An optical fiber uses one glass clad with another glass. What is the critical angle? (Assume the glass in the fiber has an index of refraction of 1.69, and the glass in the cladding has an index of refraction of 1.50.)

Answer:

Answer in explanation

Explanation:

The reason for the big size and less moisture of the cake is due to difference in weight of the ingredients on the surface of moon. So, the same has the lesser weight on the surface of the moon than it has on the surface of earth. Or in other words, The same weight of the ingredients will have greater mass and thus the greater quantity on the surface of earth than the surface of earth. For example, on earth 1.25 N butter will have a mass:

m = W/g = 1.25 N/(9.8 m/s²) = 0.13 kg

But, on moon:

m = W/g = 1.25 N/(1.625 m/s²) = 0.77 kg

Hence, it is clear that the mass of the same weight of the substance becomes 6 times greater on the surface of moon. This explains why the cake was so big.

Now, coming to the second part about the dryness of the cake. The main and only source of moisture in recipe is the eggs bu the eggs are taken in a quantity of numbers. So they are exactly the same on moon as well. While all the other ingredients are increased, the same amount of eggs are not sufficient to provide them with enough moisture. Hence the cake was dry.

Answer:

0.29D

Explanation:

Given that

F = G M m / r2

F = GM(6m) / (D-r)2

G Mm/r2 = GM(6m) / (D-r)2

1/r2 = 6 / (D-r)2

r = D / (Ö6 + 1)

r = 0.29 D

See diagram in attached file

Answer:

The  amount by which the second filter reduces the intensity of light emerging from the first filter is

     z =  0.60

Explanation:

From the question we are told that

    The angle between the axes is  [tex]\theta = 41^o[/tex]

The intensity of polarized light that emerges from the second filter is  mathematically represented as

         [tex]I= I_o cos^2 \theta[/tex]

 Where [tex]I_o[/tex] is the intensity of light emerging  from the first filter

        [tex]I = I_o [cos(41.0)]^2[/tex]

      [tex]I =0.60 I_o[/tex]

This means that the second filter reduced the intensity by z =  0.60

Answer:

1) 14 kW

2) 4.67 x 10^-5 N

Explanation:

Area of solar panel = 10 m^2

Intensity of sun's radiation incident on earth = 1.4 kW/m^2

Solar power absorbed = ?

We know that the intensity of radiation on a given area is

[tex]I[/tex] = [tex]\frac{P}{A}[/tex]

where I is the intensity of the radiation

P is the power absorbed due to this intensity on a given area

A is the area on which this radiation is incident

From the equation, we have

P = IA

P = 1.4 kW/m^2  x  10 m^2 = 14 kW

b) For a perfect absorbing surface, the radiation pressure is given as

p = I/c

where p is the radiation pressure

I is the incident light intensity = 1.4 kW/m^2 = 1.4 x 10^3 kW/m^2

c is the speed of light = 3 x 10^8 m/s

substituting values, we have

p = (1.4 x 10^3)/(3 x 10^8) = 4.67 x 10^-6 Pa

we know that Force = pressure x area

therefore force on the solar panels is

F = 4.67 x 10^-6 x 10 = 4.67 x 10^-5 N

Answer:

Explanation:

Change in entropy is expressed as ΔS = ΔQ/T where;

ΔQ is the total heat change during conversion of ice to water.

