Circadian rhythms are 24-hour cycles of changes in the body, brain, and behavior. These natural processes, which primarily respond to light and darkness, have an effect on the majority of living things, including animals, plants, and bacteria.
A biological clock, or general coordinator, which regulates circadian rhythms is housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a small group of cells in the hypothalamus. The SCN can react to variations in light and darkness because of neural pathways that relay information from specialised receptors in the rear of the eye. The brain and body then adjust to these changes as a result of the messages the SCN then sends out. Hormone and neurotransmitter fluctuations are controlled by the SCN, which in turn receives feedback that influences how the SCN functions. Melatonin, one hormone, aids in maintaining the biological clock's alignment with the light-dark cycle. When travelling by plane across numerous time zones, people frequently experience internal desynchronization. It is a condition in which biological rhythms are not synchronised. While temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal, sleep and wake patterns typically change rapidly.
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the expenditure of energy to produce heat in response to a cold environment and as a result of overfeeding is called multiple choice heat metabolism. thermic effect of cold. thermic metabolism. adaptive thermogenesis.
The expenditure of energy to produce heat in response to a cold environment and as a result of overfeeding is called adaptive thermogenesis.
Thermogenesis is generally defined as any metabolic process that releases heat occurs in specialized tissues including brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
Thermoregulation is important for regulating the body temperature . In Daily life activities body maintains it temperature within the comfortable limits in response to change in temperature ,shelter, and climate. Hence, thermoregulation is only a very small part of daily energy expenditure.
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which of the following is an enzyme which results in staphylococcus aureus being more invasive than staphylococcus epidermidis?
The enzyme which results in Staphylococcus aureus being more invasive than Staphylococcus epidermidis is Hyaluronidase.
Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that breaks down primarily hyaluronic acid and it splits it into polysaccharides and is used in medicine in conjunction with other drugs to speed their dispersion and delivery.
Staphylococcus aureus encodes for a secreted hyaluronidase, hysA. Hyaluronidases are bacterial enzymes that cleave hyaluronic acid (HA) yielding unsaturated disaccharides. Initially, little was known about the regulation of this enzyme as well as its roles in Staphylococcus aureus physiology and pathogenesis.
Hyaluronidase is produced by S. Aureus as a mechanism to penetrate the connective tissue barrier and thereby establishing infections.
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Complete question:-
Which of the following is an enzyme which results in Staphylococcus aureus being more invasive than Staphylococcus epidermis?
A) lipase
B) M protein
C) hyaluronidase
D) pyrogens
E) neuraminidase
PLS HELP FOR MY EARTH SCIENCE CLASS?!?
The right atmospheric composition is another key component for a
planet to sustain life.
Which telescope holds a promising future in our quest for Earth 2.0?
A Hubble Space Telescope
B Spitzer Space Telescope
C Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope
D James Webb Space Telescope
James Webb Space Telescope holds a promising future in our quest for Earth 2.0
The correct answer is D
How are telescopes utilized?A telescope is indeed a device used to observe distant objects. The planets & stars can be seen through telescopes. Binoculars and cameras both utilize some of the same optical engineering as telescopes.
How does a telescope operate simply?Lenses, which are pieces of curved, glass, were employed in early telescopes to focus light. Curved mirrors are used by the majority of telescopes nowadays to collect light from the night sky. Light is focused by a telescope's mirror or lens' shape. When we gaze through a telescope, that light is what we're seeing.
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g at which point would you expect the largest number of voltage-gated sodium channels to be in an inactivated state?
Voltage-gated sodium channels are observed in lots of one of a kind mobileular sorts during the body, while epithelial sodium channels are mainly observed withinside the pores and skin and kidney.
The activation gates open whilst the membrane potential rises to about 55 mV (in this situation added on via way of means of an motion potential), permitting positively charged Na+ ions to go into the neuron thru the channels and elevating the voltage throughout the neuronal membrane in human neurons to +30 mV.
Voltage-gated Na(+) channels (VGSCs) begin motion potentials, which ends up in short electric sign transmission throughout mobileular membranes and among cells. In addition to commencing VGSCs, depolarization of the mobileular membrane additionally outcomes in a nonconducting circumstance acknowledged as inactivation.
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if an organism with 64 chromosomes mates with a closely related organism with 62 chromosomes, the most likely result will be .
If an organism with 64 chromosomes mates with a closely related organism with 62 chromosomes, the most likely result will be sterile offspring due to hybrid sterility.
The DNA molecule is housed in chromosomes, which are shaped like threads and are found in the nucleus of every cell. To support its shape, the DNA that makes up each chromosome has been repeatedly tightly wound around proteins called histones.
