calculate the cross sectional area occupied by the nucleus as a fraction of that occupied by the atom. assume that the gold nuclei in each layer are offset from each other

Answer:

100/6% =16.67%

Explanation:

16.67%

If a gas station owner wants to identify if a need for additional staffing exists, an observational study could suffice here.

The term observational study refers to a study in which the research only dependent on what could be obviously seen with out trying to compare the effects of an independent on a dependent variable by empirical means.

If the owner of a gas station wants to know if there is need for more staffing. All he needs is to observe the rate of work in the hands of the current staff strength and make projection. Only a observational study could suffice here.

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Destabilization that occurs in a molecule when two non bonded atoms are too close together is called Van der Waals repulsion.

When two non bonded atoms come close together then in such situation there are two types of forces that come into play.

First one is Van der Waal attractive forces and the second one is van der Waal repulsion forces.

Van der Waal attractive forces are the forces of attraction between the electronic cloud of one atom/molecule with the nucleus of the other atom/molecule and van der Waal repulsive forces are the force of repulsion between the electronic cloud of the both the atoms/molecules and the repulsion between the nucleus of both the atoms/molecules.

Attractive forces causes stabilization whereas repulsive forces causes destabilization.

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Final temp = 108.05.

What is the boiling point of the automobile radiator fluid prepared by mixing 1.09 l of ethylene glycol (hoch2ch2oh, density = 1.114 g/ml) with 1.16 l of water (density = 1.000 g/ml)?

Delta T = 1*.52*1000*1.114*1000/1160*62

           =8.05 deg C

final temp = 108.05

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The reaction will be thermodynamically spontaneous if the temperature is below 175 K.

According to this formula, when:

ΔG = ΔH  - T*ΔS

when the reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous ΔG < 0

∴ ΔH - T* ΔS = 0

∴T*ΔS = ΔH

∴ T = ΔH / ΔS

when we have:

ΔH = -70KJ

and ΔS = -0.4 KJ/K

So by substitution:

T =  -70KJ /- 0.4

 =  175 K

∴the certain temperature below which the reaction will be thermodynamically spontaneous is 175

The rules of thermodynamics explain how energy in a system evolves and whether a system can make use of its environment to produce productive work.

In an automobile, the engine is a thermodynamic system that burns fuel inside the cylinder; the radiator, piston, exhaust system, and ambient air make up the system's environment.

Thermodynamics abides by four laws. They discuss heat, work, temperature, and entropy. They are employed in chemistry, among other sciences, as well as in thermodynamics.

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If you have .387mol steam, then you used .387 mol CO, and 3*.387 mole H2.  to seek out the molar concentration of CO and H2, subtract what was used from the initial.  the quantity of CH4 of course is the same as H2O.

co(g) h2o(g) ⇀↽ co2(g) h2(g).

What is equilibrium?

Equilibrium is the state in which market supply and demand balance each other, and as a result, prices become stable. Generally, an over-supply for goods or services causes prices to travel down,  which ends up in higher demand. The balancing effect of supply and demand leads to a state of equilibrium.

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Answer:

b

Explanation:

It's because parasites actually don't kill the host immediately but after at least a good time the host starts to experience some side effects which can lead to death

Answer:

Explanation:

Element    #of protons     Mass #.      # of electrons      Atomic #.   Neutron

 Se.               34.                   78.96.                  34                     34           45
             

Si.                 14.                      28.                       14.                   14           14

H.                   1.                       1.                       1                         1               0

Ca.                  20.                 40.078.                20.                  20.              21

Fe.                  26.                  56.                         26.                 26.             30

Na.                  11.                    23.                       11.                    11.                12

Synthetic route fail to product the desired alkene product because the base will deprotonate the alcohol and form an alkoxide product.

When a chemist working in lab embarks upon the synthesis of a compound, he or she follows a “synthetic route”— a series of steps by which a chemical compound is assembled from the smaller, less complex bulk chemicals. These routes can be devised based on chemist’s experience and by searching the scientific literature to learn from the experience of other chemists who may have attempted similar synthetic paths in the past.

Implementing this approach is the key to reducing API development time as complexity grows and budgets shrink. As with any risk management plan, goal is to be proactive in finding and mitigating sources of risk. This is accomplished by the removing unwanted variability in each stage of a process.