T is the room temperature

First we need to calculate the total change in heat using the conversion formulae;

ΔQ = mL + mcΔθ (total heat energy absorbed during phase change)

m is the mass of ice/water = 900g = 0.9kg

L is the latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.33 x 10⁵J/kg

c is the specific heat capacity of water = 4200J/kgK

Δθ is the change in temperature of water = 10°C - 0C = 10°C = 283K

Substituting the given values into ΔQ;

ΔQ = 0.9(333000)+0.9(4200)(283)

ΔQ = 299700 + 1069740

ΔQ = 1,369,440 Joules

Since Change in entropy ΔS = ΔQ/T

ΔS =  1,369,440/30+273

ΔS = 1,369,440/303

ΔS = 4519.60 J/K

Hence, the change in entropy of the universe is 4519.60 J/K

Answer: [tex]4.29\times10^{14}\text{ Hz}[/tex]

Explanation:

Given: Speed of red light = 700 nm

= [tex]700\times10^{-9}[/tex] m

[tex]= 7\times10^{-7}[/tex] m

Frequency of red light = [tex]\dfrac{\text{Speed of light}}{\text{Speed of red light}}[/tex]

Speed of light = [tex]3\times10^8[/tex] m

Then, Frequency of red light = [tex]\dfrac{3\times10^8}{7\times10^{-7}}[/tex]

[tex]=0.429\times10^{8-(-7)}=0.429\times10^{15}\\\\=4.29\times10^{14}\ Hz[/tex]

Hence, Frequency of red light = [tex]4.29\times10^{14}\text{ Hz}[/tex]

The frequency of the light be in the material is [tex]4.29\times10^{14}\text{ Hz}[/tex].

Answer:

Explanation:

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Answer: d = 33 cm or 0.33 m

Explanation: In physics, Work is the amount of energy transferred to an object to make it move. It can be expressed by:

W = F.d.cosθ

F is the force applied to the object, d is the displacement and θ is the angle formed between the force and the displacement.

For the ice block, the angle is 0, i.e., force and distance are at the same direction, so:

W = F.d.cos(0)

W = F.d

To determine d:

d = [tex]\frac{W}{F}[/tex]

d = [tex]\frac{3}{9}[/tex]

d = 0.33 m

The distance d the block ice moved is 33 cm.

Answer:

1/4F

Explanation:

We already know thatThe electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of the charge, from Coulomb's law.

So F α Qq

But if it is now half the initial charges, then

F α (1/2)Q *(1/2)q

F α (1/4)Qq

Thus the resultant charges are each halved is (1/4) and the first initial force experienced at full charge.

Thus the answer will be 1/4F

Answer:

Explanation:

The set up is a compound microscope. The converging lens is the objective lens while the diverging lens is the eyepiece lens.

In compound microscopes, the distance between the two lenses is expressed as L = v0+ue

v0 is the image distance of the objective lens and ue is the object distance of the eye piece lens.

Befre we can get the location of the coin's final image relative to the diverging lens (ve), we need to get ue first.

Given L = 18.0cm

Using the lens formula to get v0 where u0 = 12.0cm and f0 = 7.40cm

1/f0 = 1/u0+1/v0

f0 and u0 are the focal length and object distance of the converging lens (objective lens)respectively.

1/v0 = 1/7.4-1/12

1/v0 = 0.1351-0.0833

1/v0 = 0.0518

v0 = 1/0.2184

v0 = 19.31cm

Note that v0 = ue = 19.31cm

To get ve, we will use the lens formula 1/fe = 1/ue+1/ve

1/ve = 1/fe-1/ue

Given ue = 19.31cm and fe = -7.00cm

1/ve = -1/7.0-1/19.31

1/ve = -0.1429-0.0518

1/ve = -0.1947

ve = 1/-0.1947

ve = -5.14cm

Hence, the location of the coin's final image relative to the diverging lens is 5.14cm to the lens

b) Magnification of the final image M = ve/ue

M = 5.14/19.31

M = 0.27

Magnification of the final image is 0.27

Answer:

The average velocity for this trip is 0 km/hr

Explanation:

We know that average velocity = total displacement/total time.

Now, its displacement is d = final position - initial position.

Since the  car starts and ends at its initial position at Hither, if we assume its initial position is 0 km, then its final position is also 0 km.

So, its displacement is d = 0 km - 0 km = 0 km.

Since the total time for the round trip is 2 hours, the average velocity is

total displacement/ total time = 0 km/2 hr = 0 km/hr.