Chromosomes cannot be seen in the nucleus of a cell that is not dividing, not even under a microscope. The DNA that makes up chromosomes, however, becomes more densely packed and is made visible under a microscope during cell division. Scientists have mostly learned about chromosomes by observing them during cell division.
The most prevalent type of postzygotic reproductive isolation in plants is hybrid sterility. Perhaps the most well-known instance is the indica-japonica hybrid sterility of Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). Significant progress has been made in locating and cloning hybrid sterility genes in rice at two loci that control male and female fertility, respectively. The results from other model species, particularly Drosophila, along with genetic analysis and molecular characterization of these genes have increased our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning reproductive isolation and speciation. By demonstrating the viability and offering methods for overcoming intersubspecific hybrid sterility and enabling the generation of intersubspecific hybrids, these findings also have important implications for crop genetic improvement.
The complete question is:
If an organism with 64 chromosomes mates with a closely related organism with 62 chromosomes, the most likely result will be _____.
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9. explain how nucleotide incorporation errors by dna polymerase can be repaired, and the role of methylation in the process.
Nucleotide incorporation errors can be repaired either by proofreading by DNA polymerase or mismatch repair.
1. DNA polymerase performs poofreading to ensure that its operations are accurate. A nucleotide that is incorrectly hydrogen bound to the opposite nucleobase in the template strand can be backed up and excised (removed) by the enzymes. The appropriate nucleotide is then inserted by the DNA polymerase.
2. Mismatch Repair corrects faults that DNA polymerase's proofreading process missed. An enzyme is then instructed to cut the sugar phosphate backbone of the new DNA strand by a specific protein that binds to the location of the mismatched nucleobase. The incorrect nucleotide is then eliminated when another enzyme breaks down a brief section of that DNA strand.
Methylation explains how cells may recognise which strand is new. Some nucleobases receive methyl groups shortly after an enzyme adds them to a DNA strand. The new strand is not instantly methylated since this process takes time.
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Nucleotide addition errors are possible with DNA polymerase.
Nucleotide incorporation by DNA polymerase is imprecise. It proofreads each newly inserted base to alter the DNA. Correct bases are inserted after removing incorrect bases, followed by the addition of another base. Although most errors are fixed during replication, the mismatch repair process is used when this does not take place.
The incorrect base is excised from the DNA by mismatch repair enzymes, which then replace it with the right base. In a different sort of repair called nucleotide excision repair, the erroneous base and a few bases on the 5′ and 3′ ends are taken out and replaced.
DNA polymerase is used to duplicate the template in order to replace the wrong base and the excised bases. The freshly created fragment's ends are joined to the remainder of ligase, which builds a phosphodiester bond, of the DNA.
The majority of DNA methylation is required for normal development and plays a critical role in a variety of vital processes such as genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, and repression of repetitive element transcription and transposition, and when dysregulated, contributes to illnesses such as cancer.
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contraction of which muscle normally accounts for around 75% of the air movement in normal quiet breathing?
The contraction of diaphragm normally account for around 75% of the air movement in normal quiet breathing.
This outward push is increased by the inspiratory muscles (mainly the diaphragm and external intercostals) during inspiration. This causes the lung tissue to expand and air to enter the alveoli at a rate regulated by airway resistance.
The so-called "silent" expiration is caused by the elastic recoil of the lung parenchyma, which causes these inspiratory muscles to relax and the lung to regain its equilibrium volume.
However, in forced expiration, the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles are employed to exert more force against the lungs, causing them to expel air more quickly and allowing expiration down to the residual volume (RV).
Lung function testing is performed to quantify these changes. In lung disease, these forces are altered.
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at about day 26, what will the chorionic villi do after sprouting from the blastocyst's outer membrane?
At about day 26, the blastocyst will form chorionic villi, which sprout from the blastocyst's outer membrane and make contact with the maternal blood supply.
The tiny, finger-like chorionic villi are extensions of the placenta with the same genetic makeup as the growing fetus. Testing for further genetic abnormalities and illnesses may be possible, depending on the family history and the availability of lab tests at the time of the surgery.
The placenta contains chorionic villi, which significantly increase the surface area via which the fetus can access the maternal blood supply.
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What is the % of water inside the cell?
Answer: 70%
Explanation:
Conider an organim that ha two pair of homologou chromoome in each of it diploid (2n) omatic cell. How many chromoome would the organim' cell have during each of the following tage?
Humans have diploid (2n), which means that the majority of their chromosomal come in matching recreate as homologous chromosomes.
