Using the theories of crossing over, we got that producing genetically diverse off spring benefits species a better chance of surviving in an unpredictable or changing environment.
Crossing over is exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, which actually results in new allelic combinations in the daughter cells.
Each diploid cell contains two copies of every chromosome, one derived from maternal gamete and the other from paternal gamete. These pairs of chromosomes, are derived from one parent, are called homologous chromosomes. When the diploid organisms undergo sexual reproduction, they first produce haploid gametes through meiosis.
Hence,the benefits of producing genetically diverse offspring by crossing over is that it benefits species a better chance of surviving in an unpredictable or changing environment.
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suppose two individuals with the genotype aabbcc are mated. assuming that the genes are not linked, what fraction of the offspring are expected to be homozygous recessive for the three traits?
100% of the progenies will be homozygous recessive for all the three traits, when two individuals with the genotype aabbcc are mated with no linkage in the genes.
Homozygous recessive is the condition of genotype where homozygous is the state where both the alleles in the genotype are of same type. Recessive is the condition where the alleles are not able to express their effect individually. They display their characters only when occur in a pair. If a cross is made between two homozygous recessive individuals, then all their progenies also show the same character.
Linkage is the property of closeness of genes. This unit of distance between the genes is centimorgan. If two genes have a distance of less than 50 centimorgan, they are said to be linked. A distance of 50 centimorgan or above states that the genes are not linked.
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What helps to transport materials across the membrane, can open and close, or even change shape?.
The flower is the blank organ
responsible for making blank.
Its strong odor attracts black
that help transport the black
from the stamen to the blank
The major floral components are the male stamen and the female pistil. The flower is an empty organ from the stamen to the blank. Anthers and filaments make up the stamen's two components.
What gender does the stamen have?The top-most anther and the stalk and filament that supports it are together referred to as the stamens, which are the male components of the flower. The pistil is the name for all of the feminine components. Stigma is the name for the sticky, pollen-receptive portion of the pistil that sits on top.
What role does a stamen play in the body?Flowering plants have stamens as their male reproductive organs. They are made up of an anther, which is where pollen develops, and, in the majority of species, a stalk-like filament that supplies the anther with nutrients and water while positioning it to facilitate pollen dissemination.
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during cellular respiration the energy in glucose is used to manufacture glucose. is released all at once. is stored and carried by electrons. becomes stored in molecules of water.
During cellular respiration the energy in glucose is stored and carried by electrons
What is Cellular respiration ?A glucose molecule gradually degrades into water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. During the process of transforming glucose, some ATP is created immediately. However, oxidative phosphorylation, a process, results in the production of significantly more ATP.
In order to get chemical energy for cellular processes, organisms require oxygen to break down food molecules during cellular respiration. In addition to algae and other protists, cellular respiration also occurs in the cells of animals, plants, and fungus.The activity is known as "cellular respiration" because the cell seems to "respire" by consuming molecular oxygen (as an electron acceptor) and exhaling carbon dioxide (as an end product).Learn more about Cellular respiration here:
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the contents of this organ are so acidic that vomit (which starts in this organ) can burn a hole in a carpet. why doesn't this organ digest itself? the lining of mucus protects it.
The lining of mucus protects the organ.
Mucus is a highly hydrated gel that consists of 95% water, 5% mucin glycoprotein, and minor components such as electrolytes.
Mucus lining are present in inner lines of stomach , organ cavity , nose ears lungs and they works in providing a slippery layer . Mucous membranes are epithelial membranes that consist of epithelial tissue that is attached to an underlying loose connective tissue. Mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are also lined with mucous membranes. These membranes are termed as the oral mucosa, esophageal mucosa, gastric mucosa, and intestinal mucosa respectively.
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Marine Science Explain the law of conservation of energy.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction or biological system. Although, it gets transformed from one form to another.
What is an example of the law of conservation of energy?An example of the law of conservation of energy is as follows:
When you roll a toy car from a flat staircase, it will fall into the ground where the kinetic energy gets transferred into potential energy.This may be clearly understood by the fact when taking all forms of energy are present in the environment, the total energy of this isolated environment always remains constant. This reveals the law of conservation of energy.
Therefore, the law of conservation of energy is well described above.
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a horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. she knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele r(rr and rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r(rr). the horticulturalist plans to cross a geranium that is true-breeding for red flowers with a geranium that is true-breeding for white flowers. which punnett square best describes this cross?