So the average velocity for this trip is 0 km/hr  

Explanation:

It is given that,

The separation between two parallel wires, r = 11 cm = 0.11 m

Current in wire 1, [tex]q_1=54\ A[/tex]

Current in wire 2, [tex]q_2=45\ A[/tex]

Length of wires, l = 4.3 m

We need to find the magnitude of the magnetic force on a 4.3 m length of the wire carrying the greater current. The magnetic force per unit length is given by :

[tex]\dfrac{F}{l}=\dfrac{\mu_o I_1I_2}{2\pi r}\\\\F=\dfrac{\mu_o I_1I_2l}{2\pi r}\\\\F=\dfrac{4\pi \times 10^{-7}\times 54\times 45\times 4.3}{2\pi \times 0.11}\\\\F=0.0189\ N[/tex]

So, the magnetic force on a 4.3 m length of the wire  on both of currents is F=0.0189 N.

Answer:effective

Explanation:

Answer:

 I = E/R   e^{-t/RC}

Explanation:

In a capacitor charging circuit you must have a DC power source, the capacitor, a resistor, and a switch. When closing the circuit,

                  E -q / c-IR = 0

we replace the current by its expression and divide by the resistance

                   I = dq / dt

                   dq / dt = E / R  -q / RC

                   dq / dt = (CE -q) / RC

we solve the equation

                   dq / (Ce-q) = -dt / RC

we integrate and evaluate for the charge between 0 and q and for the time 0 and t

                   ln (q-CE / -CE) = -1 /RC   (t -0)

eliminate the logarithm

              q - CE = CE [tex]e^{-t/RC}[/tex]

               q = CE (1 + 1/RC  e^{-t/RC} )

In general the teams measure the current therefore we take the derivative to find the current

               i = CE (e^{-t/RC} / RC)

               I = E/R   e^{-t/RC}

This expression is the one that describes the charge of a condensate in a DC circuit

Answer:

Explanation:

he moment of inertia for a rod that rotates about the axis perpendicular to the rod and passing through one end is:  m L²/ 3  where m is mass and L is length of rod

If the axis of rotation passes through the center of the rod, then the moment of inertia is:   m L² / 12

So for the former case , moment of inertia is higher that that in the later case .

In the former case , the axis is at one extreme end . Hence range of distance of any point on the rod from axis is from zero to L .

In the second case , as axis passes through middle point , this range of distance of any point on the rod from axis is from zero to L / 2 .

Since range of distance from axis is less , moment of inertia too will be less because

Moment of inertia = Σ m r² where r is distance of mass m from axis .

Answer:

the greatest intensity is obtained from   c

Explanation:

An electromagnetic wave stagnant by the expression

           E = E₀ sin (kx -wt)

when two waves meet their electric fields add up

           E_total = E₁ + E₂

the intensity is

           I = E_total . E_total

           I = E₁² + E₂² + 2E₁ E₂ cos θ

where θ  is the phase angle between the two rays

Let's examine the two waves

in this case E₁ = E₂ = E₀

          I = Eo2 + Eo2 + 2 E₀ E₀ coasts

         I = E₀² (2 + 2 cos θ )

         I = 2 I₀ (1 + cos θ )

     let's apply this expression to different cases

a) In this case the angle is zero therefore the cosine is worth 1 and the intensity is I_total = 4 I₀

b) cos π = -1     this implies that     I_total = 0

c) the cosine is  1,

         I = E₀² + 4E₀² + 2 E₀ (2E₀) cos θ

         I = E₀² (5 +4 cos θ)

         I = E₀² 9

         I = 9 Io

d) in this case the cos pi = -1

          I = E₀² (5 -4)

          I = I₀

e) we rewrite the equation

         I = E₀² + 9 E₀² + 2 E₀ (3E₀) cos θ

         I = Eo2 (10 + 6 cos θ)

         cos π = -1

         I = E₀² (10-6)

         I = 4 I₀

the greatest intensity is obtained from   c

The combination that has the greatest intensity is C. Wave C has an amplitude of 2E0 and a phase constant of zero.

