an example of a rite of enhancement is a/an

The given statement is True. If a company has preferred stock, it is obligated to pay the dividends on the preferred shares even if it shows no profit for the year.

Failure to pay dividends on preferred stock can result in default and potentially severe consequences for the company.

Preferred stock is a type of equity security that has characteristics of both equity and debt. Unlike common stockholders, preferred stockholders have a fixed dividend rate that must be paid before any dividends can be distributed to common stockholders. The terms of preferred stock typically specify that dividends must be paid to preferred stockholders before any dividends can be paid to common stockholders.

Even if a company has a year of low or no profitability, it is still obligated to pay the fixed dividends on its preferred stock. This is because preferred stockholders have a higher claim on the company's earnings compared to common stockholders. Failing to pay dividends on preferred stock can result in legal consequences and damage the company's reputation among investors. Therefore, it is crucial for a company to honor its obligations to preferred stockholders, regardless of its profitability for the year.

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The most flexible material handling system among the options given is the Information directed system.

An information-directed material handling system allows for the most flexibility as it is guided by real-time information and can be quickly adapted to changes in demand and supply. This system utilizes automated technology to manage inventory and order fulfillment in real-time, allowing for adjustments to be made on the fly. With an information-directed system, operations can be easily scaled to accommodate increased demand without major reconfigurations, and the system can be integrated with other technologies to streamline the entire supply chain. In contrast, mechanized and semi-automated systems have more limitations and require more manual intervention to make changes, while fully automated systems may be less adaptable to sudden changes in demand or supply.

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The Central Bank's purchase of government bonds would increase the money stock in the economy.

Central bank's purchase of government bonds. Explanation: Money stock or money supply refers to the total amount of money in circulation or in existence in an economy. In order to increase the money stock, a central bank can use various monetary policy tools. In the given options, the following are the effects of each action on the money stock:A. A simultaneous decrease in required reserve ratio and the discount rate:This action will increase the reserves of commercial banks and lower the cost of borrowing, which will lead to an increase in the amount of loans and deposits in the economy. However, it will not directly affect the money stock.B. Central bank's purchase of government bonds:This action involves the central bank buying government bonds from the commercial banks or the public, which increases the amount of money in circulation or in existence. This is because the commercial banks now have more reserves, which they can use to create more loans and deposits, thus increasing the money stock.C. An increase in required reserve ratio:This action will reduce the reserves of commercial banks and increase their costs, which will lead to a decrease in the amount of loans and deposits in the economy. This will lead to a decrease in the money stock.D. A decrease in the discount rate:This action will lower the cost of borrowing from the central bank, which will encourage the commercial banks to take more loans and create more deposits. This will lead to an increase in the amount of loans and deposits in the economy, but it will not directly affect the money stock.

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The given statement "In a transportation problem, a single source may not necessarily supply something to all destinations" is false because the objective of a transportation problem is to determine the optimal way of transporting goods from sources to destinations, while minimizing transportation costs.

There can be multiple sources and destinations, and the amount of goods supplied by each source and the demand of each destination can vary. The goal is to allocate the goods in such a way that the total transportation cost is minimized. Therefore, the source may supply to some destinations and not to others based on the demand and supply constraints of the problem.

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Cause marketing is a major form of advertising that addresses social, business, or environmental issues. It is a strategy that aligns a company's marketing and philanthropic efforts to support a particular cause or nonprofit organization.

Cause marketing campaigns aim to promote a positive image for the company while making a positive impact on society. By partnering with a nonprofit organization or cause, companies can increase brand awareness, customer loyalty, and even sales. Cause marketing can take many forms, including donations to a cause, sponsoring a charity event, or promoting a social or environmental message. The ultimate goal of cause marketing is to create a win-win situation for both the company and the cause, where the company benefits from positive publicity and the cause benefits from increased awareness and support.
Cause marketing is a major form of advertising that addresses social, business, or environmental issues. This type of marketing involves a collaboration between a for-profit business and a non-profit organization to promote a specific cause. The partnership benefits both parties by raising awareness for the cause and generating positive publicity for the business.

Cause marketing campaigns can take various forms, such as product sales, sponsorships, or employee engagement initiatives. A common example is when a company donates a portion of its sales to a non-profit organization. This strategy not only helps support the cause financially, but also encourages consumers to feel good about their purchase, knowing they are contributing to a greater good.

