crystals are made using supersaturated solutions of solids in water. these solutions hold more of the solute than they would at room temperature. how are these solutions made?

In their experiment that showed that organic compounds and amino acids could have been synthesized in an abiotic environment, urey and miller combined hydrogen , methane , ammonia and water vapor gases in a flask to simulate the early earth’s atmosphere .

Organic compounds can be synthesized in a laboratory setting .There are four major categories of organic compounds: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids all of which can be synthesized in a laboratory. Organic compounds are identified by the presence of both carbon and hydrogen (and sometimes other elements like O, N, S). The carbon dioxide is not an organic compound There are no H atoms, hence carbon dioxide is not organic . There are hundreds of thousands of organic compounds .

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The effect a 300 mosmolar solution of a non-penetrating solute have on a cell.

What are non penetrating and penetrating solutes?

These solute particles' capacity to penetrate or not penetrate the membranes separating the solutions is referred to as "penetrating and non penetrating." Penetrating solutes: substances capable of penetrating a membrane. Non-penetrating solutes are those that are incapable of permeating a membrane.

Since the water concentrations in the intracellular and extracellular fluid are the same and the solutes cannot enter or exit the cells, if cells are placed in a solution of nonpenetrating solutes with an osmolarity of 300 mOsm, they will neither expand nor shrink.

An isotonic fluid will be non-penetrating and have no impact on the cell. A hypotonic solution is always produced by penetrating solutes, which will lyse the cell.

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The answer is true.

True or false. test tubes, spot and/or well plate will be used to combine substances in bottles and form a reaction.

The answer is true.

All are related to reactions their monitoring and purification.

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The pituitary gland controls metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, blood pressure, and many other vital physical functions and processes.

(Puberty is a big catch-all.)

4.60 × 10²² atoms P = 4.60 × 10²²/6.023 ×10²³ mole of P which is adequate to 0.0763 mole P

What are moles?

A mole is defined because the volume of substance that has the same number of discrete entities as a 12 g sample of pure 12C (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.). The Latin meaning of the term "mole" is "large mass" or "bulk," which is acceptable given that it is used as the name for this unit.

Now for the given question,

6.023 ×10²³ atoms Phosphorus = 1 mole of P

Thus, 4.60 × 10²² atoms P = 4.60 ×10²²/6.023 × 10²³ mole of P which is adequate to 0.0763 mole P.

How do u calculate mass?

Mass is usually constant for a body. a method to calculate mass: Mass = volume × density. Weight is that the measure of the gravitational force acting on a mass. The SI unit of mass is "kilogram"

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Sₙ2 mechanism for nucleophilic substitution reactions involves one step and occurs with inversion of configuration. - True

The rate determining step in Nucleophilic bimolecular Substitution reaction involves the presence of both substrate and the attacking nucleophile as in this mechanism the the process of bonding of substrate with the nucleophile takes place simultaneously with the process in which the leaving group is leaving the substrate. \

Rate α [Substrate][attacking nucleophile]

So, the reaction takes place in one step.

Also, the attacking nucleophile attacks on the opposite side of the leaving group of the substrate, so this reaction occurs with inversion in configuration.

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A 2.40-mol sample of oxygen gas is confined to a 4.91-l vessel at a pressure of 8.05 atm, average translational kinetic energy of the oxygen molecules under these conditions is 4.15*10power-21

The kinetic energy is energy that an object has because of its motion. If we want to accelerate an object, then we have to must apply a force, applying a force requires us to do work. After the work has been done, the energy has been transferred to the object, and the object will be moving with a new constant speed. The energy transferred is known as the kinetic energy, and it depends on the mass and speed achieved.

Kinetic energy can be transferred between the objects and transformed into other kinds of energy. For example, a flying squirrel might collide with the stationary chipmunk. Following the collision, some of initial kinetic energy of the squirrel might have been transferred into the chipmunk or transformed to some other form of energy.

To calculate the kinetic energy, we follow the reasoning outlined above and begin by finding the work done, W, by a force, F, in a simple example, consider a box of mass m being pushed through distance d along a surface by a force parallel to that surface.

K.E.=3/2 KbT

      =3/2[(8.05*1.013*10power5*4.91*10power-3)/2.40*6.022*10power23)]

       =4.15*10power-21

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We know that evaporation is a process that occurs in the environment and in this the liquid or water turns into vapour. So after the rain as the water drains up because of the water is absorbed by the ground and it get vaporise by the sunlight.