An amplitude simply means the variable that meaures the change that occur in a single variable. It's the maximum diatance moved.

In this case, the combination that has the greatest intensity is Wave C since it has an amplitude of 2E0 and a phase constant of zero.

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Answer:

Hello your question has some missing parts and the required diagram attached below is the missing part and the diagram

Digital circuits require actions to take place at precise times, so they are controlled by a clock that generates a steady sequence of rectangular voltage pulses. One of the most widely

used integrated circuits for creating clock pulses is called a 555 timer.  shows how the timer’s output pulses, oscillating between 0 V and 5 V, are controlled with two resistors and a capacitor. The circuit manufacturer tells users that TH, the time the clock output spends in the high (5V) state, is TH =(R1 + R2)*C*ln(2). Similarly, the time spent in the low (0 V) state is TL = R2*C*ln(2). Design a clock that will oscillate at 10 MHz and will spend 75% of each cycle in the high state. You will be using a 500 pF capacitor. What values do you need to specify for R1 and R2?

ANSWER : R1 = 144.3Ω,   R2 =  72.2 Ω

Explanation:

Frequency = 10 MHz

Time period = 1 / F =  0.1 u s

Duty cycle = 75% = 0.75

Duty cycle can be represented as :   Ton / T

Also: Ton = Th = 0.75 * 0.1 u s  = 75 n s

TL = T - Th = 100 ns - 75 n s = 25 n s

To find the value of R2 we use the equation for  time spent in the low (0 V) state

TL = R2*C*ln(2)

hence R2 = TL / ( C * In 2 )

c = 500 pF

Hence R2 = 25 / ( 500 pF * 0.693 )  = 72.2 Ω

To find the value of R1 we use the equation for the time the clock output spends in the high (5V) state,

Th = (R1 + R2)*C*ln(2)

  from the equation make R1 the subject of the formula

R1 =  (Th - ( R2 * C * In2 )) / (C * In 2)

R1 = ( 75 ns - ( 72.2 * 500 pF * 0.693)) / ( 500 pF * 0.693 )

R1 = ( 75 ns  - ( 25 ns ) / 500 pf * 0.693

     = 144.3Ω

The work done by tensional force of the rope is 2.25 J and the work done by gravity is 36.75 J.

The given parameters;

The work done by the tension is calculated as follows;

W = Fd

W = 15 x 0.15

W = 2.25 J

The work done by gravity is calculated as;

W = (25 x 9.8) x 0.15

W = 36.75 J

Thus, the work done by tensional force of the rope is 2.25 J and the work done by gravity is 36.75 J.

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Answer:

  B. matching your speed

Explanation:

To merge safely, you must identify a gap in traffic and match your speed to the speed of the gap. Before you make your move to fill the gap, you should signal your intent.*

_____

* At least one resource says "The first step ... is to make sure you're traveling at the same speed ..." Then it goes on to say "Use your indicator. Do it early ...." The accompanying animation shows blinkers being activated on the ramp before the merge lane is entered. Apparently, "the first step" is not necessarily the first thing you do.

Answer:

It's C "signaling your intent"

Explanation:

The key thing to look at is they are asking the rest of the first step and that;s C

Answer:

A. plot an H-R diagram for the stars in the cluster.

Explanation:

A star cluster can be defined as a constellation of stars, due to gravitational force, which has the same origin.

The astronomy student would have to plot an H-R diagram for the stars in the cluster and determine the age of the cluster by observing the turn-off point. The turn-off is majorly as a result of gradual depletion of the source of energy of the star. Thus, it projects off the constellation.

Answer:

The impulse is 2145 kg-m/s

The final velocity is -8.34 m/s or 8.34 m/s in he opposite direction.