In addition to raising funds and awareness for important issues, cause marketing can also improve a company's brand image and customer loyalty. By demonstrating a commitment to social responsibility, businesses can differentiate themselves from competitors and attract a broader consumer base that shares their values. Ultimately, cause marketing is a powerful tool that enables companies to make a positive impact on society while also enhancing their business performance.

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The role of promoting an organization's products to influence audience acceptance is referred to as promotion.

Promotion involves various marketing and communication strategies aimed at increasing awareness, generating interest, and ultimately convincing potential customers to accept and purchase the organization's products or services.

It encompasses activities such as advertising, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotion. The purpose of promotion is to effectively communicate the value and benefits of the products to the target audience, creating a favorable perception and facilitating exchanges between the organization and its customers.

In more detail, the role of promotion in facilitating exchanges by influencing audience acceptance is essential for organizations to achieve their sales and marketing goals. The vice president of sales (option a) is responsible for overseeing sales operations and managing the sales team but may not directly handle promotion activities. Manipulation (option b) refers to unethical practices aimed at deceiving or misleading customers, which is not an appropriate approach for building trust and long-term customer relationships.

Selling (option e) is a broader term that encompasses the entire sales process, including promotion, but it does not specifically address the role of influencing audience acceptance. Information (option d) is a critical component of promotion, as it involves providing relevant and accurate information about the products or services to educate and persuade the audience. However, promotion goes beyond the mere dissemination of information and involves using persuasive techniques to shape the audience's perception and encourage them to accept the organization's offerings. Therefore, the most accurate answer is option c: promotion.

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To predict the number of entry-level jobs for a neighborhood with x = 39 hundred jobs, we need additional information or context. The value of x being "39 hundred jobs" is not sufficient to make a precise prediction.

If there is no further information available, we cannot calculate or estimate the number of entry-level jobs. Therefore, the answer would be "np" (not possible).

To provide a prediction, we would need additional data such as the percentage or ratio of entry-level jobs within the neighborhood or specific industry information. Without such information, it is not possible to determine the number of entry-level jobs accurately.

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To calculate the average unit cost for inventory, we need to divide the total cost of inventory by the total number of units purchased. average unit cost for inventory is $6.36.

The first purchase was for 200 units at a cost of $6.00 per unit. Therefore, the cost of the first purchase is 200 x $6.00 = $1,200. The second purchase was for 300 units at a cost of $6.60 per unit. Therefore, the cost of the second purchase is 300 x $6.60 = $1,980.

The total cost of inventory is the sum of the costs of the two purchases, which is $1,200 + $1,980 = $3,180. The total number of units purchased is the sum of the number of units in each purchase, which is 200 + 300 = 500.

The average unit cost for inventory is the total cost of inventory divided by the total number of units purchased, which is $3,180 ÷ 500 = $6.36. Therefore, the average unit cost for inventory is $6.36.

In conclusion, the average unit cost for inventory is calculated by dividing the total cost of inventory by the total number of units purchased. It is an important metric for businesses to track and manage their inventory costs.

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True. Making informed choices as a consumer can lead to savings by helping you to find the best products or services at the most competitive prices. By doing research, comparing prices, and reading reviews, you can avoid overpaying for products or services that don't meet your needs or expectations.

Informed choices can also help you to avoid scams or deceptive advertising that may mislead you into spending more than necessary. Additionally, informed consumers can take advantage of special deals, discounts, and coupons that may not be widely advertised or that are only available to those who know where to look.

Overall, taking the time to gather information and make informed choices can help you to save money, make more efficient use of your resources, and avoid potential pitfalls or mistakes.

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Patrice and Michael have a tax lien on their townhouse due to non-payment of the previous year's property taxes. A tax lien is a legal claim against a property for unpaid taxes.

This type of lien gives the government the right to seize and sell the property to recover the unpaid taxes. To remedy the situation, Patrice and Michael need to pay the outstanding property taxes in full. Once they have paid the taxes, they can then contact the mortgage company to discuss refinancing their home. It's important to note that having a tax lien on their property can make it difficult to secure a new mortgage or refinance an existing one. Therefore, it's essential that they resolve this issue as soon as possible to avoid any further financial difficulties.

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The interest for a deposit of $6,000 for 4 years at a rate of 7% is $7680.

To calculate the interest and total value of a $6,000 deposit for 4 years at a simple interest rate of 7%, you can use the following formula:

Interest = Principal x Rate x Time Total Value = Principal + Interest Where: - Principal is the initial value amount deposited ($6,000 in this case) - Rate is the interest rate per year (7%) - Time is the number of years the deposit is retained (4 years).

