Invertebrates exhibit an innate immunity system and do not show the presence of an adaptive immune system .
What is an example of the invertebrates defence mechanism?The earliest physical defence against disease in insects is an exoskeleton . Lysozymes, an enzyme that disintegrate bacterial cell walls and serves as a barrier for antibodies ,protects the digestive system. Hemocytes the main immune cells , perform phagocytosis and can release antimicrobial peptides.
Invertebrates exhibit an innate immune system and do not show the presence of an adaptive immune system. Physiochemical barriers and cellular defence system fight against Microbial infections.
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1
"The moon's gravitational force causes high and low tides on Earth." This statement is an example of a:
OA. fact.
B. law.
OC. theory.
OD. hypothesis.
Law is based on the fact (here, gravitational pull) and shows the relation between the moon and the earth (tides). Thus, option B is correct.
What are tides?
Tides are the waves observed in seas. It is mainly due to the gravitational pull exerted by the moon on the earth. The tidal force so generated is responsible for high tide and low tide.
Tides, high or low can be predicted timely. Usually there are two high tides and two low tides observed in a day. However, during the full moon and new moon, the earth, moon and the sun align in orientation, creating a combined gravity.
This is responsible for 'spring tides' which can be considered even more higher or lower in amplitude.
Thus, tides are the natural phenomena based on the law of gravity.
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among organisms such as humans, groups of cells with similar functions make up tissues.
Among multicellular organisms such as humans, groups of cells with similar functions make up tissues.
What is multicellular and unicellular?Unicellular creatures are composed of only one cell that performs all of the organism's tasks, whereas multicellular organisms need many cellular components to function. Bacteria, protists, and yeast are examples of unicellular creatures.
Multicellular organisms :In contrary to a unicellular creature, a multicellular organism is made up of more than one cell. A multicellular organism is one made up of many cells that are interconnected and independent to variable degrees. Humans, animals, and plants are examples of multicellular creatures.
What are the characteristics of multicellular organisms?The fact that multicellular creatures contain numerous cells is their greatest distinguishing feature. Such cells are specialized and perform several roles to aid the organism.
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Within each year, what is the pattern of change in CO₂ concentration? Why does this pattern occur?
The pattern of change in CO₂ concentration is new plant growth in the spring increases photosynthesis rates, which lowers CO2 concentrations; this decline continues until autumn, when leaves fall and decompose, raising CO2 concentrations.
The level of carbon dioxide within the surroundings rises and falls every 12 months as plant life, thru photosynthesis and respiration, absorbs the gas in the spring and summer season, and launches it in fall and wintry weather. Now the range of that cycle is expanding as extra carbon dioxide is emitted from burning fossil fuels and different human activities.
In spring, flora in the Northern Hemisphere starts to develop and absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, so atmospheric CO2 attention decreases as the road dives down. In fall, flora starts to decay and release their CO2 again into the ecosystem, so atmospheric CO2 attention increases the line shoots up. plants are accumulating carbon within the spring and summer while they are lively, and they're liberating carbon again to the air in the fall and winter.
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How does the cell theory contribute to understanding cell organization (cite the info)
Answer:
The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the role of cells in living things. It is important because it lays the foundation for scientists' understanding of cells and sets the distinction between living and non-living things.
Cells are the basic unit (or building block) of life.2. All living things are made of cells.3. Cells come from other cells.
Explanation:
speciation occurs when: any two mutations become fixed differences between two populations. two populations become physically separated from each other. partial reproductive isolation between two populations is achieved. two populations become reproductively isolated from one another. all deleterious mutations have been eliminated from two populations.
Speciation occurs when two populations become reproductively isolated from one another.
In the middle of the 20th century, Ernst Mayr gave the biological concept of species.
According to the biological concept of species, a species is defined as a group of individuals who can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Two groups of individuals are considered different species if they cannot interbreed to produce fertile offsprings i.e, they are reproductively isolated from one another
Generally, speciation occurs due to mutations.
Mutations are large differences that arise suddenly in a population.
These mutations keep on accumulating and due to this reason, a group of individuals become different from their species and lead to the creation of a new, different species.
Hence, speciation occurs when two populations become reproductively isolated from one another.\
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Geography includes the study of land formations, climate, resources, political boundaries, and population. In this unit, you studied different geographical regions. You also learned how people determine the locations of different places and regions throughout the world. How would you describe the geography of your region? How does this geography influence your life? Be specific.
i live in wv please help
answer:
I don't live in WV but here's some ideas for how to structure your answer:
Is your region mountainous, coastal, etc?