The one that best describes the Punnett square of this cross is:
R R
r Rr Rr
r Rr Rr
Geraniums that breed for red flowers mean that the allele trait is Homozygous dominant which is denoted by the letter RR. And geraniums that reproduce for white flowers mean that the allele is homozygous recessive, denoted by the letter rr.
Homozygous dominant genes are a combination of two dominant genes from male sex cells and female sex cells. Homozygous dominant genes are symbolized by two capital letters, such as AA and RR.
A recessive homozygous gene is the result of the combination of two recessive genes from two sex cells. The homozygous recessive gene symbol is two lowercase letters, for example, aa and rr.
Heterozygous genes are genes that have different pairs of alleles so that one is dominant and the other is recessive, so it is written with a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, such as Rr.
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when platelets adhere to the vessel wall, they release growth factors that cause smooth muscle to grow. what medical diagnoses are associated factors that influence platelets to adhere to the vessel wall? select all that apply.
Hemodynamic stress, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking are associated factors that influence platelets to adhere to the vessel wall.
The release of growth factors by platelets that stick to the vessel wall promotes the growth of smooth muscle, which in turn aids in the development of atherosclerosis. Smoking, high blood lipid and cholesterol levels, hemodynamic stress, diabetes mellitus, and immune systems all have the potential to damage blood vessels, promote platelet adhesion, and ultimately result in thrombosis.
When your blood arteries are damaged, the platelets communicate with one other. The platelets instantly form a plug (clot) to repair damage when it occurs. Adhesion is the process of moving over the surface of a broken blood vessel to halt bleeding.
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Please help me please.
I have a F
Answer: The last one "Cells copy once and divide twice making two cells."
Explanation:
Answer: A process where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Cells copy one and divide one making 2 cells
Explanation:
The division of a cell occurs once in mitosis but twice in meiosis.
a trna molecule with anticodon cag carries the amino acid phenylalanine. which codon of mrna will the trna join?
Using theories of codon, we got UUU,UUC a trna molecule with anticodn cag which carries the amino acid phenylalanine and is a codon of mrna which join the trna.
A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of the three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of the genetic information encoding a particular amino acid. An anticodon is the trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is actually complementary to a corresponding codon in the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. Each time an amino acid is actually added to a growing polypeptide during the protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into polypeptide.
Hence, a trna molecule with anticodon cag carries the amino acid phenylalanine. UUU,UUC codon of mrna will the trna join.
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Alexis is trying to determine a victim's time of death. What is the LEAST effective method she can use for determining their time of death?
O A
О в.
O C.
OD.
rigor mortis
livor mortis
algor mortis
indicative acts
Time of death is determined by the rigor mortis method, which is the most effective forensic method hence option a is correct.
What is an effective method to determine the time of death?
This stiffening process, known as Rigor Mortis, has a generally known recurrence period and may thus be used to determine the time of death.
In general, if the corpse is warm and there is no rigidity, death happened within the last 3 hours. The death happened 3-8 hours earlier if the corpse is warm and rigid.
If the body is discovered before the body temperature has reached equilibrium with the ambient temperature, forensic experts can determine the time of death by measuring the body's core temperature.
Therefore rigor mortis is the best effective method to determine the time of death, hence option a is correct.
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which pair is mismatched? a.opsonization: can involve the adaptive immune system b.interferon type 1: can make a cell resistant to viral infection c.macrophage: immune system cells that carry out phagocytosis d.fever: induced by the presence of pyrogens e.alternative complement pathway: complement activated by antibodies
The adaptive immune system may be involved in osonization.
Option A is accurate.
What are the adaptive immune response's four defining traits?Antigenic specificity, variety, immunologic memory, and the capacity to distinguish between the self and the non-self are the four features of adaptive immunity. Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) and antigen-presenting cells participate in an immune response (macrophages, B-cells, and dendritic cells).
Interferons play a role in the adaptive system, right?IFNs are a class of pleiotropic cytokines that were first identified for their capacity to prevent virus replication. But it is now known that these cytokines are crucial in controlling both innate and adaptive immunity.
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An
(beginning/ end) of a gene is the most harmful.
(insertion / substitution) mutation at the
The most dangerous gene mutation is frameshift.
Which mutation is the most harmful?The DNA sequence is most severely damaged by mutations brought on by the insertion or deletion of nitrogenous bases because they entirely alter the reading frame for the process of protein production. The most harmful mutation is thought to be a frameshift mutation caused by an insertion or deletion.
