Consider our authentication protocol 4.0, in which Alice authenticates herself to Bob, which we saw works well (i.e., we found no flaws in it.). Now suppose that at the same time that Alice authenticates herself to Bob, Bob must authenticate himself to Alice. Give a scenario by which Trudy, pretending to be Alice, can now authenticate herself to Bob as Alice.

Answers

Answer 1
According to protocol 4.0, the scenario can be defined in terms of Bob, Alice and Trudy as follows:

The communication is done between Bob and Alice only in whom they share a secret key KAB with each other. The Trudy is an intruder who wants to get the information that is being communicated between Alice and Bob. To do so, Trudy wants Bob to initiate the communication by authenticating herself her Alice. Thus, Trudy waits for the Bob to start in-order to make the Bob authenticate himself.

Here are the steps how the communication is done between the Bob and Trudy:

Step 1: Bob starts the communication by himself to other side and waits for the reply.

Step 2: Trudy starts to disguise as Alice herself and authenticate herself to Bob.

Step 3: After looking at the reply, Bob sends the nonce key to Trudy. At this step, still Trudy does not know the KAB(R) in-order to reply to Bob.

Step 4: At this point Trudy response to the step-1 while Bob still continuing to authentication. Trudy picks the nonce for the Bob to encrypt the message with the Bob sent nonce in the Step-3.

Step 5: Now Bob completes his own authentication to himself on the other side of encrypting the nonce he sent at step 4. Where, Trudy gets the nonce key KAB( R).

Step 6: Now, Trudy completes her authentication in responding to R that is sent by Bob in step 3. At this point, Trudy has responded properly, so Bob thinks that he is communicating with Alice(Trudy).

The actual scenario with respect to above steps, the communication is done as follows:

Bob: “I am Bob”

Trudy: “I am Alice”

Bob: “R”

Trudy: “R”

Bob: “KAB (R )” – Bob completes his authentication.

Trudy: Get the KAB (R ) – Trudy complete her authentication.

Thus, the communication is started between the Bob and Trudy instead of Bob and Alice according to protocol 4.0.

Related Questions

Window server how it works

Answers

The server handles the administrative group-related activities on a network. It basically stores, recover and send the files to all the devices that are connected to the network of that server. Windows has made a line of operating systems specifically for use in servers.
Windows Server is a group of operating systems designed by Microsoft that supports enterprise-level management, data storage, applications, and communications. Previous versions of Windows Server have focused on stability, security, networking, and various improvements to the file system.
A window is a separate viewing area on a computer display screen in a system that allows multiple viewing areas as part of a graphical user interface ( GUI ). Windows are managed by a windows manager as part of a windowing system . A window can usually be resized by the user.

Provide your own examples of the following using Python lists. Create your own examples. Do not copy them from another source. Nested lists The “*” operator List slices The “+=” operator A list filter A list operation that is legal but does the "wrong" thing, not what the programmer expects Provide the Python code and output for your program and all your examples.

Answers

Lists are used in Python to hold multiple values in one variable

(a) Nested list

A nested list is simply a list of list; i.e. a list that contains another list.

It is also called a 2 dimensional list.

An example is:

nested_list = [[ 1, 2, 3, 4]  , [ 5, 6, 7]]

(b) The “*” operator

The "*" operator is used to calculate the product of numerical values.

An example is:

num1 = num2 * num3

List slices

This is used to get some parts of a list; it is done using the ":" sign

Take for instance, you want to get the elements from the 3rd to the 5th index of a list

An example is:

firstList = [1, 2 ,3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

secondList = firstList[2:5]

The “+=” operator

This is used to add and assign values to variables

An example is:

num1 = 5

num2 = 3

num2 += num1

A list filter

This is used to return some elements of a list based on certain condition called filter.

An example that prints the even elements of a list is:

firstList = [1, 2 ,3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

print(list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, firstList)))

A valid but wrong list operation

The following operation is to return a single list, but instead it returns as many lists as possible

def oneList(x, myList=[]):

   myList.append(x)

   print(myList)

oneList(3)

oneList(4)

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employees information system source code ..please ​

Answers

Answer:

def greetuser(username)

How do I open a letter doc in my documents in my documents folder?

Answers

Double click the letter doc, it s hold open automatically

match the following. dont answer if you dont know please.