(If you're close to the ocean) does the proximity to the ocean affect your diet? (do you eat fresh sea food often?)
Does your region have good conditions and soil for farming? If so does it affect your diet? (do you eat fresh greens often?)
Is there any landforms that separates you and other states around you?
Does the climate/temperature affect what you wear? (do you need more summer or winter clothes because of how the seasons change where you live?)
Explanation:
I was never really good with geography so good luck
:D
Answer:
Explanation:
help
Hermann von helmholtz was important in developing the understanding that nerve cells communicate using ______.
Hermann Von Helmholtz was important in developing the understanding that nerve cells communicate using electrical signals .
what are Electrical Signals?Electrical signals are currents or voltages that transport information and are frequently used to refer to voltages. This term may refer to any voltage or current in a circuit. An electrical signal, which is typically a voltage, is a current or voltage that communicates information. Alternating Current (AC) Alternating Current (AC) continuously reverses direction as it goes in one direction then the other. This term may refer to any voltage or current in a circuit. Alternating Current (AC) Alternating Current (AC) continuously flows in the opposite direction.
Describe nerve cell?The essential unit of the neurological system's communication is the nerve cell (neuron). The cell body, a significant branching fiber (the axon), and numerous smaller branching fibers make up each nerve cell (dendrites).
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I will give brainliest to whoever is correct please! :)
You spike a volleyball with a mass of 0.260 kg. The ball leaves your hand with a speed of 31.29 m/s.The ball has _ energy. Calculate it
Answer:
as you spike the volleyball, you transfer kinetic energy to the volleyball.
the formula for kinetic energy is as such: [tex]E_{k} = \frac{1}{2}(m)(v^{2} )[/tex], where [tex]E_{k}[/tex] is kinetic energy, m is mass (in kg) and v is velocity/speed in m/s
[tex]E_{k} = \frac{1}{2} (0.260) (31.29^{2} ) \\ = 127 Joules (3 s.f.)[/tex]
Pythagoras and his followers applied _____ to almost every aspect of human existence.
Pythagoras and his followers applied mathematical principles to almost every aspect of human existence.
Who is Pythagoras?The man Pythagoras was a well known Greek Philosopher who was very keen on the development of mathematics in his days. His quest for mathematical development was so deep that he invented the Pythagoras theorem.
As such Pythagoras and his followers applied mathematical principles to almost every aspect of human existence.
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Which three statements accurately describe the blood buffering system in humans?
Answer:
Following three statements accurately describe the blood buffering system in humans.
Explanation:
1) The first statement about the buffering blood system is that enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps the buffering system by converting carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, which ionizes forms bicarbonate and H+.
2) The second statement about the H2CO3 is a conjugate acid in this situation, although HCO3- is indeed a conjugate base.
3) The third statement about the blood buffering mechanism is that it keeps the blood's pH level close to 7.4.
The bicarbonate ions neutralise the hydronium ions whenever an acidic material reaches the blood, creating carbonic water and acid. Obviously, blood's buffering mechanism includes carbonic acid. The removal of hydronium ions as a result prevents the blood's pH of becoming acidic.
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colchicine is a drug that causes microtubules to break apart (depolymerize). what effect would this drug have on anterograde transport? what would happen in the axon terminal?
The application of the colchicines causes microtubules to disintegrate and then when applied to the axon they disrupts the path for the anterograde transport. As a result, all the movement of the material from the soma to the terminal (anterograde transport) ceases. If the colchicine application does not kill the whole of cell, then the material to be transported as will as accumulate on the side of the axon to closest to the soma.
The Colchicine is the medicine for treating the inflammation and pain. It can also be used to: treat the flare-ups (attacks) of gout. to prevent and increased flare-ups of gout when you first start on the medicine like allopurinol – to be taken to manage your condition long term. the Colchicine is in a class of the medications called as anti-gout agents. It works by stopping the natural processes that is cause by swelling and other symptoms of gout and the FMF also.
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The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in Figure 26.13 indicate that ]a. frogs evolved before mice. b. mice evolved before frogs. c. the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice. d. the homolog has evolved more slowly in mice.