Explanation:

Force on the rail = 3900 N

Elapsed time of impact = 0.55 s

Impulse is the product of force and the time elapsed on impact

I = Ft

I is the impulse

F is force

t is time

For this case,

Impulse = 3900 x 0.55 = 2145 kg-m/s

If the initial velocity was 2.95 m/s

and mass of car plus driver is 190 kg

neglecting friction, the initial momentum of the car is given as

P = mv1

where P is the momentum

m is the mass of the car and driver

v1 is the initial velocity of the car

initial momentum of the car P = 2.95 x 190 = 560.5 kg-m/s

We know that impulse is equal to the change of momentum, and

change of momentum is initial momentum minus final momentum.

The final momentum = mv2

where v2 is the final momentum of the car.

The problem translates into the equation below

I = mv1 - mv2

imputing values, we have

2145 = 560.5 - 190v2

solving, we have

2145 - 560.5 = -190v2

1584.5 = -190v2

v2 = -1584.5/190 = -8.34 m/s

Now, there is some information missing to this problem, since generally you will be given a figure to analyze like the one on the attached picture. The whole problem should look something like this:

"Beam AB has a negligible mass and thickness, and supports the 200kg uniform block. It is pinned at A and rests on the top of a post, having a mass of 20 kg and negligible thickness. Determine the two coefficients of static friction at B and at C so that when the magnitude of the applied force is increased to 360 N , the post slips at both B and C simultaneously."

Answer:

[tex]\mu_{sB}=0.126[/tex]

[tex]\mu_{sC}=0.168[/tex]

Explanation:

In order to solve this problem we will need to draw a free body diagram of each of the components of the system (see attached pictures) and analyze each of them. Let's take the free body diagram of the beam, so when analyzing it we get:

Sum of torques:

[tex]\sum \tau_{A}=0[/tex]

[tex]N(3m)-W(1.5m)=0[/tex]

When solving for N we get:

[tex]N=\frac{W(1.5m)}{3m}[/tex]

[tex]N=\frac{(1962N)(1.5m)}{3m}[/tex]

[tex]N=981N[/tex]

Now we can analyze the column. In this case we need to take into account that there will be no P-ycomponent affecting the beam since it's a slider and we'll assume there is no friction between the slider and the column. So when analyzing the column we get the following:

First, the forces in y.

[tex]\sum F_{y}=0[/tex]

[tex]-F_{By}+N_{c}=0[/tex]

[tex]F_{By}=N_{c}[/tex]

Next, the forces in x.

[tex]\sum F_{x}=0[/tex]

[tex]-f_{sB}-f_{sC}+P_{x}=0[/tex]

We can find the x-component of force P like this:

[tex]P_{x}=360N(\frac{4}{5})=288N[/tex]

and finally the torques about C.

[tex]\sum \tau_{C}=0[/tex]

[tex]f_{sB}(1.75m)-P_{x}(0.75m)=0[/tex]

[tex]f_{sB}=\frac{288N(0.75m)}{1.75m}[/tex]

[tex]f_{sB}=123.43N[/tex]

With the static friction force in point B we can find the coefficient of static friction in B:

[tex]\mu_{sB}=\frac{f_{sB}}{N}[/tex]

[tex]\mu_{sB}=\frac{123.43N}{981N}[/tex]

[tex]\mu_{sB}=0.126[/tex]

And now we can find the friction force in C.

[tex]f_{sC}=P_{x}-f_{xB}[/tex]

[tex]f_{sC}=288N-123.43N=164.57N[/tex]

[tex]f_{sC}=N_{c}\mu_{sC}[/tex]

and now we can use this to find static friction coefficient in point C.