Replacing the values, we obtain: Interest = 6,000 x 0.07 x 4 = $1,680 Total value = 6,000 + 1,680 = $7,680.

Therefore, the interest earned on the deposit is $1,680 and the total value of the deposit after 4 years is $7,680.

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This statement is True. Automated messages can be a useful tool in customer service for social media (SM).

They can help streamline communication, provide immediate responses, and offer basic information or instructions. Automated messages can be used to acknowledge receipt of a customer's message, provide status updates, answer frequently asked questions, or direct customers to relevant resources.

While they are not a substitute for personalized human interaction, they can enhance efficiency and provide initial support to customers.

It is important, however, to strike a balance and ensure that automated messages are used appropriately, with a clear understanding of when human intervention is necessary to address complex issues or provide a more personalized experience.

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Amount stated in the policy limits the amount that a policyowner may borrow from a whole life insurance policy. The answer is: B

The amount that a policyowner may borrow from a whole life insurance policy is limited by the amount stated in the policy itself. When a policyowner takes out a loan against their whole life insurance policy, the maximum borrowing amount is typically determined by the policy's cash value or a percentage of the policy's face amount.

The cash value represents the accumulated savings component of the policy, while the face amount is the death benefit payable upon the insured's death.

Hence, the correct option is: B.

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The given statement "Individuals who qualify for tricare are known as subscribers." is true because TRICARE is a healthcare program that provides medical benefits to eligible military members, their families, and retirees.

The subscribers include active-duty service members, National Guard and Reserve members, retirees, and their families. These individuals have earned the right to receive TRICARE benefits through their service to the country. As subscribers, they are responsible for enrolling in the program, choosing a healthcare plan, and paying any applicable premiums.

Subscribers can access a wide range of medical services including primary care, specialty care, mental health care, prescription drugs, and emergency care. They can receive care at military treatment facilities, civilian providers, and through telehealth services. Overall, TRICARE provides comprehensive healthcare coverage to subscribers and their families, ensuring they receive the care they need to maintain their health and well-being.

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Fundamentally, the business of the NYSE is to attract and process order flow, the flow of customer orders to buy and sell securities.

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is a marketplace where buyers and sellers come together to trade stocks and other securities. The primary function of the NYSE is to attract and process the flow of customer orders to buy and sell securities. In order to accomplish this, the NYSE provides a centralized marketplace where traders can execute trades in a fair and orderly manner.

The NYSE also provides a number of other services to facilitate trading, such as market data feeds, market analysis, and regulatory oversight. By providing a reliable and efficient marketplace, the NYSE helps to ensure that investors can buy and sell securities with confidence, which in turn helps to promote economic growth and stability.

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The correct statement is: option b) All else equal, low-coupon bonds have less interest rate price risk than high-coupon bonds.

In general, interest rate price risk refers to the sensitivity of a bond's price to changes in interest rates. Low-coupon bonds typically have less interest rate price risk compared to high-coupon bonds. This is because low-coupon bonds have a larger portion of their total return coming from the principal repayment at maturity, rather than from interest payments. As a result, the impact of interest rate changes on the price of low-coupon bonds is relatively smaller.

On the other hand, high-coupon bonds have a larger portion of their total return coming from regular interest payments. Therefore, changes in interest rates can have a greater impact on the price of high-coupon bonds.

It's important to note that the other statements are incorrect. Long-term bonds generally have more interest rate price risk than short-term bonds (a), short-term bonds have less reinvestment rate risk than long-term bonds (c), and long-term bonds have more reinvestment rate risk than short-term bonds (d). Additionally, high-coupon bonds have more reinvestment rate risk than low-coupon bonds (e).

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When leader shares a problem with employees as a group, and they, together, generate and evaluate alternatives and try to reach an agreement on a solution is the correct style. The Option A.

According to normative decision theory, the CI (Consultative) decision-making style involves a leader sharing a problem with a group of employees and collaborating to generate and evaluate alternatives to reach an agreement on a solution.

This approach seeks to incorporate diverse perspectives and increase the likelihood of a high-quality decision by considering multiple alternatives. While the final decision may not necessarily reflect the input of every employee, the consultation process is aimed at promoting fairness and buy-in from the group.