The phylogenetic tree expresses the relationship between different taxa and how different homolog groups evolved. The correct option is c). the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
Phylogenetic trees are graphic representations that express the evolutive process through which several groups -taxa- emerged through history.
The phylogenetic tree is composed of
Root ⇒ It represents the oldest common ancestorNodes ⇒ Divergence point in which single taxa differentiate or diverge. These nodes are the most recent common ancestor of the new diverging groups.Branches ⇒ The extremes of branches represent taxonomic groups or lineages.All the taxa in the tree share a far common ancestor. New traits emerge through history that drives the evolution of new lineages. These traits might be either morphological or molecular.
Two taxonomic groups are more related if they have a recent common ancestor. There are fewer differences (morphological or molecular) between these two groups.
On the other hand, two lineages will be less related if their common ancestor is not a recent one and is located far away in the tree. Several differences exist between these groups because many changes occurred in the middle.
Two groups are homologous when they have a common recent ancestor, even when one of the groups evolved into new groups later in time.
In the exposed example, the frog is homologous to the group composed of chicken, human, and mouse. They share a common ancestor.
The homolog evolved into different new groups, while frogs remain the same.
The correct option is c). the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice.
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Lets take a look at an example population. say you want to know the change in population of your town
You can use the following formula to determine a population's change:
N = (B + I) - (D + E)
N represents the population change.
The number of births is B.
I represents the quantity of newcomers or immigrants to the area.
The number of fatalities is D.
E stands for the number of emigrants, or those who have left the area
for a example in a town to check the population ,2,000 babies were born. There were 700 new immigrants who became residents. A total of 1,500 people died. Eight hundred people left the area. Using this data to complete the formula results in the following: N = (2,000 + 700) - (1,500 + 800)All that's left to do is solve the problem now that you have the knowledge and the formula. N = 2,700 - 2,300 N = 400
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what grow larger as they move toward the ocean.
A. Trees
B. Clouds
C. Lakes
D. Rivers
Pathogenic microbial agents include bacteria, worms, protozoa, viruses, fungi, and heavy metals.
a. true
b. false
The statement that “ pathogenic microbial agents include bacteria, worms, protozoa, viruses, fungi, and heavy metals ” is false.
Pathogens are microscopic organisms that have the ability to enter the body and can be a source of disease for the body. It includes tiny living organisms which are not visible to the normal eye. As the pathogens definition includes only living organisms therefore heavy metals are not included in the group of pathogens while bacteria, worms, protozoa, viruses, and fungi are considered to be pathogens since they are living organisms and have the ability to penetrate into hosts and can cause a disease or illness.
However, if the levels of heavy metals are too high in the body, they can be dangerous for the body as they have an adverse effect on many different organs.
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the neurotransmitter is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. the degeneration of these neurons results in disease.
The neurotransmitter dopamine is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. The degeneration of these neurons results in Parkinson disease.
What is Parkinson's disease?Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease in which movement is affected. This happens because the nerve cells do not produce enough dopamine. Parkinson's symptoms begin gradually with tremors in the hands, arms, legs, slowness of movement with balance and coordination problems. As time goes by, these problems begin to worsen until they disable the individual from simple skills.
This disease usually appears in old age around 60 years old, it is more common in men and it is not a disease that has a cure but if there are medications that can improve the symptoms, even surgery or stimulation can be given in severe cases in the brain.
Therefore, we can confirm that the neurotransmitter dopamine is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. The degeneration of these neurons results in Parkinson disease.
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Fructose is? also known as dextrose. the sweetest of the sugars. abundant in whole grains. a starch. known as milk sugar.
Dextrose and fructose are both types of sugar. the sugar with the best flavor. plenty of whole grains. the starch. called milk sugar.
It is also found naturally in other plant foods such as honey, sugar beets, sugar cane, and vegetables. Fructose is the sweetest naturally occurring carbohydrate, 1.2 to 1.8 times more sweeter than sucrose (table sugar). is the sweetness of Fructose metabolism does not require insulin and has little effect on blood sugar levels. There are many different types of sugar, some more common than others. Fructose, like glucose, is a type of sugar known as a simple sugar or "simple sugar". Monosaccharides can be combined to form disaccharides, the most common of which is sucrose, or "sugar." Sucrose is made up of 50% fructose and 50% glucose. Fructose and glucose have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6), but due to their different molecular structures, fructose is 1.2 to 1.8 times sweeter than sucrose. In fact, fructose is the sweetest natural carbohydrate.