Yakutsk  is a place were it it almost cold through out the year. the warm season or the summer lasts only for four months. Precipitation or rainy season lasts around five months, even though it  rains they have drier seasons around seven months. precipitation occurs in a mixed way that is there will be rainfall, snowfall and a mix of both.

the moisture level will be high and it creates a dryness.

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The freezing point depression of a solution containing 30.7 g of glycerin  is  calculated as -1.65°C

Equating :

It is given that,

Given mass of glycerin is = 30.7 grams (Solute)

Volume of water = 376 mL

[tex]K_{f}[/tex]or molar -freezing-depression point is = 1.86°C/m

Molar mass of glycerin = 92.09 g/mole

Now, to work out the value, the mass of water should be known. Thus, to calculate, the formula used will be:

Mass = Density X Volume

Mass = 1.0 g/mL X 376 mL

Mass = 376 g or 0.376 Kg

Using the formula of melting point depression, the equation becomes:

             Δ[tex]T_{f}[/tex] = i ×[tex]K_{f}[/tex] ×m

T⁰-[tex]T_{s}[/tex]  = [tex]i *K_{f} *\frac{mass of glycerin}{molar mass of glycerin * mass of water in kg}[/tex]

in which,

Δ[tex]T_{f}[/tex] = change in freezing point

Δ[tex]T_{s}[/tex] = freezing point of solution that has to be find

ΔT° = freezing point of water ()

Since, glycerin is a non-electrolyte, the Van't Hoff factor will be 1.

Substituting the values in the above equation:

0⁰C₋T[tex]_{s}[/tex] = 1 ×1.86°C/m ×[tex]\frac{30.7}{92.09g/mol * 0.376kg}[/tex]

[tex]T_{s}[/tex] = -1.65°C

Thus, the freezing point depression of a solution is  -1.65°C

Freezing point depression

Freezing point depression is a colligative property observed in solutions that results from the introduction of solute molecules to a solvent. The freezing points of solutions are all less than that of the pure solvent and is directly proportional to the molality of the solute

Is melting point elevation or depression?

Boiling point elevation is that the raising of a solvent's boiling point due to the addition of a solute. Similarly, melting point depression is the lowering of a solvent's freezing point due to the addition of a solute. In fact, because the boiling point of a solvent increases, its melting point decreases

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the  phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon atom of the sugar portion of a nucleotide and the hydroxyl group attached to the 3 carbon atom.

What does one mean by functional groups?

A functional group may be a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, no matter the other atoms in the molecule. The atoms during a functional group are linked to each other and to the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds.

A functional group may be a group of atoms with specific physical, chemical, and reactivity properties. Functional groups in chemistry are important for many future topics, including their predictable characteristics, nomenclature, reactivity, synthesis, spectroscopy, and more.

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The generic Lewis structure of a molecule formed between atoms of group 1 and group 16 elements is shown in the image attached.

A Lewis structure is a representation of a molecule that contains the symbol of the elements that could be found in the molecule along side the number of electrons in the valence shell of each atom shown as dots.

The dots could show the electrons that are shared as in a covalent bond, electrons that are transferred as in an ionic bond, or even a nonbonding pair of electrons.

We are now going to use sodium oxide to demonstrate the generic Lewis structure of a molecule formed between atoms of group 1 and group 16 elements is shown in the image attached.

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With the use of a straightforward user interface, GasSim lets users change the temperature, volume, or number of moles of a chosen gas while also assessing how the simulation variable's effect on pressure changes.

What are the properties of gas?

Three distinctive qualities distinguish gases:

They are simple to compress, they increase in size to fill their containers, and they take up far more room than the liquids or solids from which they originate.

Gases don't have a fixed volume or shape. They entirely occupy all of the available area. The ability of gas particles to travel freely throughout the accessible area is the cause of the characteristic or properties of gases to fill the available volume within a container.

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A water pail filled with sand and pebbles is homogenous, as are a cup of tea and sugar.

Any sample of a solid, liquid, or gaseous mixture that has the same component ratios is said to be homogenous. They have a consistent appearance throughout and its constituent parts are dispersed equally. The components of a heterogeneous mixture have varying quantities across the sample. In a heterogeneous mixture, the components are distinct and not uniformly distributed. Any mixture whose composition is not uniform is referred to as a heterogeneous mixture. Almonds and peanuts together in a bowl: Almonds and peanuts are clearly visible in a bowl, but they are not uniformly placed or arranged.