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The investment that typically carries significant liquidity risk among the given options is B) Limited partnership. Limited partnerships can be less liquid due to their private nature and potential limitations on selling or exiting the investment.

Liquidity risk refers to the risk associated with the ability to quickly and easily convert an investment into cash without significant loss in value. Different types of investments have varying levels of liquidity, with some investments being more liquid than others. Let's examine the options provided:

A) Listed equities (publicly traded stocks): Listed equities are generally considered liquid investments because they are traded on stock exchanges, allowing investors to buy or sell them easily.

B) Limited partnership: Limited partnership investments often have limited liquidity compared to publicly traded stocks. Limited partnerships are typically privately held and involve investments in businesses or projects. It may be more challenging to sell or exit a limited partnership investment compared to publicly traded securities, as it often requires finding a buyer within a limited network or waiting for a specific exit event.

C) Mutual funds: Mutual funds are investment vehicles that pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of securities. Mutual funds typically offer daily liquidity, meaning investors can buy or sell shares on any business day. While there may be some liquidity risk associated with certain types of mutual funds, they generally provide a higher level of liquidity compared to limited partnership investments.

D) T-bills (Treasury bills): T-bills are short-term debt securities issued by governments to raise funds. They are considered highly liquid investments as they are actively traded in the market and can be easily bought or sold.

Among the given options, limited partnership investments (option B) typically carry significant liquidity risk compared to listed equities, mutual funds, and T-bills. Limited partnerships can be less liquid due to their private nature and potential limitations on selling or exiting the investment.

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Using a FIFO inventory costing system, the cost of goods sold for the December 24th sale is $775. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Given the information, Vital Company uses the FIFO (First In, First Out) inventory costing system. This means that the earliest items purchased are the first to be sold. Here's the calculation for the cost of goods sold (COGS) for the December 24th sale:

There were 22 units sold on December 24th. The first 17 units come from the beginning inventory at a cost of $35/unit. The remaining 5 units are from the December 15th purchase at a cost of $36/unit.

COGS = (17 units x $35/unit) + (5 units x $36/unit)

COGS = ($595) + ($180)

COGS = $775

So, the cost of goods sold for the December 24th sale is $775. The correct answer is option C: $775.

Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Vital Company had the following inventory transactions during the month of December.

Date Transaction  No of Unit Cost/Unit

12/1 Beginning inventory 17 $35

12/15 Purchase inventory 28 $36

12/24 Sale at $64 per unit 22 ?

Assuming that vital company uses a FIFO inventory costing system, what is cost of goods sold for the December 24th sale? A) $811 B) $792 C) $775 D) $828.

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When a firm makes an accounting profit that is less than the opportunity cost, we say that the firm is experiencing an economic loss.

An economic loss occurs when the revenue generated by a firm's business activities is insufficient to cover both its explicit costs, such as labor and materials, and its implicit costs, which include the opportunity cost of the resources used. The opportunity cost represents the potential earnings that could have been generated if those resources had been allocated to the next best alternative use. In this scenario, the firm's accounting profit does not provide an accurate picture of its overall financial performance, as it does not take into account the foregone earnings from alternative investments or endeavors.

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There are several good reasons to save your hard-earned money. Here are some of the most important:

1. Emergency fund: Having a savings account can provide a financial safety net in case of unexpected expenses, such as medical bills or car repairs. Experts recommend having 3-6 months of living expenses saved in an emergency fund.

2. Future goals: Saving money can help you achieve your future goals, such as buying a house, starting a business, or going back to school.

3. Retirement: Many financial experts recommend saving at least 10-15% of your income for retirement.

4. Financial security: Having savings can provide a sense of financial security and reduce stress about money.

5. Financial independence: Building up your savings can help you become financially independent and less reliant on others for financial support.

Overall, saving your hard-earned money can help you achieve your financial goals, provide a safety net in case of emergencies, and give you peace of mind about your financial future.

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There are several good reasons to save your hard-earned money. Here are some of the most important:

1. Emergency fund: Having a savings account can provide a financial safety net in case of unexpected expenses, such as medical bills or car repairs. Experts recommend having 3-6 months of living expenses saved in an emergency fund.

2. Future goals: Saving money can help you achieve your future goals, such as buying a house, starting a business, or going back to school.

3. Retirement: Many financial experts recommend saving at least 10-15% of your income for retirement.

4. Financial security: Having savings can provide a sense of financial security and reduce stress about money.

5. Financial independence: Building up your savings can help you become financially independent and less reliant on others for financial support.