Which is worse for you, insertion or substitution?Insertions and deletions typically do more damage than substitutions, which only change one amino acid, since they create a frame-shift that alters the reading of succeeding codons and, consequently, changes the complete set of amino acids that follow the mutation.
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evolutionary roots of aerobic respiration: each of you will describe your process across evolution. a.)first appearance on earth. a.what are it inputs and where do they come from? b.what are its outputs and where do they go? c.what is its most important output? b.)describe each and every subsequent different function of your process across evolutionary time since its inception up to its role in aerobic metabolism. as in part (a), you will need to specify inputs and where from, outputs and where they go, and the most important output. bring notes to the group meeting about how your process is connected to the electron transport chain in modern aerobic metabolism. what materials does your process receive and send to the electron transport chain, and what does this exchange accomplish?
When oxygen first appeared on Earth 2.3 billion years ago as a result of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, it fundamentally changed the trajectory of evolution by enabling the emergence of aerobic respiration and complex multicellular life.
The energy that was stored in carbohydrates and lipids during photosynthesis is released during the process of aerobic respiration and made available to living things. Glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are the four phases.
The development and diversification of the first animals depended heavily on the biological toolkits for aerobic respiration. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), an enzyme, controls the Krebs' Cycle, a process by which organic molecules are oxidized to produce ATP in aerobic life forms.
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a group of cells is assayed for dna content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 10 picograms of dna per nucleus. approximately how many picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis?
20 picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis
What is cell cycle?
It refers to series of events that take place in a cell, resulting in the duplication of DNA and division of cytoplasm and organelles to produce two daughter cells.”
Phases of cell cycle
Interphase and M phaseInterphase has G1 phase, S phase and G2 phaseInterphase:
Also known as resting phase of the cell cycle; interphase is the time during which the cell prepares for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication. It is divided into three phases:-
G1 phase: It is the phase of the cell between mitosis and initiation of replication of the genetic material of the cell. During this phase, cell is metabolically active and continues to grow without replicating its DNA.S phase (Synthesis) – The DNA replication takes place during this phase. If the initial quantity of DNA in the cell is denoted as 2N, then after the replication it becomes 4N. However the number of chromosomes does not vary, i.e. if the number of chromosomes during G1 phase was 2n, it will remain 2n at the end of S phase. G2 phase (Gap 2) –During this phase, the RNA, proteins, other macromolecules required for multiplication of cell organelles, spindle formation, and cell growth are produced as cell prepares to go into the mitotic phase.M phase:
This is mitotic phase or the phase of the equational division as the cell undergoes a complete reorganization to give birth to a progeny that has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cellMitotic phase is divided into four overlapping stages:-Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase, and
Telophase
According to given data, 10 picograms of dna per nucleus was found in the cells following mitosis. DNA replication takes place in the S phase, thus doubling the dna per nucleus to 20 picograms.
S phase is followed by G2 phase, and then prophase (of M phase) during which there is no change in the DNA content of the cell.
Thus 20 picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis.
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The female reproductive part of an angiosperm is the ____ and the male reproductive part is the _____
A.anther, stamen
B.pistil, stigma
C.stamen, pistil
D.pistil, stamen
how to find the mean mass?
2.5 ÷ 1.5x10^4 = .000167 g = answer
which of the following statements is correct? a.meiosis involves 2 divisions and produces 4 non-identical daughter nuclei. b.meiosis involves 1 division and produces 2 non-identical daughter nuclei. c.mitosis involves 1 division and produces 2 non-identical daughter nuclei. d.mitosis involves 2 divisions and produces 4 identical daughter nuclei.
Meiosis involves 2 divisions and produces 4 non-identical daughter nuclei.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and lowers the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Human body cells, also known as somatic cells, have two sets of chromosomes and are diploid (one from each parent).
Meiosis involves two cell divisions. During the initial division, homologous chromosome pairs align in the cell's center before being split into two daughter cells. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes break, reducing ploidy. Each daughter cell contains one set of chromosomes exclusively. During meiosis II, the sister chromatids split.
Thus, meiosis involves two divisions that result in the production of four haploid daughter cells.
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in the gapc gene (a.k.a. gapc), how many exons are not amplified by the primers used in the first round of pcr?