In nature, fructose is most commonly found as a component of sucrose. Fructose is also found in plants as a simple sugar, but that doesn't mean other sugars don't exist.
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please help me consider how exemptions might affect public
Answer:so the exemptions might affect the public by publicity exemptionating publicality
Explanation:
The process of ___ encompasses the journey of broken down food particles from the digestive tract to all body cells.
The process of absorption encompasses the journey of breaking down food particles from the digestive tract to all body cells.
The easy molecules that cease result from chemical digestion pass through cellular membranes of the liner within the small gut into the blood or lymph capillaries. This approach is referred to as absorption. intake, mechanical and chemical degradation of meals, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of indigestible food.
Digestion is the system by way of which food and drinks are broken down into their smallest elements so the frame can use them to build and nourish cells and offer energy. Assimilation is the motion of digested meals molecules into the cells of the frame wherein they will be used. digestion is a sequence by using which food are damaged down and chemically converted in order that they may be absorbed thru the cells of an organism and used to keep important physical features.
Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.
The process of ___ encompasses the journey of broken down food particles from the digestive tract to all body cells.
a. absorbtion
b. respiration
c. excretion
d. none of these
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According to Hamilton's rule, a. natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. b. natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. c. natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling. d. the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals.
The correct option is (b) natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist.
Kin selection is the reproductive success of an organism's colony as a result of the individual organism's altruistic conduct. The term "inclusive fitness" is used. An organism sacrifices its life to ensure the survival of its colony in this sort of natural selection. Altruistic conduct is favored by natural selection in organisms, which is advantageous for the entire colony.At the group level, altruistic behavior is favorable. Any population that has evolved toward altruism is willing to sacrifice itself for the good of the whole. Altruistic behavior might develop as a result of the group's improved relative fitness.Altruism is therefore favored by natural selection for the benefit of the group even though it can cost the individual their life. As a result, the assertion is accurate.
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A lab group wishes to determine the volume of some zinc beads. They fill a graduated cylinder to the 42.55-mL mark with water. They carefully add the beads to the cylinder. The water level rises to 76.85 mL. What value should they report as the volume of the zinc beads?
The volume of the zinc beads will be 34.30 mL
The principle is such that a floating or sinking liquid will always displace its volume in any liquid.
As we know that floating or sinking liquid will always displace its volume in any liquid. So, the volume of the solid is calculated as the differences between the final and the initial cylinder readings.
Here initial reading = 42.55 mL,
final reading = 76.85 mL
Volume of zinc beads = 76.85 - 42.55
= 34.30 mL
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34.30 mL will be The volume of the zinc beads
The principle is that a floating or sinking object, liquid will always be displaced and volume of displaced liquid is equal to the volume of object.
So, the volume of the solid object is calculated as the differences between the final and the initial cylinder readings.
Vsolid = ΔV = V2 – V1.
V1 is the volume of the liquid.
V2 is the sum of the volume of the liquid and the solid object
Notice that V2 is greater than V1
Here initial reading=V1 = 42.55 mL, final reading=V2 = 76.85 mL
The volume of the solid object is
Volume of zinc beads = 76.85 - 42.55 = 34.30 mL
This is because the volume of the liquid and the volume of the solid object are additive.
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Thinking about our nutritional needs and feeding behavior, propose an evolutionary explanation for why amylase, unlike other digestive enzymes, is secreted into the mouth.
Salivary glands secrete amylase, which causes starch to break down into maltose in the mouth. As a result, the adaptation to find food sources that provide rapid energy is salivary amylase secretion.
Three pairs of salivary glands are the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual. Saliva is a viscous fluid that is produced by salivary glands. Saliva contains two enzymes called salivary amylase and lysozyme.Salivary amylase detects maltose by dissolving starch. As a result, the mouth is where carbohydrate digestion starts. The antimicrobial and antibacterial characteristics of lysozyme.Starch-containing food molecules have long been important parts of the human diet. The amylase enzyme (AMY) genes are heavily selected in every generation due to the high sugar content of the human diet.The pancreas and salivary glands both express these genes. Since sugar molecules supply more immediate energy than protein and fat, the presence of amylase in the saliva facilitates the quickest possible digestion of these molecules. The use of foods high in starch has led to the development of the adaption.Learn more about the Human digestive system with the help of the given link:
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What type of stain is a gram stain?
a. simple
b. differential
c. negative
d. specific
Gram stain is a type of differential stain.