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Answer: When the forces are balanced, neither of the teams, but if the rope moves away in a particular direction or if a team wins, then the forces applied by both teams are unbalanced. Practically anything that moves is a result of the exertion of unbalanced forces on it.

Explanation:

The balanced or unbalanced forces are related to rotational motion by the occurrence of the constant and altered changes in the speed of the object.

Rotational motion may be defined as a type of motion that involves the movement of an object along an axis in a circular path with a common angular velocity.

Balanced forces maintain the state of an object at a constant speed. It means that its velocity remains unchanged during the course of the time interval. While unbalanced forces stimulate the alteration in the velocity of an object. It either reduces or enhances the initial speed of an object.

Therefore, the balanced or unbalanced forces are related to rotational motion by the occurrence of the constant and altered changes in the speed of the object.

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Answer:

A scientific problem is often discovered when an observation is made, which leads to a question.

A hypothesis is formed when an explanation is proposed for an observation.

Testing a proposed explanation requires designing an experiment.

For the results of the experiment to be accepted, the experiment must produce the same results when repeated.

An explanation may become a theory if the same results are found after many tests.

The pH of a solution prepared by diluting 3.0 mL of 2.5 M HCl to a final volume of 100 mL with H₂O is 1.12.

Given data :

Original concentration of HCl before dilution (C₁) = 2.5 M

Volume of HCl to be diluted (V₁) = 3.0 mL

Final volume of HCl after diluting (V₂) = 100 mL

Final concentration of HCl after dilution (C₂) = ?

To Calculate the final concentration of solution, equation used is -

                               C₁.V₁ = C₂.V₂

Putting values in equation,

2.5 M x 3.0 mL = C₂ x 100 mL

C₂ = 2.5 M x 3.0 mL

             100 mL

C₂ = 0.075 M

When HCl is diluted with H₂O, it dissociates. The chemical equation of dissociation reaction of HCl is -

                       HCl(aq) ⇄ H⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq)

Concentration of HCl = concentration of H⁺ = 0.075 M

Using equation of pH,

                       pH = -log[H⁺]

pH = -log[0.075]

pH = 1.12

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The mass of lead (ii) oxide produced by the decomposition of the reaction will be 2.09 grams.

To find the mass, the given data's are,

Mass of PbCo₃ = 2.50 g

Molar mass of PbCo₃  = 267.21 g/mole

Molar mass of PbO  = 223.2 g/mole

A decomposition reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which one reactant breaks down into two or more products.

The given balanced chemical reaction is:

PbCo₃(s)  → PbO (s) + Co₂ (g)

Here, calculating the moles of PbCo₃,

Moles of PbCo₃ = ( Mass of PbCo₃ / Molar mass of PbCo₃ )

= ( 2.50 g /267.21 g/mole )

= 0.00936 moles.

Now we have to calculate the moles of PbO,

From the reaction, we conclude that

As, 1 mole of PbCo₃ react to give 1 mole of PbO,

So, 0.0936 moles of PbCo₃ react to give 0.00936 moles of PbO.

So, Calculating the mass of PbO,

Mass of PbO = Moles of PbO × Molar mass of PbO

= 0.00936 moles × 223.2 g/mole

= 2.09 moles.

Therefore, the mass of lead (ii) oxide produced by the decomposition of the reaction will be 2.09 grams.

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the molar solubility of marble (i.e., [ca2 ][ca2 ] in a saturated solution) in normal rainwater, for which Ph=5.60ph=5.60 is 0.0142.

A saturated solution is a solution that contains maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under the condition at which the solution exists.

In chemistry, after studying solutions and properties of solution, one can understand that a solution can reach a status of saturation. This state is when solution has reached a point in which no more solute can be added. Addition of solute after this point would result in solid precipitate or gas being released. Such mixture is called a saturated solution.