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Rank the following in order to show the precipitation of halite from water. place the first event at the top and last event at the bottom.

The electric charge of the electron, a subatomic particle, is a negative one elementary charge. Since they have no known components or substructure, electrons, which are part of the lepton particle family's first generation, are typically regarded to be elementary particles. The proton's mass is around 1836 times greater than that of the electron.

The electron's inherent angular momentum (spin), which is measured in terms of the scaled-down Planck constant,, is one of its quantum mechanical properties. The Pauli exclusion principle states that because electrons are fermions, no two of them may be in the same quantum state. Since they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light, electrons share characteristics with all elementary particles.

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The bubbles that you feel on your tongue when you drink soda pop are due to corbon dioxide (CO2).

People have the feel the bubbles bursting in their mouths when they drink soda pop these bubbles happen because of carbonation process. corbon dioxide beverages are produced by dissolving carbon dioxide in liquid, under high pressure. popping open a can or bottle of the liquid reduces that pressure, and releasing the carbon dioxide in the form of bubbles. that's why the bubbles that you feel on your tongue is because of corbon dioxide (CO2) which is present on drink soda as a chemical substance.

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The frequency of the yellow orange light produced by the sodium-vapor street lights is 5.17 x 10¹⁴ sec⁻¹.

Sodium vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp using sodium in an excited state to produce light at a characteristic wavelength, near 589 nm.

Sodium is an alkali metal having low ionization energy.  So, it release the electron easily. By sodium metal, the light of yellow color is emitted. The radiation of light emitted is an electromagnetic wave. The formula to be used is -

               c = λ x ν

where, c is speed of light, ν is frequency and λ is the wavelength.

 Since, wavelength, time period and frequency are related. So,

          Time Period =         1        

                                    frequency

      frequency =    3 x 10⁸   nm = 5.17 x 10¹⁴ sec⁻¹

                           580 x 10⁻⁹

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Bohr's model lacked orbitals again for electrons or the electron cloud, contrary to Dalton's theory, which was founded on the idea that every element is made up of its own distinct variety of an indivisible atom.

According to the theory, an atom contains a small, dense, positive charge centre known as the nucleus, where practically every bit of mass was concentrated. Light, particles with negative charges called electrons then orbit far from the nucleus in a manner similar to how planets circle the Sun.

Dalton proposed his atomic hypothesis based on all of his observations. It's frequently called the billiards ball model. Due to the lack of understanding of the atomic electrons and the nucleus at the time, he described an atom as a ball-like structure.

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Answer:

B.)Schrodinger's model

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

Given that

So,

     [tex]mole = \frac{mass}{molar \; mass}[/tex]

     [tex]mole \; of\;C_2H_5OH= \frac{21}{46}[/tex] = 0.46 mole.

     [tex]mole \; of\;O_2= \frac{41}{32} = 1.28 \;mole,[/tex]

Reaction

   [tex]C_2H_5OH + 3O_2\rightarrow \; 2CO_2+3H_2O[/tex]

O₂ is limiting react out.

   3 mole O₂ produced = 2 mole CO₂.

   1 mole O₂ produced = [tex]\frac{2}{3}[/tex] mole CO₂.

   1.28 mole O₂ produced = [tex]\frac{2}{3} \times1.28[/tex] mole CO₂.

mole of CO₂ = [tex]\frac{2}{3} \times1.28 = 0.85 \; mole,[/tex]

mass of CO₂ = mole × molar mass

mass of CO₂ = 0.85 × 44 = 37.54 gm.

If reaction is 85% efficient is given hance,

mass of CO₂ = 37.54 × [tex]\frac{85}{100}[/tex] = 31.91 gm.

Answer: Hance the mass of CO₂ is 31.91gm.

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If 34.4 g of pentane (C₅H₁₂) are burnt in excess oxygen, 50.7 g of H₂O will be produced.

The balanced chemical reaction when pentane is burned in excess oxygen is :

                         C₅H₁₂ + 8O₂ → 5CO₂ + 6H₂O

It is a Combustion reaction.

