selection when two or more alleles (different gene forms) are kept in a gene pool and is thought to be a type of natural selection.
Due to inheritance from both the mother's and father's defective genes, sickle cell anaemia is an illustration of balanced selection.
Does non-random mating alter the frequency of alleles?If the other suppositions are true, nonrandom mating does not alter allele frequencies from one generation to the next, but it might produce variations in predicted genotype frequencies and pave the way for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change.
Non-random mating can modify genotype frequencies, but it won't change the population's allele frequencies on its own. It is questionable whether or not this prevents the population from reaching Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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According to the principle of competitive exclusion, what outcome is expected when two species with identical niches compete for a resource? Why?
Because one species will utilise the resources more effectively and reproduce more quickly than the other, the two species cannot coexist in the same area for an extended period of time.
What does the resource mean?An available means: a supply or support source (typically used in the plural). An abundant or lucrative natural resource; frequently used in plural. a natural phenomena or characteristic that improves the standard of living for people.
What types of resources are examples?A resource is anything that improves your life and is useful. A "Resource" is any part of the natural world that is beneficial to humans, including things like air, water, food, plants, animals, minerals, and metals. Each of these resources has a different value depending on its usability and other elements.
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coupled scrna-seq and intracellular protein activity reveal an immunosuppressive role of trem2 in cancer
Coupled scrna-seq and intracellular protein activity reveal an immunosuppressive role of trem2 in cancer regulatory myeloid cells.
Integration of signalling, epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic pathways controls cell activity and function. Here, we present INs-seq, a combined method for massively parallel recording of intracellular protein activity and single-cell RNA sequencing. By assessing various intracellular signs of immunological signalling, transcription factor combinations, and metabolic activity, we show the broad applicability of INs-seq for identifying new immune subsets. Discovery of novel Arg1+ Trem2+ regulatory myeloid cells and identification of markers, metabolic activity, and pathways associated with these cells are the results of thorough mapping of Arginase 1-expressing cells within tumour models, a metabolic immune signature indicating suppressive activity.To learn more about cancer.
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Explain how the feedback loop works in this model?
Answer:
this refers to the process of using customer or employee feedback to create a better product or workplace.
Explanation:
Lynn has developed cancer. an oncologist tells her the cancer is located in the lower portion of her uterus. the cancer is located in lynn's _____.
If the oncologist tells her the cancer is located in the lower portion of her uterus, then the cancer is located in the cervix.
What is cervical cancer?Cervical cancer is a special type of cancer disease associated with uncontrolled growth of cells in the cervix, which is found the lower portion of the female uterus.
Cervical cancer may be one of the most harmful types of cancers and therefore it should be diagnosed at time to avoid major health complication in the individual who is suffering this disease.
In conclusion, if the oncologist tells her the cancer is located in the lower portion of her uterus, then the cancer is located in the cervix.
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droin c, kholtei je, bahar halpern k, hurni c et al. space-time logic of liver gene expression at sub-lobular scale. nat metab 2021 jan;3(1):43-58. pmid: 33432202
The center of systemic metabolic balance is the mammalian liver. Hepatocytes operate in repeated lobules in the spatially organized liver tissue, and sub-lobule zones have specific tasks.
The interaction of the circadian clock, internal signals, and food rhythms controls the liver's broad temporal regulation. However, liver chronobiology has previously been examined at the tissue level, and hepatic zonation has been examined as a static phenomenon.Here, we study the interaction between gene regulation in space and time using single-cell RNA-seq. We discover that numerous genes in the liver are both zonated and rhythmic, and majority of them exhibit multiplicative space-time effects using mixed-effect models of messenger RNA expression and smFISH validations.These dual-regulated genes span important hepatic processes like lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism as well as previously unrecognized activities involving protein chaperones. Our findings further imply that rhythmically generated Wnt ligands from non-parenchymal cells close to the central vein could account for the rhythmic and localized expression of Wnt targets. The liver clock is resistant to zonation, as evidenced by the expression of core circadian clock genes in a non-zoned manner. Our scRNA-seq data shows how liver function is spatially and temporally partitioned at the sub-lobular scale.To learn more about mammalian liver visit:
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which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?
The process that is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers is B Nitrogen fixation. In this case, nitrifying bacteria or lighting converts atmospheric nitrogen N2N2 to ammonia
What is nitrogen fixation?The process by which nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere's molecular form (N2) and transformed into nitrogen compounds helpful for other biological processes is known as nitrogen fixing. Fixation may be brought on by industrial, biological, or atmospheric (lightning) activities.
Any natural or artificial process known as nitrogen fixation causes free nitrogen (N2), a relatively inert gas present in large quantities in the atmosphere, to chemically interact with other elements to generate more reactive nitrogen compounds like ammonia, nitrates, or nitrites. carbon cycle.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?
A Nitrogen assimilation
B Nitrogen fixation
C Photosynthesis
D Weathering
Anti-inflammatory agents that are used to reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract are called:______.
Anti-inflammatory agents that are used to reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract are called corticosteroids.
Anti-inflammatory agents are the drugs used to treat or reduce the symptoms of inflammation. The general symptoms of inflammation in respiratory system are: coughing, sneezing, sore throat, pain, difficulty in breathing, etc.