Ksp of(CaCO3)= 4.5 x 10 -9

Ka1 for (H2CO3) =  4.7 x 10^-7

Ka2 for the (H2CO3) = 5.6 x 10 ^-11

1) The equation 1 for Ksp = 4.5 x 10^-9

CaCO3(s)→ Ca +2(a q)    +  CO3-2(a q)  

2) The equation 2 for Ka1 = 4.7 x 10^-7

H2CO3- + H2O → HCO3- + H3O+

3) equation 3 for Ka2 = 5.6 x 10^-11

HCO3-(a q) + H2O(l) → CO3-2 (a q)  + H3O+(a q)

so, form the equation 1& 2&3 we can get the overall equation:

CaCO3(s)  +  H+(a q)  → Ca2+(a q)   + HCO3-(a q)

note: you could get the overall equation by adding the equation 1 to the inverse of equation 3 as the following:

when inverse of equation 3 is :

CO3-2 (a q) + H3O+ (a q) ↔ HCO3- (a q) + H2O(l)  Ka2^-1 = 1.79 x 10^10

when we add it to the equation 1

CaCO3(s) ↔ Ca2+(a q)  +  CO3-2(a q)   Ksp = 4.5 x 10^-9

∴ overall equation will be as we have mentioned before:

when H3O+ = H+

CaCO3(s) + H+(a q)  ↔ Ca2+ (a q) + HCO3-(a q)   K= 80.55

from overall equation:

∴K = [Ca2+][HCO3-] / [H+]

when we have [Ca2+] = [HCO3-] we can assume both = X

∴K = X^2 / [H+]

when we have the PH = 5.6 we can get [H+]

PH = - ㏒[H+]

5.6 = -㏒[H]

∴[H] = 2.5 x 10^-6

so, by the substitution on K expression:

∴ 80.55 = X^2 / (2.5 x10^-6)

∴X = 0.0142

∴[Ca2+] = X = 0.0142.

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The pH of a solution that results from adding 0.059 mol Na (s) to 1.47 l of a buffer comprised of 0.391 m benzoic acid, c6h5cooh and 0.391 m sodium benzoate, c6h5coona is 5.418.

pH is a measure of how acidic/basic the water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being the neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate the acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen ions is the acidic, whereas water that has more free hydroxyl ions is basic. Since the pH can be affected by chemicals in the water, pH is an important indicator of water that is changing chemically. pH is reported in the "logarithmic units". Each number represents a 10-fold change in acidity/basicness of the water. Water with a pH of five is ten times more acidic than the water having a pH of six.

pH, quantitative measure of acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. The term, widely used in the chemistry, biology, and agronomy, translates the values of the concentration of the hydrogen ion—which ordinarily ranges between about 1 and 10−14 gram-equivalents per liter—into the numbers between 0 and 14.

molarity of NaOH= 0.059mol/1.47L

                            = 0.0401 M

Molarity of acid= 0.391 M

Molarity of buffer= 0.391 M

The pKa value of = 4.19

Henderson - Hasslbach Equation:

pH = pKa + log(salt/acid)

     =pKa+ log[( salt + C)/(acid-C)]

      = 4.19 + log[(0.391 M + 0.0401 M)/ (0.391 M - 0.0401 M)]

      = 4.19 + 1.22

      = 5.418

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2.380km= 2e+3m.

A kilometer is a unit of measurement, as is the mille. It additionally translated as 10,000-steps meters, creating a strolling aim that, thru the decades, by some means has become embedded in our global awareness and fitness trackers. however contemporary exceptional science suggests we do now not need to take 10,000 steps an afternoon, which is ready five miles, for the sake of our health or toughness.

The CDC recommends that on foot 10,000 steps a day is sufficient to stay in a suitable form, but the general public needs to hit 20,000 steps as a part of their fitness desires. if you need to try the 20000 steps a day weight reduction, you can expect notable results: decreased belly fat, progressed sleep, boosted immune response, and so on. As excellent as it sounds, taking walks 20000 steps a day of weight loss has its cons. They include emotions of tiredness and starvation, plus it steals a big chew of your day.

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Answer:

Fluorine,chlorine,Iodine

Explanation:

An endpoint is observed using a phenolphthalein indicator when titrating CH3COOH against NaOH.

Phenolphthalein  is a shorthand notation for the chemical compound C20H14O4, which is frequently written as "HIn," "HPh," "phph," or just "Ph." In acid-base titrations, phenolphthalein is commonly employed as an indicator. It is a member of the group of colors known as phthalein dyes.

For use in studies, phenolphthalein is typically dissolved in alcohols because it is only marginally soluble in water. It is a weak acid that can dissolve and lose H+ ions. The double-deprotonated phenolphthalein ion is fuchsia, whereas the nonionized phenolphthalein molecule is colorless.