What in biology is homologous?Having the same standard position and structure. When referring to two anatomical features or behavioral qualities in distinct animals that descended from a component or trait in their shared ancestral creature, biologists use the term homologous.
What does homologous mean?These forelimbs are descended from the same ancestor tetrapod structure as the wings of birds and bats and the arms of great apes, the front flippers of whales, and also the forelegs of membered vertebrate animals like dogs and crocodiles.
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Create three relevant questions that you would like answered or clarified about the role of
DNA and chromosomes. Focus on the following areas as you generate questions:
i. The cause-and-effect relationship between the genetic code and gene expression
ii. Mechanisms of gene regulation
iii. The role of DNA segments that do not code for proteins
c) Make sure your questions are scientific questions, meaning they could be tested by scientists.
Three questions regarding DNA and chromosomes are:-
Question No. 1: What is a codon and how it could direct the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis?
Question No. 2: What is an operon?
Question No. 3: What are introns and exons?
Answer No. 1: A codon is made up of three nitrogenous bases and it codes for a particular amino acid. 61 codons code for amino acids while the rest 3 do not code for any amino acid and hence act as stop codons.
Answer No. 2: Regulation of transcription is the basic step for the regulation of gene expression. In bacteria, more than one gene is arranged together and regulated in units known as operons.
Answer No. 3: Introns and exons are the non-coding and the coding sequences of the DNA respectively. Exons are those sequences which appear in the mature RNA, while introns do not appear on the mature RNA.
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in the poorest countries like ethiopia and bangladesh, biomass represents blank percent of their energy consumption.
In the poorest countries like Ethiopia and Bangladesh, biomass represents 90% of their energy consumption.
Why is biomass a good source of energy?Form of renewable energy produced when we burn biomass fuel is called biomass. Biomass fuels is derived from organic material such as harvest residues, purpose-grown crops and organic waste from homes, businesses and farms.
Biomass provides a clean and renewable energy source that can improve our environment , economy and energy security. Biomass energy generates less air emissions as compared to fossil fuels, reduces amount of waste that is sent to landfills and decreases our dependence on foreign oil.
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- in making the crude protein extract from your e. coli pellets: what role did alumina play? what role did the centrifugation step after the addition of alumina accomplish? (2 points)
In making of crude protein extract from your e. coli pellets, alumina play an important role .
What happens in purification process?The purification procedure consists of two separation techniques: ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography. In this purification, an extract of E. coli is first created from a frozen pellet of the E. coli mutant strain which produces b-galactosidase. The extract is made by by grinding them in a mortar and pestle with alumina.
After centrifuging, the supernatant is collected and used in the first fractionation step. The proteins in the crude cellular extract are fractionated by exploiting differences in protein solubility.
Ammonium sulfate is to increase the ionic strength of the extract solution. Precipitated proteins are removed from the solution by centrifuging them into a pellet. Fraction which has most b-galactosidase is fractionated by substrate affinity on a chromatography column to create other more fractions.
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proofreading removes approximately 99% of mismatches before dna replication moves on. how many mutations would you expect to see in the human genome if mismatches can be repaired by proofreading?
6,000. The majority of the replicative polymerases' proofreading activity is in charge of removing incorrectly incorporated nucleotides from the primer terminus prior to further primer extension.
What about DNA?The molecule found inside cells that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism to develop and perform .This data can be passed from one generation to the next thanks to DNA molecules.Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid.The DNA of a privateer can be found in almost all of their cells.Nucleotides are chemical building units that structure DNA.A phosphate group, a sugar group, and one among four different nitrogen bases make up these building components.Nucleotides are joined together into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups switching places, to make strands of DNA.It contains information needed to make proteins, which are other big molecules.These instructions are dispersed throughout 46 lengthy structures called chromosomes that are found inside each of your cells.Numerous smaller pieces of DNA, referred to as genes, structure these chromosomes.Today, DNA has three separate purposes: genetic, immunological, and structural, all of which differ greatly from each other and depend in different ways on the bases and the sugar phosphate backbone.DNA encodes the knowledge required to produce proteins, which is the main connection between DNA and proteins.DNA, however, isn't a protein.Long strands of nucleotides structure DNA.Learn more about DNA here:
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3. If the vinegar solution was a nutrient and the cubes were unicellular organisms,
which cube would be more able to "feed" its volume?
The cube smallest would be more able to "feed" its volume.
What exactly is a unicellular organism?Multicellular creatures utilize a variety of cells to carry out their many duties, in contrast to unicellular organisms, which are composed of just one cell.
A single cell is referred to be a unicellular organism if it is capable of carrying out all the fundamental tasks required for existence. Amoeba, Paramecium, and other species with only one cell are a few examples.