Answers

Answer:

instructions= command

the background screen on a computer= desktop

an organized system= folder

list of commands= GUI

performing more then 1 task= multi tasking

an object that contains multiple files= dictionary

graphical user inference= menu

Explanation:

hope this help :)

Additional rows and columns are inserted into a table using the
tab.
o Table Tools Design
o Insert Table
o Table Tools Layout
o Table Tools Insert

Answers

The Option D , Table Tools Insert

The ratio of sparrows to bluejays at the bird sanctuary was 5 to 3 If there were 15 bluejays in the sanctuary, how many sparrows were there?​

Answers

The answer is 25 sparrows.

how many MB are there in 1000 KB?

Answers

Answer:

1 megabyte

Explanation:

Ok so there should be 1

Journalize the following transactions using the direct write-off method of accounting for uncollectible receivables.

April. 1 Sold merchandise on account to Jim Dobbs, $7,200. The cost of goods sold is $5,400.
June 10 Received payment for one-third of the receivable from Jim Dobbs and wrote off the remainder.
Oct. 11 Reinstated the account of Jim Dobbs and received cash in full payment.

Answers

The journal entry for the transactions will be:

1st April

Debit Account receivables $7200

Credit Sales $7200

(To record sales)

Debit Cost of goods sold $5400

Credit Inventory $5400

(To record cost of goods sold)

10th June

Debit Cash $2400

Credit Account receivable $2400

(To record cash received from customer)

Debit Allowance for uncollectible items $4800

Credit Account receivable $4800

(To record write-off)

11th October

Debit Account receivable $4800

Credit Allowance for uncollectible items $4800

( To record reinstatement of account)

Debit Cash $4800

Credit Account receivable $4800

( To record full cash gotten from customer)

The account receivable on 10th June was calculated as:

= (1/3 × $7200) = $2400

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difference between syntax error and semantics
error

Answers

Answer:

The syntax error is an incorrect construction of the source code, whereas a semantic error is erroneous logic that produces the wrong result when executed.

Explanation:

Syntax

It refers to the rules of any statement in the programming language.

Semantics

It refers to the meaning associated with any statement in the programming language

As a Waterfall project manager, your goal is to minimize any changes that could lead to scope creep. You want to protect your team from building something the client or stakeholders don’t want. What formal and rigorous process could you set up to safeguard against this?

Answers

The necessary things that should be done to avoid a project scope creep include documenting the project requirements and setting up change control processes.

The scope of a project simply means the work that is required in order to complete a project. On the other hand, project scope creep means the occurrence that happens when changes are made to the scope without a change request.

To avoid project scope creep, it's important to document the project requirements, set up changes in control processes, and have a clear project schedule.

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write the definition of a void function that finds the integer value of an ascii character

Answers

The code below is in Java.

It converts the given character to corresponding integer value by creating a function. We use type casting to get the integer value of a character.

I also included the main part so that you can test it.

You can see the output in the attachment.

Comments are used to explain each line of code.

public class Main

{

public static void main(String[] args) {

 //call the function in the main

 convertASCIIToInt('k');

}

//create a function named convertASCIIToInt that takes a character as an argument

public static void convertASCIIToInt(char c) {

    //convert the argument to an int using type casting

    int asciiValue = (int) c;

   

    //print the result

    System.out.println("The integer value of " + c + " is " + asciiValue);

}

}

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state the base of correct addition of 27 + 6 =34​

Answers

Answer:

9

Explanation:

lets do calculations with ONLY the rightmost digits, ie., 7 + 6 = 4, so we're ignoring the carry.

Then, following must be true as well:

7+5 = 3

7+4 = 2

7+3 = 1

7+2 = 0 <= this reveals our base 9

7+1 = 8

7+0 = 7

Consider the following code and its output:
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
void f(const string& s) {
for (auto n: { 1,2,3})
cout << s << endl;
}
int main() {
auto tl = thread{f, "Go ahead"};
auto ti = thread{f, "make my day"};
t1.join();
t2. join());
}
/* Output:
mGaok ea hmeya dday
Gmoa kaeh emayd
daGyo
amhaekaed
my day
*/
Insert code in the program above so that the output is not jumbled, but each line is separate. It must be exception-safe. (Note: do not change any code, but only add lines. Characters must continue to be output one at a time.)
*In C++ programming language.

Answers

Answer:

l sjtljgphljURL where the media can be found;

the description of the type of media used in the example;

an analysis of the media piece in relation to the best practices discussed in this lesson, which answers these questions:

Does the piece illustrate best practices?

Which are best represented?

What point do you feel the company

The internet advertisement below is known as a __________. CSS tag web banner title sequence hotspot

Answers

The internet advertisement that is illustrated in the image attached below is known as a: B. web banner.