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'The detailed study on the failure of the Wedge Calibration Method at Nanonewton Setpoints for Friction Force Microscopy', by the author Ortuso, Roberto Diego and Kaori, Sugihara, published in the journal of physical chemistry C., 2018, vol. 122, no. 21, p. 11464-11474, American Chemical Society (acs) is widely popular calibration technique in friction force microscopy to convert raw lateral laser deflection signals (volt) into the forces (newton).  

There has been recent trends nanotechnologies which demands the use of the method at nanonewton force ranges, but this range is a failure for small forces.  

Conventional Wedge calibration method has been a failure at nanonewton force ranges and studies has been going on to identify the reason behind the failure of this method.

The equation used shows experimental errors by order of magnitude at setpoints due to its mathematical expressions.

This low tolerance against experimental errors in nanonewton force ranges is the reason for failure of wedge calibration method.

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The master mix now contains: 0.16 mL of 10 µM ethanol, 0.2 ml of 10 µM NAD, and 0.54 mL buffer. The substrate concentration of the master mix is

a = 0.0016 mM

This is further explained below.

Generally, Ethanol is acting as the substrate for this master mixture.

The following formula is used in order to determine the amount of ethanol that is included in the master mix:

CiVi= CfVf

Ci equals the starting concentration of ethanol, which is equal to 10 muM. 0.16 milliliters is equal to the volume of ethanol that was consumed initially.

Cf = final concentration, often known as the amount of ethanol present in the master mix = a Vf = final volume, which also refers to the final volume of the master mix = 1 milliliter

Introducing the values into the equation:

CiVi= CfVf

10 uM X 0.16 ml = a X 1 ml

a = (10 uM X 0.16 ml ) / 1ml

a = 1.6 uM

a = 1.6/ 1000 mM ... ( 1\muM = 1/1000 mM )

a = 0.0016 mM

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One mole of the C-C bond can be broken with the provided energy of 348 kJ.

Thus, the amount of energy needed to dissolve one C-C bond is 348 x 1000 / 6.023 x 10^23.

Required energy is 5.78 x 10^-19 Joules.

The relationship between wavelength and energy is

E = hc / λ

where wavelength is λ

Planck's constant is h.

the speed of light, c

5.78 X 10^-19 Joules = 6.62 X 10^-34 X 3 X 10^8 / λ

The highest wavelength of light at which a single photon may break a carbon-carbon single bond is 3.44 X 10-7 m = λ

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Add a trace of acidic acid to the eluting solvent mixture.

TLC is the acronym for thin layer chromatography. This type of chromatography occurs when we have an eluting solvent and a stationary phase such as a thick adsorbent paper on a support.

In a chromatography, there is a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase here is the sold support while the mobile phase is the eluting solvent which carried the mixture to be separated.

This stationary phase is spotted with the mixture to be eluted and the chromatogram is observed on the stationary phase. We know that an acid would be eluted by a polar solvent.

If the chromatogram is a stretched circle that appears rounder as you move a little farther then you have to add a trace of acidic acid to the eluting solvent mixture.

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Missing parts;

You are running a reaction to make a carboxylic acid, but what appears to be the product spot is too low on the tlc plate and is elongated, i.e., it isn't a nice circle but is stretched out a lot. To make this spot rounder and move a little farther, which of the following is most likely to work?

Using a more polar eluting solvent mixture.

Adding a trace of ammonium hydroxide to the eluting solvent mixture.

Adding a trace of water to the eluting solvent mixture.

Adding a trace of methanol to the eluting solvent mixture.

Adding a trace of acidic acid to the eluting solvent mixture.

The partial pressure of CO₂ which will give a solubility of 0.080 m is 0.93 atm, at a particular temperature.

Using Henry's Law,

Henry's law states that, solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas and mole fraction of gas is proportional to partial pressure of the gas.

It is expressed as -

Sgas = Kh Pgas

where,

Sgas = Solubility of

Kh = Henry's law constant

Pgas = Partial pressure of gas

Putting the values in the above expression,

Sgas = Kh Pgas

0.13 M = Kh x  1.5 atm

Kh = 0.13 M

         1.5 atm

Kh = 0.086

For partial pressure,

Sgas = Kh Pgas

0.080 M  = 0.086 x Pgas

Pgas = 0.080 = 0.93 atm

            0.086

Partial pressure of CO₂ is 0.93 atm

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The answer would be for this question will be hyperpolarize; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases.