In unicellular organisms, all essential bodily processes, such as metabolism, excretion, and reproduction, are carried out by a single cell. Eukaryotes or prokaryotes are both classifications for unicellular creatures. Archaea, bacteria, single-celled fungus, and single-celled protists are a few examples of unicellular creatures.
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describe the human life cycle, using the words mitosis, meiosis, sperm, egg, zygote, and fertilization.
Human life is the biological process that starts when a human egg is fertilized by a human sperm and continues as a living organism. It refers to a human person and is the biological development of the species Homo sapiens.
What is Mitosis?
A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells during the process of mitosis (cell division). One cell divides once into two identical cells during mitosis. It is mostly used for cell growth and replacement during times of stress. There are five distinct stages of mitosis:
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.
What is Meiosis?
In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is a kind of cell division that results in a reduction in the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Body (or somatic) cells in humans are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
What is sperm?
A sperm is a cell which is produced in the sex organs of a male animal and can enter a female animal's egg and fertilize it.
What is egg?
Eggs are formed through the process of meiosis. Each egg is haploid, it contains a single copy of each chromosome with the sex chromosome always an X chromosome.
What is zygote?
The fusion of both the male and female gamete results into a zygote. It is the first cell formed leading to a human life. Zygote is unicellular
What is fertilization?
A single cell is created during fertilization when a man's sperm and a woman's egg come together. It's one of the initial steps to becoming pregnant.
Therefore, the process begins from mitosis to fertilization and leading to a new human life
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a bird occupies a territory in which there are abundant food sources but also high levels of predation. this is an example of
a bird occupies a territory in which there are abundant food sources but also high levels of predation. this is an example of economic defensibility
The economic defensibility replica describes human territoriality by considering the values and advantages of saving assets that differ in solidity and sureness. A human would also occupy the territory with abundant food sources where a bird does in high levels of predation. We conducted a relative study of 30 pastoral societies in Africa to describe the difference in holding systems using the economic defensibility replica. Mainly, we tested under what ecological conditions we find open property authorities against common property authorities. ,More over we considered how pastoralists’ connection with the outside world shaped property authorities by considering the role of limitations and synopsis. Our outcome didn't carry for the economic defensibility model across African pastoral societies: open and common property authorities are found under same ecological conditions. Instead, we find that pastoral societies that are circumscribed are more likely to have common property authorities. We suggest that open property authorities are the default regime in pastoral societies and that common property regimes are a response to circumscription by other groups.
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xamination of the photoreceptor rhodpsin gene family provides evidence for gene evolution by group of answer choices duplication and divergence. accumulation of random mutations. convergent evolution. spontaneous generation.
Examination of the photoreceptor rhodopsin gene family provides evidence for gene evolution by: duplication and divergence.
Rhodopsin is a protein which belongs to the GPCR family of receptors. It is the most abundant type of protein found in the rod cells. It is the receptor for vision in dim light. It is a light-sensitive protein. Rhodopsin is also called visual purple.
Divergence is the phenomenon where two organisms having the same ancestry become distant and different due to the course of evolution. They are homologous to each other as they may have similar anatomy but due to evolution, they perform different functions.
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what maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is not contracting (ventricular diastole)
The driving pressure on blood while the heart is not contracting is the Recoil of the elastic arteries.
The lowest arterial pressure during this resting phase of the left ventricle is called diastolic pressure. Arterial pressure drop rate is primarily controlled by terminal resistance arterioles located at arterial-capillary junctions. Hemodynamics ultimately begins in the heart. The heart provides the driving force for all blood flow in the body.
Cardiac output drives blood through arteries and veins as a function of ventricular contraction. Ventricular motion results from the concentric shortening of the cardiomyocytes. Each time your heart beats, it creates pressure in your arteries. Pressure is greatest when blood is pumped from the heart into the arteries. As the heart relaxes between beats, the pressure within the arteries decreases.
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what is the main fate of pyruvate in skeletal muscle when oxygen is limited, such in the first minute of high intensity exercise? what is the purpose of this reaction in muscle during exercise? what happens to the product of this reaction in the body?
NAD+ is produced during the production of lactate, and it can be recycled during glycolysis.
Intensity and an example are what?According to the dictionary, intensity is the characteristic of being extremely powerful, concentrated, or difficult, or the strength or difficulty level of anything. Being able to run at your full speed for miles on end is an example of intensity. The speed at which a treadmill is going is an illustration of intensity. noun.
What is light intensity?The pace at which light disperses over a surface of a specific region some distances from a source is referred to as intensity. The intensity changes depending on the source's power and distance from it.