From above balanced chemical reaction,

Molar ratio of pentane and H₂O is - 1 : 6

Given mass of pentane = 34.4 g

Molar mass of pentane = 72.1 g

Number of moles of pentane = Given Mass

                                                     Molar mass

                  Number of moles = 34.4   =  0.4 moles

                                                    72.1

Since, 1 mole of pentane produces 6 moles of H₂O

Therefore,

Moles of water produced by 0.47 moles of pentane,

                       = 0.4 x 6 = 2.8 moles

Mass of H₂O = Number of moles x molar mass

Mass of H₂O = 2.8 x 18.0 = 50.7 g

Therefore, mass of H₂O produced will be 50.7 grams.

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The answer would be the round- bottom flask. When setting up the distillation setup and the round-bottom flask port serves as the water inlet.

As the round-bottom flasks is used for the boiling and also known as boiling flask.

Hence it permit the flask to have a uniform heating all over the process. The heat dispense equally in the entire process.

It is also called as RB flask.

Discovered by Emil Erlenmeyer and this equipment made from Pyrex glass.

Round-bottom flasks are the kind of flasks having spherical bottoms used as experimental glassware, generally used for chemical or biochemical work.

Hence, The port farthest from the RB flask.

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Answer:

C. by gaining 6 electrons

Explanation:

The most likely way in which an atom of magnesium (Mg) will satisfy the octet rule when it forms bonds is by losing two electrons.

What is octet rule?

The octet rule, a chemical guideline, is based on the idea that main-group elements normally bind so that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electrical configuration as a noble gas. Although more broadly applicable to the s-block and p-block of the periodic table, the rule is particularly applicable to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and halogens. For example, the duplet rule for hydrogen and helium or the 18-electron rule for transition metals apply to other elements.

An atom of magnesium (mg) will most likely lose two electrons when it makes bonds in order to satisfy the octet rule.

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Answer:

Diffusion

Explanation:

Diffusion is the process in which gas molecules move from a region of higher to lower concentration.

The answer would be equilibrium i.e., when the solutes are evenly distributed throughout a solution, we say that solution has reached equilibrium.

Diffusion is the unbidden motion of piece from high concentration to low concentration.

There are two types of diffusion:

1. Diffusion through a fluid : If you pour few drops of violet color in the container containing water it will mixed evenly in the container until equilibrium achieved.

2. Diffusion across a membrane : It is the method in which solutes are proceed through the concentration gradient in a solution over a semipermeable membrane. The abetment of membrane proteins is not necessary during this process of diffusion accordingly substances move from higher concentration to lower concentrations.

And in this way equilibrium achieved.

Hence, in conclusion the answer will be the equilibrium.

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The molarity of a solution made by dissolving 7.50 g of magnesium nitrate in enough water is 2.04 M

To solve this problem, the formulas and the procedures that we have to use are:

Where:

Information about the problem:

Converting the volume units from (ml) to (L) we have:

v(solution) =  25.0 ml * (1 L/1000 ml)

v(solution) = 0.025 L

We calculate the moles of the Mg(NO₃)₂ from the MW:

MW = ∑ AWT

MW Mg(NO₃)₂= AWT (Mg) + AWT (N)*2 + AWT (O)*6

MW Mg(NO₃)₂= 24 g/mol + 14 g/mol*(2) + 16 g/mol*(6)

MW Mg(NO₃)₂= 24 g/mol + 28 g/mol + 96 g/mol

MW Mg(NO₃)₂= 148 g/mol

Having the MW we calculate the moles of Mg(NO₃)₂:

n = m / MW

n Mg(NO₃)₂ = 7.50 g / 148 g/mol

n Mg(NO₃)₂ = 0.051 mol

Applying the molarity formula, we get:

M = n(solute)/v(solution) L

M =0.051 mol  / 0.025 L

M = 2.04 M

In chemistry a solution is known as a homogeneous mixture of two or more components called:

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The number of valence electrons in given neutral atoms, i.e. carbon is 4, nitrogen is 5, oxygen is 6 and iodine is 7

Valence electrons refers to the number of electrons that are present in the very last shell of the atom.

These electron can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed.

Carbon :

Atomic Number = 6

Electronic configuration is - 2, 4

Hence, number of valence electrons = 4

Nitrogen :

Atomic number = 7

Electronic configuration is - 2, 5

Hence, number of valence electrons = 5

Oxygen :

Atomic Number = 8

Electronic configuration is - 2, 6

Hence, number of valence electrons = 6

Iodine :

Atomic Number = 53

Electronic configuration is - 2, 8, 18, 8, 7

Hence, number of valence electrons = 7

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The best laboratory test for detecting iron deficiency in a population of 1 to 3 year old kids with a high incidence of increased blood lead levels is the serum ferritin test.