A minimum of two exons aren't amplified in the initial PcR cycle.
During an important procedure known as glycol illnesses, G A p C G is heated. I feel. The capitalization of black analysis and camps was appropriate. The damaging relationships between G A P C, daily hide, and cholesterol. Represents Venice Cyril D hiding the phosphate and Venice g ease hydrogen. Additionally, this gene is psychosomatic.
What about exons?The regions of a gene called exons code for proteins.Amino acids are coded for in exons, which are found in mRNA.Distinct protein domains are encoded by different exons.The domains might be encoded by a single exon or by splicing together many exons.A gene's introns and exons are nucleotide sequences.As RNA matures, introns are cut out via RNA splicing, which suggests that they're not expressed in the resulting messenger RNA (mRNA) product.In contrast, exons still are chemically sure to one another to produce mature mRNA.Exons are protein-coding regions of an RNA transcript or the DNA that encodes it that are translated.Introns are intervening segments of DNA that do not code for proteins and can be used to divide exons.The key thing to remain in mind is that codons are characteristics of RNA, whereas exons and introns are characteristics of DNA.Otherwise, there is a risk that the functions of DNA and RNA in the Central Dogma ("DNA creates RNA makes Protein") may be misunderstood.Homologous sequences within the opposite type of nucleic need to be referred to by a different name.Learn more about exons here:
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Which blood vessels are responsible for bringing deoxygenated blood to the heart?.
Pulmonary Artery is responsible for bringing deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Pulmonary Artery Characteristics
- One of the 3 main blood vessels of the body.
- Out of the right ventricle into the 2 bronchi.
- In the form of a tube sleeve that resembles the letter "T".
- The veins are 1.2 inches wide and 2 inches long.
- Has a valve in the right ventricle of the heart.
- Thick-walled, elastic, and muscular.
- Carries carbon dioxide-rich blood (de-oxygenated blood) from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary Artery Function
The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body that carries de-oxygenated blood. The other arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.
The valves in the ventricles act as one-way doors, through which blood can leave the heart but cannot return to the heart.
The right and left pulmonary arteries are responsible for carrying carbon dioxide-rich blood to the two lung bronchi. In the lungs, gas exchange will occur.
Carbon dioxide gas that is no longer needed in the blood will be replaced with oxygen gas that the body needs.
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in your experiment did blood glucose increase at any time interval for the group that drank sugar-free drinks?
Aspartame is a sugar substitute that is used in many foods and beverages to give consumers a reduced, low, or no-calorie option. We use aspartame in several of our goods because we are aware that many consumers desire delicious beverages with lower sugar and calorie content.
What is Sugar-free drink ?Diet sodas and sugar-free flavored sparkling water are examples of sugar-free carbonated beverages that may raise your chance of developing diabetes and give you headaches. These sugar-sweetened beverages have fewer calories than conventional drinks with sugar added, but drinking them can result in weight gain.
What Blood glucose ?The primary sugar in your blood is called blood sugar, or glucose. Your body uses it as its primary source of energy, and it originates from the food you eat. All of the cells in your body receive glucose from your blood to be used as fuel. Diabetes is a condition in which you have too high blood sugar levels.
The term "glycaemia," also referred to as "blood sugar level," "blood sugar concentration," or "blood glucose level," refers to the concentration of glucose in the blood of people or other animals. A 70 kg person's blood contains 4 grams or less of the simple sugar glucose at all times.
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Which of the components bond directly with cytosine in a section double stranded DNA?
Answer:
Double Helix
Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) or thymine (T). The two strands are connected by chemical bonds between the bases: adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine.
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
I hope it helps! :)
1.which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis? a.algae b.fungi c.animals d.invertebrates
Algae organisms can perform photosynthesis.
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic species possess the capacity for photosynthetic activity. The most famous examples are plants because, with the exception of a very small number of parasitic or mycoheterotrophic species, they all have chlorophyll and can make their own sustenance. The other major class of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms is the algae.