[tex]\mu_{sC}=\frac{f_{sC}}{N}[/tex]

[tex]\mu_{sC}=\frac{164.57N}{981N}[/tex]

[tex]\mu_{sB}=0.168[/tex]

Explanation:

Dark Energy. Dark Energy is a hypothetical form of energy that exerts a negative, repulsive pressure, behaving like the opposite of gravity. It has been hypothesised to account for the observational properties of distant type Ia supernovae, which show the universe going through an accelerated period of expansion

Answer:

its supposed to be (a) 1W

Answer:

Heat transfer is the transmission of heat energy from a body at higher temperature to lower temperature. The three mechanisms of heat transfer are

Example of Conduction:

Heating a metal

Example of Convection:

Sea Breeze

Example of Radiation:

Sun

Hope this helps ;) ❤❤❤

Answer:

Transmission of heat is the movement of thermal energy from one thing to another thing of different temperature.

There are three(3) different ways heat can transfer and they are:

a) Conduction (through direct contact).

b) Convection (through fluid movement).

c) Radiation (through electromagnetic waves).

Examples: 1.Heating a saucepan of water using a coalpot.(conduction&convection).

2. Baking a pie in an oven(radiation).

Thanks!!!!❤❤❤

Answer:

Decreasing the distance between Hox and Blox, increasing the mass of Hox, or increasing the mass of Hox and Blox.

Explanation:

The gravity force is directly proportional to the mass of the bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance that separates them.

Or

If we decrease the distance between both planets (Hox and Blox), the gravitational pull between them will increase.  

On the other hand, if we keep the distance between Hox and Blox, but we increase the mass of one of them, or increase the mass of both, the gravitational pull between them will also increase.

Answer:

2.9tons

Explanation:

Note that On an incline of angle a from horizontal, the parallel and perpendicular components of a downward force F are:

parallel ("tangential"): F_t = F sin a

perpendicular ("normal"): F_n = F cos a

At a=3.7 degrees, sin a is about 0.064 and with F = 46tons:

F sin a ~~ (46 tons)*0.064 ~~ 2.9tons

Also see attached file

The required force parallel to the incline to hold the monolith on this​ causeway will be "2.9 tons".

According to the question,

Angle, a = 3.7 degrees or,

Sin a = 0.064

Force, F = 46 tons

We know the relation,

Parallel (tangential), [tex]F_t[/tex] = F Sin a

By substituting the values,

                                       = 46 × 0.064

                                       = 2.9 tons

Thus the response above is appropriate answer.

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Answer:

The glider’s speed after the skydiver lets go is 26 m/s

Explanation:

To calculate the glider’s speed just after the skydiver lets go, we will need to use the conservation of momentum

Mathematically;

mv = mv + mv

so 680 * 26 = (680-60)v + 60 * 26

17680 = 620v + 1560

17680-1560 = 620v

16120 = 620v

v = 16120/620

v = 26 m/s

Answer:

1.3515x10^5pa

Explanation:

Plss see attached file

5.19 x 10³Hz

The capacitive reactance, [tex]X_{C}[/tex], which is the opposition given to the flow of current through the capacitor is given by;

[tex]X_C = \frac{1}{2\pi fC }[/tex]

Where;

f = frequency of the signal through the capacitor

C = capacitance of the capacitor.

Also, from Ohm's law, the voltage(V) across the capacitor is given by the product of current(I) and the capacitive reactance. i.e;

V = I x [tex]X_{C}[/tex]             [Substitute the value of

=> V = I x [tex]\frac{1}{2\pi fC}[/tex]      [Make f the subject of the formula]

=> f = [tex]\frac{I}{2\pi VC}[/tex]                    ---------------------(i)

From the question;

I = 3.33mA = 0.00333A

C = 8.50nF = 8.50 x 10⁻⁹F

V = 12.0V

Substitute these values into equation (i) as follows;

f = [tex]\frac{0.00333}{2 * 3.142 * 12.0 * 8.50 * 10^{-9}}[/tex]            [Taking [tex]\pi[/tex] = 3.142]

f = 5.19 x 10³Hz

Therefore, the frequency is closest to f = 5.19 x 10³Hz