The resting potential of a neuron that is submerged in a solution with zero extracellular potassium will hyperpolarize because the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases.

Hyperpolarization is the process in which the membrane potential looks good on more negative at a specific spot on the neuron's membrane where as depolarization is when the membrane potential became less negative.

At this point at which the neuron is hyperpolarized, in the middle of –70 mV and –75 mV. After hyperpolarization the potassium passage encloses and the natural permeability of the neuron to sodium and potassium permits the neuron to come back to its recline potential of –70 mV.

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The value of K(a) is 1.4 × 10⁻⁴.

The pH scale is used in chemistry to determine whether an aqueous solution is basic or acidic. Historically, pH stood for "potential of hydrogen." The pH values of acidic solutions are typically lower than those of basic or alkaline solutions.

A weak monoprotic acid, lactic acid (HA) dissociates in accordance with the following equilibrium:

HA ⇋ H⁺ + A⁻

K(a) = [H⁺] × [A⁻] / [HA]

If C is the initial acid concentration and x is the dissociated concentration of each product, then the expression at equilibrium is:

K(a) = x² / ( C− x )

Now substituting the values C = 0.10 m and the ph of lactic acid is 2.43 in:

x = [H+]

[H+] = 10^{− pH}

10⁻²·⁴³ = 3.63 × 10⁻³ M

Therefore,

K(a) = x² / ( C − x )

K(a) = ( 3.63 × 10⁻³ M)² / ( 0.10 M − 3.63 × 10⁻³ M )

K(a) = 1.4 × 10⁻⁴

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Frequency of light = 0.705 x 10^16  per second.

Frequency: It is the quantity of waves passing a particular area in a predetermined period of time. Unit of frequency is second ^-1.

Wavelength: A wave's wavelength is the separation between its two subsequent crests or troughs. It is calculated using the wave direction. Unit of wavelength is meters.

Speed of light: the rate at which light waves move through various substances. In particular, it has now been determined that the speed of light in a vacuum is exactly 299,792,458 meters per second.

Inverse correlation exists between frequency and wavelength.

f ∝ 1/ λ

∴f = c /λ

where,

c is the speed of light (3 x 108 m/s), and f represents frequency.

λ is wavelength

∴ f = 3 x 10^8 / 4.25 x 10^-8

  f = 0.705 x 10^16  /s

Hence, frequency of the light wave will be 0.705 x  10^16  /s

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When comparing the density of metals to that of liquids, the percentage error is more likely to rise.

A liquid's density is a gauge of how heavy it is relative to the amount being measured. The liquid that weighs heavier is more dense if you weigh two liquids with similar volumes or amounts. A substance less dense than water will float when it is gradually introduced to the water's surface.

The mass to volume ratio of an object determines its density. The unit of density is frequently grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Keep in mind that the volume is measured in cubic centimeters, not grams (the same volume as 1 millilitre).

Direct measurement of a solid's volume is impossible. A solid, especially one with an irregular shape, has a higher potential for measurement error than a liquid.

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False, Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas doesn't shields the planet from the sun's uv radiation and helps prevent global warming.

Thus it is not cabondioxide that protect planet from UV rays.

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The orbitals overlap to form the c-h bond in ethene, the s-sp2 orbital overlaps to create the C-H bond.

What is sp2 hybridisation?

Three sp2 orbitals, each with a 33% s character and a 67% p character, are created when one s orbital and two p orbitals hybridize. When an atom has three electron groups surrounding it, this kind of hybridization is necessary.

Trigonal hybridization is another name for the sp2 process. One's' orbital and two 'p' orbitals of equivalent energy are combined to create the new hybrid orbital known as sp2. At 1200, a combination of s and p orbitals developed in trigonal symmetry.

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The change illustrated in the diagram is atoms that formed molecules; option C.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

Matter can exist as pure or impure substances.

Pure substances are the elements and compounds.

Impure substances are the mixtures.

All forms of matter are composed of atoms.

When atoms of substances combine, the form molecules of the same element or molecules of a compound.

Atoms can also form ions by the loss or gain of electrons.

Therefore, the illustrated diagram shows atoms of the same substance combining to form molecules.

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