An internet advertisement can be defined as a promotional multimedia message (information) that is designed and developed with the intention to make products or services that are offered by a business firm to become known and familiar to all of its customers and potential customers over the Internet.

Generally, there are various techniques used by web developers for internet advertisements and these include:

CSS tagTitle sequenceHotspotWeb banner

A web banner is a form of advertising which embeds an advertisement that is delivered by a web server into a webpage over the Internet or the World Wide Web (www).

In conclusion, the internet advertisement that is illustrated in the image attached below is known as a web banner.

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Henry is creating code In JavaScript to run calculations on extremely small numbers. How can he use MIN_VALUE as validation in the program?
OA. it can check the lowest value of a statement
ОВ. It can check the minimum value from a group
O C. it can check the lowest value JavaScript can handle
OD. it can check the lowest index value

Answers

In creating code in JavaScript to run calculations on extremely small numbers, MIN_VALUE as validation in the program can be use to check the lowest value JavaScript can handle

Number.MIN_VALUE returns the smallest positive numeric value representable in JavaScript.  It is the number more closer to zero. The value is approximately 5e⁻³²⁴.

Using Number.MIN_VALUE, the value can be printed as follows:

val = Number.MIN_VALUE;

console.log(val); // 5e-324

Therefore, In creating code in JavaScript to run calculations on extremely small numbers, MIN_VALUE as validation in the program can be use to check the lowest value JavaScript can handle.

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Which type of transaction cannot be tagged at this time within Quickbooks online

Answers

you can't tag general journal entries or transfers. You also can't tag things like customers or items.

The type of transaction cannot be tagged at this time within Quickbooks online is "Invoice Delayed Credit". The correct option is 4.

What is Invoice Delayed Credit?

A delayed credit is a non-posting transaction that you can add to a client's invoice at a later time.

Reimbursing a customer's money involves posting a transaction known as a refund. The use of credit notes to reduce an outstanding customer amount follows from this. Delayed Credits are only permitted on invoices.

In QuickBooks Online, "Invoice Delayed Credit" transaction types cannot currently be tagged.

To aid with organization and tracking, QuickBooks Online users can assign labels or categories to bank deposits, purchase orders, journal entries, and other transactions.

The transaction type "Invoice Delayed Credit" cannot be labeled in QuickBooks Online, nevertheless. Instead, you can change the amount owed by applying a credit memo to an invoice.

Thus, the correct option is 4.

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Which type of transaction cannot be tagged at this time within QuickBooks Online?

Bank deposit O Purchase order O Journal entry O Invoice Delayed credit

how to count binary ? Help Better understand this question

Answers

Explanation:

For each row in the picture, you have to switch on some of the bits to create the number on the left.

Each bit has a value, a "weight" so to speak. By switching on the bit, you add that weight to the sum.

These "weights" are shown at the top row.

So to create 4, it's easy, you just switch on the '4' bit.

Same for 128, only one bit has to be switched on.

40 is a bit more involved, now you have to switch on 32 and 8, since 32+8 is 40.

For every number, there is exactly one combination of switched on bits to create that number. In the case of 40, the binary representation is:

00101000.

Sergio has been asked to make a set of data that was once restricted now available to any users. What data type will Sergio apply to this set of data

Answers

The data type Sergio will apply to this set of data that was once restricted to become available to all users is: Public.

A database can be defined as a structured or organized collection of data that are stored on a computer system and usually accessed electronically.

A data type refers to the content of both structured and unstructured data while organizing them into categories based on specific criteria, especially for access or usage, easy retrieval, sorting, and storage by users.

In Computer and technology, the three (3) main data type with respect to restrictions on its access or usage are:

PrivateProtectedPublic

A public data is typically made up of variables that are visible and accessible to all classes or users.

In conclusion, Sergio should make the data a public data, in order to make them available to all users.

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An input statement is used to interact with the user of a program.
True False

Answers

Answer:

True.

Explanation:

An input statement asks a user a question, where the user has to input a value for the program to move forward. This means that yes, the program does interact with the user.

A sample member of the list data is a1 = ['male', True] where the second item is True if the person is on the phone.

for item in data:
if item[0] == 'male':
males = males + 1
if item[___
]:
malesOnPhone = malesOnPhone + 1
Choices are 1, 2, 3. Answer is for if item[___]:

Answers

Answer:

0

Explanation:
In the lists, indexation starts from 0, because of that in if statement we compare item[0] which is 'male' and 'male', and then males is itterated within for loop.