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what are micelles? what are micelles? emulsifiers used to break fat globules into small droplets during digestion clusters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other lipids surrounded by bile salts that transport lipids across the cell membrane of the villi a type of lipoprotein needed to absorb lipids lipid-digesting enzymes located in the small intestine
Micelles are clusters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other lipids surrounded by bile salts that transport lipids across the cell membrane of the villi.
Micelles are carriers made of bile and phospholipids that could entice monoglycerides and fatty acids and shipping digested fat from meals to the enterocytes. When fats enters the small intestine, the gallbladder releases an emulsifier referred to as bile to interrupt up the big fats globules into smaller fats droplets.
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On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the __________.
On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the diencephalon.
Where is the exact location of the diencephalon?Diencephalon is one part that is located behind the forebrain, which part includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and also the epithalamus.The diencephalon itself is one of the main parts of our brain. Its location is quite hidden and its size is quite small, the exact location of this diencephalon is between the hemispheres of the brain and just above the brainstem.Despite its small size, the diencephalon plays an important role in brain health and body function because the diencephalon is the part of the brain that sends signals and cooperates with our bodies.Some of the things controlled by the diencephalon, they are senses (hearing, seeing, smelling, feeling), body movements, motor functions, homeostasis, touch perception and so on.Learn moreMaterial about part of the diencephalon here: brainly.com/question/25750081
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Briefly
explain how the carbon
and oxygen cycles are
dependent on one another.
Explanation:
Oxygen cycle refers to the movement of oxygen through the atmosphere, biosphere and the lithosphere. T
which of the following statements is false? group of answer choices for genes very close together, the recombination frequency is very low. genes on different chromosomes independently assort. in a given occurrence of meiosis, a single crossover can lead to 4 recombinant gametes. recombination can enhance fitness by combining beneficial alleles. syntenic genes can be unlinked (independently assort) if they are far apart on the chromosome.
In the given occurrence of meiosis, a single crossover can lead to 4 recombinant gametes is false.
Following genes on same chromosomes might result in two kinds of gametes. If there is no crossing over, the results are paternal gametes. When genes cross across, the result is recombinant gametes. Parental chromosomes are chromosomes that are identical to their parents.
Recombinant chromosomes are chromosomes that are unique from their parents. The children have no genetic variation. When meiosis causes recombination, the results collected are said to contain a recombinant genome.
If no collaboration system during meiosis, the products retain their original combinations and are referred to as having a non-recombinant, or parental genotypes. Recombination occurs at meiosis, when mother and the father genomes recombine to generate gametes.
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What are some of earths water resources
Answer:
basically the atmosphere
all the ice caps
rivers seas oceans reservoirs
the layer of soil bound by the mucigel and root hairs and containing microorganisms and sloughed off cells of the root cap is called the
Rhizosphere refers to the layer of soil that is bound by root hairs and mucigel, and which also contains microorganisms and cells that have shed off the root cap.
What purposes do microbes serve?Applications. Microorganisms are useful in the production of food, the treatment of waste water, the production of biofuels, and the synthesis of numerous compounds and enzymes. As model organisms, they are extremely useful in study. They have been turned into weapons and sporadic bioterrorism
Which microbe holds the most significance?Most Significant Microbe You've Never Seen Of A microbe called Prochlorococcus is responsible for producing one of every six breaths you take. The most numerous organism on Earth is a small bacterium, though.
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Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs I. to make more cells so organisms can grow. II. so organisms can replace old or damaged cells. III. when organisms make sex cells for reproduction. IV. only during fetal stages of development.
Answer: I and II
Explanation:
Trust me
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
Compared to its surroundings, the concentration of solutes is low inside a cell. So, the cell is in a
v solution. A particular solute in
this cell uses energy for ts transport from the cell to its surroundings. This type of transport is called
As compared to its surroundings, the concentration of solutes is low inside a cell. So, the cell is in hypertonic solution. A particular solute in this cell uses energy for its transport from the cell to its surroundings. This type of transport is known as Active transport.
A hypertonic solution is the one where the concentration of solutes is more than the intracellular solute concentration. Therefore, the movement of water from inside of the cell to the outside. This causes the shrinkage of cell.
Active transport uses some form of energy to transport the molecules against their concentration gradient. This energy can be direct from ATP, called primary active transport. Or due to the coupled downhill transport of some other molecule, called secondary active transport.
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One challenge for organisms that live in this ecosystem?
Answer:
Habitat Loss.
Explanation:
More challenges include but are not limited to, climate change including sea level rise, and levee stability.
The _________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
Answer:
The answer is pancreas.
The _pancreas________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
Explanation:
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