What is serum ferritin?

The quantity of iron stored in your body is directly correlated with the level of ferritin in your blood (serum ferritin level). Red blood cells need iron in order to be healthy. To the tissues of the body, these cells deliver oxygen. If you exhibit any of the warning signs or symptoms of iron deficiency anemia, your doctor may advise you to get this test.

Hemochromatosis, a disorder in which your body retains an excessive amount of iron, may cause ferritin test results to be high. However, other medical disorders might also be the cause of increased ferritin levels.

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The group of transitions in the he spectrum where the electron drops from a higher level into the n = 4 state.

What is spectram series?  

With wavelengths determined by the Rydberg formula, the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen has been segmented into a variety of spectral series. The electron in an atom moves between two energy levels, producing the spectral lines that have been observed.

A group of lines in the spectrum of light generated by excited atoms of an element, each line in the group being connected to the others by a straightforward mathematical equation and being associated with a certain energy level of the element's atoms.

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The amount present, in kmol and kg is 0.0005572 Kg and the specific volume, in m3 /kmol and m3 /kg is 1.795 m^3/ Kg.

a) Amount  of N2 gas present,

  in Kmol = 0.0000199 Kmol

  In Kg    = 0.0005572 Kg

b) Specific volumes,

  in  m^3/ Kmol = 50.25 m^3/Kmol

  in  m^3/ Kg     = 1.795 m^3/ Kg

The ratio of a substance's volume (V) to its mass (M) is known as the substance's specific volume, which is considered an inherent feature of a substance in thermodynamics.

Engineering and thermodynamic calculations for physics and chemistry most frequently employ specific volume. It is used to forecast how gases will behave when circumstances change.

One measurement of a material's specific volume is the number of cubic meters that one kilograms of a certain substance takes up. The standard unit is the meter cubed per kilogram (m 3 /kg or m 3 · kg -1 ).

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The bond is broken between the second carbon/beta carbon and the third carbon/gamma carbon, hence name beta oxidation.

Beta (β) is a measure of volatility—or systematic risk—of a security or portfolio compared to the market as a whole (usually the S&P 500). Stocks with betas higher than 1.0 can be interpreted as a more volatile than the S&P 500.

Beta is used in capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which describes the relationship between systematic risk and expected return for assets (usually stocks). CAPM is widely used as a method for pricing the risky securities and for generating estimates of the expected returns of assets, considering both the risk of those assets and the cost of capital.

For an odd-chain fatty acid B-oxidation proceeds normally until last round. When five carbons are left, that round of B-oxidation releases the one acetyl-CoA and one propionyl-CoA.

Propionyl-CoA cannot be further metabolized by B-oxidation; however, a separate set of the enzymes converts propionyl-CoA into succinyl-CoA, which can then enter the citric acid cycle

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4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium chlorosulfonate: a new ionic liquid exhibiting chlorosulfonic acid action as monoprotic brönsted acid and no sulfonating reagent

What is chlorosulfonic acid action?

The most significant method of producing chlorosulfonic acid includes the direct reaction of hydrogen chloride with oil or sulphur trioxide, and this method is frequently used in the reagent's production.

While our earlier research and a few reports demonstrated that chlorosulfonic acid operates as a monoprotic Brönsted acid, many journals still regarded it as a sulfonating and sulfating agent. Therefore, in the current study, we choose to address this query by examining the interaction between DMAP and chlorosulfonic acid. First, a brand-new ionic liquid called 4-dimethylaminopyridinium chlorosulfonate was created, and several spectroscopic methods were used to reveal its chemical structure. Another derivative that was created and displayed a similar NMR signal was 4-dimethylaminopyridinium hydrogen sulphate. The synthesis of 4-dimethylaminopyridinium chlorosulfonate is supported by the NMR spectra investigations of the reactants, the new ionic liquid, and 4-dimethylaminopyridinium hydrogen sulphate. The spectroscopic findings led to the exclusion of the synthesis of N-sulfonic acid-4-dimethylaminopyridinium chloride or 4-dimethylaminopyridinium sulphate as well as an excess of chlorosulfonic acid and sulfuric acid. Finally, the thermal behaviour and stability of the novel ionic liquid were examined, and a potential mechanism for its degradation was proposed based on a TGA/DTA analysis.

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