Three steps can be taken to construct a list of elements using a for loop: Make an empty list appear. Iterate through an iterable or set of elements. Add each component to the list's end.

What loop for sample member of the list data?

An Array List can be looped through using an Iterator. If there are additional members in the Array List, the method hasNext() returns true; otherwise, it returns false. If there is no next element, the method next() raises the No Such Element Exception and returns the next element in the Array List.

FOR LOOPS and WHILE LOOPS are two popular types of loops. A For loop runs a variable number of times. LOOP TYPE — FOR LOOP When you know how many times you want to run an algorithm before stopping, you use for loops.

Therefore, Since indexation in lists begins at 0, we must compare item[0], which is “male,” with “male” in the if statement before iterating through males in the for loop.

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A user is complaining that an external web page is taking longer than normal to load.The web page does eventually load on the user machine. Which tool should the technician use with administrator privileges in order to locate where the issue is in the network

Answers

The tool that the technician should use is TRACERT. It is a network diagnostic command for tracing the path of an Internet Protocol packet to its corresponding destination.

The Internet Protocol is the network protocol on the Internet, which is used for relaying data across network boundaries.

TRACERT is a network diagnostic command used to trace the path of an Internet Protocol packet to its corresponding destination.

This tool (TRACERT) is useful for defining response delays and routing loops in a network pathway across different nodes.

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An ATM allows a customer to withdraw maximum amount of 500

Answers

Answer:

true

Explanation:

Algorithm:

Print "Enter the initial amount: $"
Get totalAmount

Repeat the following steps until totalAmount <= 0 or the user wants to exit
Get withdrawAmount

if withdrawAmount > 500
Print "You cannot withdraw amount of $500 per day."
otherwise
serviceCharge = 0

if withdrawAmount > 300
Find the serviceCharge as below
serviceCharge = (withdrawAmount - 300) * 0.04

Find the deductions as below
deductions = withdrawAmount + serviceCharge

if deductions > totalAmount
Print "Insufficient funds!"
Print "Allow with a service charge of $25? (Y/N): "
Get choice

if choice == 'y' or choice == 'Y'
Find the totalAmount as below
totalAmount -= (deductions + 25)
Print "Service charges: $" serviceCharge
Print "Additional charge: $25"
Print "Current balance: $" totalAmount
otherwise
Find the totalAmount as below
totalAmount -= deductions
Print "Service charges: $" serviceCharge
Print "Current balance: $" totalAmount

if totalAmount > 0
Print "Continue to withdraw? (Y/ N): "
Get choice;

if choice != 'y' and choice != 'Y'
Print "Current balance: $" totalAmount
Set repeat = false;

if totalAmount <= 0
Print "You should deposit an amount of money."

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Complete Program:

#include
#include
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double totalAmount;
double withdrawAmount;
double deductions;
char choice;
bool repeat = true;

cout << "Enter the initial amount: $";
cin >> totalAmount;

while(totalAmount > 0 && repeat)
{
cout << "\nEnter an amount to withdraw: $";
cin >> withdrawAmount;

if(withdrawAmount > 500)
{
cout << "You cannot withdraw amount of $500 per day." << endl;
}
else
{
double serviceCharge = 0;

if(withdrawAmount > 300)
serviceCharge = (withdrawAmount - 300) * 0.04;

deductions = withdrawAmount + serviceCharge;

if(deductions > totalAmount)
{
cout << "Insufficient funds!" << endl;
cout << "Allow with a service charge of $25? (Y/N): ";
cin >> choice;

if(choice == 'y' || choice == 'Y')
{
totalAmount -= (deductions + 25);

cout << "Service charges: $" << serviceCharge << endl;
cout << "Additional charge: $25" << endl;
cout << "Current balance: $" << totalAmount << endl;
}
}
else
{
totalAmount -= deductions;

cout << "Service charges: $" << serviceCharge << endl;
cout << "Current balance: $" << totalAmount << endl;
}
}

if(totalAmount > 0)
{
cout << "\nContinue to withdraw? (Y/ N): ";
cin >> choice;

if(choice != 'y' && choice != 'Y')
{
cout << "Current balance: $" << totalAmount << endl;
repeat = false;
}
}
}

if(totalAmount <= 0)
cout << "You should deposit an amount of money." << endl;

cout << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}

Which type of research source lets a technical writer observe how a product works?