Overall, saving your hard-earned money can help you achieve your financial goals, provide a safety net in case of emergencies, and give you peace of mind about your financial future.

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The  defining system goals, defining project objectives and scope, and determining and prioritizing the system requirements are all part of the first phase of the systems development life cycle (SDLC), which is called the planning phase.

The planning phase is the first phase of the SDLC, where the project team identifies the business needs and goals for the project, defines project objectives and scope, and determines and prioritizes the system requirements. This phase helps ensure that the project is aligned with the overall business strategy and that the system being developed will meet the business needs.

The SDLC consists of four primary phases, which include Planning, Analysis, Design, and Implementation. In the Planning Phase, the overall project direction, goals, and scope are established. This includes defining system goals, project objectives, and determining and prioritizing system requirements to ensure the project aligns with the organization's needs and vision.

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Large amounts of inventory are considered wasteful due to increased holding costs, capital tie-up, obsolescence, storage complexity, opportunity cost, and heightened risk of losses.

Large amounts of inventory are considered wasteful due to several reasons:

1. Holding Costs: Maintaining a significant inventory incurs costs such as storage, warehousing, insurance, and security. These expenses can be substantial, especially for perishable or high-value items, and they add to the overall operational expenses of a business.

2. Capital Tie-Up: Excessive inventory ties up capital that could be invested in other areas of the business, such as research and development, marketing, or expanding production capacity. It limits the company's ability to allocate funds for growth and innovation.

3. Obsolescence and Depreciation: Over time, inventory can become obsolete or lose value, particularly in industries with fast-changing technology or fashion trends. Holding excess inventory increases the risk of product obsolescence, resulting in financial losses when outdated items cannot be sold at the desired price.

4. Increased Storage Complexity: Large inventory levels require more space and complex inventory management systems. It can lead to challenges in tracking, organizing, and managing stock, resulting in errors, delays, and additional labor costs.

5. Opportunity Cost: By tying up funds in excess inventory, businesses miss out on potential investment opportunities, such as acquiring new assets, expanding product lines, or entering new markets. The opportunity cost of holding excessive inventory can hinder business growth and competitiveness.

6. Increased Risk: Large inventory levels can make a company more vulnerable to unexpected disruptions, such as changes in customer demand, supply chain interruptions, or economic downturns. It may lead to inventory write-offs, discounting, or wasted resources if products cannot be sold within their shelf life.

Optimizing inventory levels through efficient supply chain management helps minimize waste, improve cash flow, and enhance overall operational efficiency. By aligning inventory with customer demand and adopting just-in-time principles, businesses can reduce costs, increase profitability, and maintain a competitive edge in the market.

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The distribution of electric power might be a natural monopoly because it involves high fixed costs for infrastructure, significant economies of scale, and a need for a single, coordinated network to ensure efficient service. These factors make it more cost-effective for one company to operate the system, leading to a natural monopoly.

The distribution of electric power can be considered a natural monopoly because of several factors:

Due to these factors, electric power distribution can be considered a natural monopoly, which means that it is most efficient and economical to have a single company provide this service to a given geographic area.

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To find the selling price of the bicycle, we will first calculate the markup amount and then add it to the cost.

Markup amount = Cost × Markup percentage
Markup amount = $120 × 0.35 (35% expressed as a decimal)
Markup amount = $42

Now, add the markup amount to the cost to find the selling price.

Selling price = Cost + Markup amount
Selling price = $120 + $42
Selling price = $162

The selling price of the bicycle is $162.

To calculate the selling price of the bicycle, we need to add the markup to the cost. Therefore, the selling price of the bicycle that has a cost of $120 and a markup percentage of 35 based on selling price is $162.

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The type of loan that typically carries the most loan points is a jumbo loan. Loan points, also known as discount points, are fees paid at closing to the lender in exchange for a lower interest rate on the mortgage. Each point typically costs 1% of the total loan amount.

Jumbo loans are mortgage loans that exceed the conforming loan limits set by government-sponsored enterprises like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. These loans are generally used to finance higher-priced properties. Due to their larger loan amounts, jumbo loans often carry higher interest rates compared to conforming loans.

Because of the higher loan amounts and increased risk associated with jumbo loans, lenders may charge more loan points to mitigate that risk. This means borrowers seeking jumbo loans may need to pay a higher upfront cost in the form of loan points to secure a more favorable interest rate on their loan. The specific number of points and their cost can vary depending on market conditions and lender policies.