Differential staining is a type of staining that is used to distinguish different types of microorganisms by differentiating their characteristics or composition. Therefore, gram stain is considered a type of differential staining since it uses two types of stains to distinguish gram-positive organisms from gram-negative organisms. These stains are crystal violet and safranin stains.
In contrast to differential staining, simple staining is used just to study the features of a particular bacteria and cannot be used for distinguishing purposes.
Negative staining also cannot be used for differentiating purposes as it can just be used to analyze the morphological features of cells that cannot be stained easily.
Another factor that differentiates gram stain from other staining techniques is that it uses two stains while other techniques only use one type of stain.
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According to Hobbes, why do humans participate in a social contract? Check all that apply.
Each subject was given a different protocol on each of the three nights, and the order of the protocols was varied among the subjects that so that one third had each protocol each night. What factors were the researchers attempting to control for with this approach?
The correct answer is A fresh therapy was given to a subject every night. One-third of the individuals underwent a procedure each night after the researchers switched up the order of the treatments.
The goal of the study was to reduce biases brought on by differences in the night environment or treatment order.
The study, which examined the levels of ACTH in the human body during both spontaneous and induced awakening techniques, involved 20 subjects. To measure the level of ACTH, blood samples were examined in a lab.
ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland found close to the base of the brain. Cortisol, a different hormone, is controlled by ACTH. Cortisol is made by the two tiny adrenal glands, which are situated above the kidneys.
Stress and disease are aided by the hormone cortisol.
Each participant in the experiment was asked to follow a unique controlled protocol. First, the anticipated waking time for the lengthy protocol was 9 a.m., which was close to the actual waking time.
Briefly, the anticipated wake call was at 6 a.m., which was close to the actual waking time.
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Are proteins or rna molecules that act as catalysts to speed up reactions in living organisms.
Proteins provide the primary function of enzymes, which are catalysts that quicken practically all chemical events within cells. Although some biological reactions can be catalyzed by RNAs, proteins are responsible for the majority of them. A biological catalyst called an enzyme is usually always a protein. It accelerates a certain chemical reaction in the cell.
An enzyme will cling to (bind) one or more reactant molecules in order to catalyze a process. The substrates of the enzyme are these substances. Proteins called enzymes are made up of amino acids connected by one or more polypeptide chains. The fundamental structure of a polypeptide chain refers to this arrangement of amino acids.
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what are reactants in a chemical reaction?
Answer:
The substances that go into a chemical reaction
Explanation:
in experiments, researchers found that if animals had defective hormones, they tended to .
In experiments, researchers found that if animals had defective hormones, they tended to overeat. The defective hormone is leptin.
What are the effects of a leptin deficiency?Severe obesity is a symptom of leptin receptor insufficiency, which usually appears in the first few months of life. At birth, affected people are a normal weight, but they soon gain weight due to persistent hunger. Extreme hunger results in obesity and chronic overeating (hyperphagia).What kind of a hormone is leptin?White adipose tissue produces the peptide hormone leptin.On chromosome 7q31, the leptin gene (LEP or ob) is located.What occurs if leptin is altered?Leptin is absent in people with congenital leptin insufficiency caused by LEP gene abnormalities. Because of the resulting lack of satiety-inducing signals, this disease is characterized by increased hunger and weight gain.To learn more about leptin visit:
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Suppose you examine two groups of individuals with CNS damage. In one group, the damage has resulted in a coma (a prolonged state of unconsciousness). In the other group, it has caused paralysis (a loss of skeletal muscle function throughout the body). Relative to the position of the midbrain and pons, where is the likely site of damage in each group? Explain.
The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. In paralysis back of the frontal part of the lobe gets affected. In coma RAS reticular vascular system of the brain gets affected.
What is CNS?CNS is the central nervous system. It includes the brain and spinal cord. Brain is divided into three parts such as forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
Coma means person is in state of unconsciousness. Eyes remain closed, Coma leads to brain injury. Brain injury can be due to bleeding, loss of oxygen etc.
Paralysis is the condition where person do not able to move their voluntary muscles. It is a problem with nervous system. Paralysis is caused by brain injury and birth defects. It is a condition where voluntary muscles loss senses.
Therefore, The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. In paralysis back of the frontal part of the lobe gets affected. In coma RAS reticular vascular system of the brain gets affected.
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