Corticosteroids are the commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs resemble the hormone cortisol synthesized by the adrenal glands of the body. Along with soothing the inflammation, they also suppress the immune system. Corticosteroids can be taken in the form of tablets, nasal spray, inhalers, and even injections.
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Which cell is most likely responsible for the rejection of the client's transplanted organ?
T cells are responsible for the rejection of the client's transplanted organ.
The immune system of a transplant recipient fights the transplanted organ or tissue during the process of transplant rejection.The recipient of an organ may be made aware of the alien nature of the organ by their immune system after transplant surgery. This is due to the fact that mismatched organs, or organs that are not closely enough matched, might result in a blood transfusion reaction or transplant rejection. The immune system of the patient detects this because the antigens on the cells of the organ are different or not "matched." An intricate web of interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems, with T cells playing a key role, leads to the rejection of solid organ allografts.
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Which molecule has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and is found in plasma membranes?
The primary constituents of the bilayer of phospholipids that composes the plasma membrane. Because they are amphipathic, or have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas, they are ideally suited for this function.
A phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic for what reason?Because the hydrocarbon tails of two fatty acids are still hydrophobic but the phosphate group end is hydrophilic, phospholipids are soluble in both water and oil (amphiphilic). The main constituent of lipid bilayers, which make up cell membranes, is phospholipid.
Aluminum foil is one example of a hydrophilic metal surface. Lotus leaves are extremely hydrophobic and cause water to bead because of their surface structure. Hydrophobic surfaces tend to reject water, forcing it to form droplets.
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Why are the four macromolecules important to living organisms?
Answer:
Explanation:
For example, macromolecules provide structural support, a source of stored fuel, the ability to store and retrieve genetic information, and the ability to speed biochemical reactions. Four major types of macromolecules—proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids—play these important roles in the life of a cell.
Answer:
Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates , Lipid, Protein
Explanation:
Predict what would happen if you injected a water-soluble hormone directly into the cytosol of a target cell.
The water-soluble hormone's receptor is located on the surface of the target cell, thus when it is injected into the cytoplasm of the target cell, a biological response is not elicited.
A lipophobic hormone that cannot diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to its specific receptors produced on the surface of the target cell membrane is known as a water-soluble hormone.
For instance, the adrenal gland, which is situated on top of the kidneys, secretes the water-soluble hormone adrenaline.
A cellular reaction is brought on by the activation of an enzyme when a water-soluble hormone binds to a receptor found on a protein found on the surface of a cell. Cell-surface receptors can direct protein transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and control the transcription of a particular gene.
Because the receptors for water-soluble hormones facing the extracellular space are found on the cell surface, when a water-soluble hormone, such as adrenaline, is injected into the cytoplasm of the target cell, the hormone is unable to attach to its receptor.
Therefore, no biological reaction would be set off.
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A ________ is an infertile offspring produced when organisms of two ____________ mates. a. heterozygote, different phenotypes b. endemic organism, endangered species c. genus, different communities d. hybrid, different species
A hybrid is an infertile offspring produced when organisms of two different species mates.
Hybrids are the offspring produced by the sexual reproduction between two different species. These offspring may or may not be the intermediate of the two species. Generally hybrids are produced to mix the superior characteristics of both the parents in one organism. Plant and animal breeding is a very common practice especially for farming purposes.
Species is the lowermost level of hierarchy in the classification of organisms. It consists of organisms that have similar types of characteristics, require similar resources and most essentially they can breed among themselves and produce fertile offspring.
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Cardiac biomarker levels are being evaluated for a patient who is suspected of having a myocardial infarction (mi). which biomarker lacks specificity for diagnosing an mi?
Cardiac biomarker levels are being evaluated for a patient who is suspected of having a myocardial infarction (MI). The nurse recognizes that which biomarker lacks specificity and that its role in diagnosing an MI is limited?
a. Myoglobin
b. Creatine kinase-MB (CKMB)
c. Cardiac-specific troponin I (cTnI)
d. Cardiac-specific troponin T (cTnT)
The biomarker that lacks specificity and whose diagnostic role in MI is limited is myoglobin.
What is myoglobin?Myoglobin is a muscle protein whose function is the storage of oxygen, it is in high concentrations in the skeletal muscle since large amounts of oxygen are needed there. When measuring the levels of myoglobin in the blood, it is seen if the damaged tissue has released the protein into the blood, if so, its levels will be high in the blood.
Therefore, we can confirm that the biomarker that lacks specificity and whose diagnostic role in MI is limited is myoglobin.
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Perforating canals connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to what other structures?
Perforating canals connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the Haversian canal.
Haversian canals supply blood to mature, dense bones. Individual lamellae form concentric rings that surround larger longitudinal canals (~50 µm in diameter) within the bony tissue, leading to the formation of Haversian canals. Haversian canals typically run along the long axis of the bone and are parallel to the surface. The canals and their surrounding lamellae (8-15) are called the Haversian system or osteon.Haversian canals often have one or two capillaries and nerve fibers. In addition to communicating with osteocytes in the lacunae (areas within the dense bone matrix that house living bone cells) via canaliculi, Haversian canals also surround nerve cells throughout the bone. This particular configuration makes it easy to preserve the deposits of mineral salts that give the bone tissue its tensile strength.Therefore, the correct answer is haversian canal.
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