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Mortgage loans typically carry the most loan points compared to other types of loans.

In the context of loans, loan points are fees paid to the lender at closing in exchange for a lower interest rate. Different types of loans have different structures when it comes to loan points. Generally, mortgage loans typically carry the most loan points compared to other types of loans.

For example, in the mortgage industry, a discount point is a type of loan point that is equal to 1% of the loan amount. By paying discount points upfront, borrowers can lower their interest rate over the life of the loan. However, mortgage loans may have higher loan point requirements compared to other types of loans, such as personal loans or auto loans.

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A company that seeks to maintain high ethical and legal standards in its marketing and sales communications should prioritize transparency, honesty, and responsible behavior.

This means avoiding false or misleading advertising claims and ensuring that all marketing materials comply with relevant laws and regulations. Additionally, the company should obtain informed consent from customers and avoid collecting information from children under the age of 13 without parental consent. In terms of responsible behavior, the company should avoid using manipulative tactics or exploiting vulnerable populations.

Overall, a company that is committed to ethical and legal marketing practices will prioritize the well-being and satisfaction of its customers, while also ensuring that its actions align with legal and ethical guidelines. By doing so, the company can build a strong reputation and foster trust and loyalty among its customer base.

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The correct options that can be classified as Accounts Receivable are: monies that customers owe us from the sale of merchandise and monies that customers owe us for providing a service.

Accounts Receivable are typically created when a company sells goods or services to its customers on credit. It means that the customers receive the goods or services immediately but make the payment at a later date, as agreed upon between the parties involved. Based on this understanding, let's evaluate each of the given options to determine whether they can be classified as Accounts Receivable:

Monies that customers owe us from the sale of merchandise:

Yes, this is a correct example of Accounts Receivable. When a company sells merchandise to its customers on credit, the customers owe the company a specific amount of money. This amount becomes an Accounts Receivable until it is paid off.

Loans we made to a customer:

No, loans made to a customer are not classified as Accounts Receivable. Loans are different from sales transactions. Loans involve lending money to someone, and they are usually repaid in installments over a predetermined period, along with interest charges. Such transactions are recorded separately as loan receivables or notes receivable, rather than as Accounts Receivable.

Tax refunds owed to us by the IRS:

No, tax refunds owed by the IRS to a company are not considered Accounts Receivable. They are not related to the sale of goods or services. Tax refunds represent an amount of money owed by the government to a taxpayer when they have overpaid their taxes or are eligible for certain tax credits. They are typically recorded as a separate item, such as ""Prepaid Expenses"" or ""Income Tax Receivable.""

Monies that customers owe us for providing a service:

Yes, this is another example of Accounts Receivable. When a company provides services to its customers on credit, the customers owe the company a certain amount of money for those services rendered. This outstanding amount becomes an Accounts Receivable until it is paid off.

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The change in Debtland's external wealth during 2018 was a decrease of $24 billion.

To determine the change in Debtland's external wealth (W) during 2018, we need to consider the current account balance, capital account balance, and income earned by Debtland's factors located in foreign countries.

The current account balance includes the trade balance (exports minus imports) and net income from abroad. In this case, Debtland's current account deficit is $45 billion, which means it had more imports than exports by that amount.

The capital account surplus of $9 billion indicates that Debtland received more capital inflows than outflows during the year.

The income earned by Debtland's factors located in foreign countries is $12 billion.

To calculate the change in external wealth, we add the current account balance, capital account balance, and income earned by Debtland's factors:

Change in external wealth (W) = Current account balance + Capital account balance + Income earned by Debtland's factors

= (-$45 billion) + $9 billion + $12 billion

= $(-45 + 9 + 12) billion

= -$24 billion

Therefore, the change in Debtland's external wealth during 2018 was a decrease of $24 billion.

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When the goods are in the hands of a third-party bailee and are covered by a document of title at the time of contracting, the risk passes to the buyer as specified in the contract between the parties.

In general, the risk passes from the seller to the buyer upon delivery of the goods. However, when the goods are in the possession of a third-party bailee, the terms of the contract may specify a different time for the risk to pass. The contract may also specify the obligations of the buyer and seller with respect to the goods while they are in the possession of the third-party bailee. It is important for both parties to carefully review and understand the terms of the contract in order to avoid any misunderstandings or disputes related to the transfer of risk.

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