Answers

Answer:

Research to Support Your Technical Communication

As a buyer for a clothing retailer, for example, you might need to conduct research to help you determine whether a new line of products would be successful in your store. As a civil engineer, you might need to perform research to determine whether to replace your company's current surveying equipment with 3D-equipped stations. And as a pharmacist, you might need to research whether a prescribed medication might have a harmful interaction with another medication a patient is already taking

Explanation:

Hope it helps

Please mark as brainliest

how to set brainlyest

Answers

Yeah he or she is right

A new printer has recently been installed in the office, but it does not print. What is the first source to check for information about the problem? *

The manufacturer's website
Tech support forums
The OS website
POST card

Answers

Hi hi hi hi hi hi hi hi hi

what is operating system?​

Answers

The software that supports a computer's basic functions, such as scheduling tasks, executing applications, and controlling peripherals.

The collection of ____ bits make one nibble​

Answers

Answer:

Hewo There!!

__________________

4

__________________

“It's really a wonder that I haven't dropped all my ideals, because they seem so absurd and impossible to carry out. Yet I keep them, because in spite of everything, I still believe that people are really good at heart.”

― Anne Frank, The Diary of a Young Girl

__________________

Think of life as a mytery because well it sort of is! You don't know what may happen may be good or bad but be a little curious and get ready for whatever comes your way!! ~Ashlynn

Suppose a password must have at least 8, but no more than 12 characters, where each character can be either:

Answers

Answer:

A combination of uppercase letters, lower case letters, numbers, and special characters.

Explanation:

A password is a word that permit you to register, log or sign in a site.

You have just purchased a brand new Windows 8 computer. What should you do right away with the Administrator account?

Answers

The correct answer is:

Enable EFS for the account
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What you eat directly affects the amount ____ of you have. A. strength B, motivation C. energy D. fun Reset(fitness) what factor effect the health of a person For a given set of populations and house sizes, different methods of apportionmentmay lead to different apportionments.TrueFalse what inspired Siddhartha Gautama to create a new religion If one were to rank the US states in order from most populous to least populous, Oklahoma would be placed in the _____.A. upper half of states B. upper quarter of states C. lower half of states D. lower quarter of states Determine whether the given is a polynomial in one variable or not:Polynomial: 4x^2-3x+7 A 0.40 kg bead slides on a straight frictionless wire with a velocity of 3.50 cm/s to the right. Thebead collides elastically with a larger 0.60 kg bead initially at rest. After the collision the smallerbead moves to the left with a velocity of 0.70 cm/s. Find the distance the larger bead moves alongthe wire in the first 5.0 s following the collision?|| 100 POINTS PLEASE HELP!!!! can someone help me with this answer plsss Why was India considered the Jewel in the Crown? French fill in the blank with the word bank.pain Admission to the zoo costs $15 per person. Which graph correctly represents the total cost for a group to visit the zoo? Total Cost of Admission to the Zoo On a coordinate plane, the x-axis is labeled visitors and the y-axis is labeled Dollars. Points are at (1, 15), (2, 30), (3, 45), (4, 60), (5, 75), (6, 90), and (7, 105). Total Cost of Admission to the Zoo On a coordinate plane, the x-axis is labeled visitors and the y-axis is labeled Dollars. Points are at (1, 15), (2, 15), (3, 15), (4, 15), (5, 15), (6, 15), and (7, 15). Total Cost of Admission to the Zoo On a coordinate plane, the x-axis is labeled visitors and the y-axis is labeled Dollars. Points are at (1, 15), (2, 16), (3, 17), (4, 18), (5, 19), (6, 20), and (7, 21). Total Cost of Admission to the Zoo On a coordinate plane, the x-axis is labeled visitors and the y-axis is labeled Dollars. Points are at (1, 15), (1, 30), (1, 45), (1, 60), (1, 75), (1, 90), (1, 105). 20 points.The midpoint of AB is (-1, 5) and the coordinates of point A are (-3, 2) what are the coordinates of point B? find the derivative of sin2X VPN or Proxy is safer? What was another name for the network that traded slaves to the newworld? *A. EconomyB. Slave CodesC. Triangular Trade For each ordered pair (x,y), determine whether it is a solution to the inequality 4x-6y>-18. (5,-3), (0,3), (-9,-2),(8,5) It takes 2 yards of material tomake 6 scarves, how many yards of material are needed to make 24scarves? The goal of the ____ memory allocation algorithm is to find the smallest memory block into which a job will fit. Mrs. marks has to pay if she drives 300 miles. 25 + 0.30*m=