What about algae?A class of primarily watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms collectively referred to as "algae" lack the true roots, stems, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive structures.Photosynthetic organisms include algae. They are not an animal, a plant, or a fungus. Many types of algae are single-celled, while some are multicellular. Red and brown algae are generally multicellular, but not always. Algae and cyanobacteria are neither good nor bad on their own. Because they provide the oxygen required to support life, these organisms are crucial to the health of the planet. However, cyanobacteria and algae can be harmful to humans, animals, and the environment if they produce toxins or proliferate in large quantities. Algae could be a crucial supply of B12 if people move to more plant-based diets. Algae-based food supplements are currently available on the market. Chlorella, a complete algae product, is added to some drinks, although it is mostly offered as a nutritional supplement in powder form. Since then, algae have been reclassified as protists, and because blue-green algae are prokaryotic, they are now grouped with bacteria in the prokaryotic kingdom Monera.Learn more about algae here:
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Describe what
three things can happen to light energy as the sun shines on plant cells
The following can happen as the sun shines on plant cells:
Light energy can be absorbed by pigments and used in the photosynthesis reactionsIt can e transmitted or it can pass through the cellsit can be reflected. What are plant cells?Plant cells are eukaryotic cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
The organelles found only in plant cells include the chloroplast, cell wall, plastids, and a large central vacuole. The chloroplasts contain a green pigment chlorophyll that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis.
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atp synthases are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. what does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of these eukaryotic organelles to prokaryotes? how might the amino acid sequences of the atp synthases from the different sources support or refute your hypothesis?
a) ATP synthase is a molecular machine. This enzyme (protein) is in fee of making ATP and is utilized by prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The truth that the equal enzyme seems in each organizations creates a dating due to the fact the perfect manner this will show up is via way of means of eukaryotes obtaining this mechanisms from prokaryotes. It is assumed that during truth this befell thru a manner referred to as endosymbiosis, wherein prokaryotic cells engulf different cells setting up a symbiotic dating. After hundreds of thousands of years it in the end have become 1 organism.
b) Since ATP synthase is a kind of protein one may want to assume that the amino acid series that creates this enzyme ought to be comparable among prokaryotes and eukaryotes and helping the concept that eukaryotes advanced from prokaryotes.
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Which organ is primarily responsible
for eliminating food wastes?
Answer:
Large Intestine
Explanation:
The large intestine is primarily responsible for eliminating food wastes that remain after digestion. This organs collects waste from around the body as well.
Answer:
Liver
Explanation:
It has many associated organs like the salivary glands and liver which expels the waste into the digestive tract. Besides the undigested and unwanted matter in the food is also removed. The liver is a crucial excretory organ of the digestive system.
if a somatic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase, how many picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase ii of meiosis? (enter the number only, not the units)
Using the theories of cells, we got that 20 picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase of meiosis if a somantic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase is used.
The cell is actually the basic structural and functional unit of life forms. Every cell consists of the cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, and contains many biomolecules such as the proteins, DNA and RNA, as well as many small molecules of nutrients and the metabolites.[1]
Cells can easily acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as replication, DNA repair, the protein synthesis, and motility. Cells are capable of specialization and the mobility within the cell. Most cells are measured in micrometers due to the small size.
Hence, if a somatic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase, 20 picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase ii of meiosis.
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what is not a mutagen? a. chemicals in tobacco smoke b. fungal toxins c. all of the above are mutagens d. ultraviolet light e. industrial pollution
These substances are all mutagens.
What purposes do mutagens serve?Many mutagens are employed to kill cancer cells because they are very harmful to growing cells. Chemotherapy may involve the use of intercalating drugs like daunorubicin and doxorubicin as well as alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and cisplatin.
What consequences do mutagens have?Additionally, lesions that increase the number of single-stranded regions in the genome may be introduced by mutagens that rapidly degrade DNA, leading to even higher frequencies of recombination.
How do mutagens cause harm?A mutagen is a substance that can permanently alter cells' genetic material, perhaps resulting in heritable genetic harm or cancer.
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normally, proteins of large molecular size are not present in urine. increased amounts of proteins may appear as a result of kidney diseases in which the glomeruli are damaged or as a result of .
Because of high blood pressure or from injury to the glomeruli.
Why do proteins typically not appear in urine samples?There is protein in the blood, but healthy kidneys should only remove very little amounts (traces) of it through the filters into the urine (glomeruli). Protein loss in the urine is not typical.
What are the proteins found in typical urine?You typically have a very small amount of protein in your urine. If your urine contains a lot of protein (proteinuria), your kidneys may be the source of the issue. Your kidneys are a set of organs that purify surplus water and waste from your blood to create urine.
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a collection of recombinant vectors that contains fragments of one organism's entire genome is called a(n) .
A genomic library is a collection of individual genome fragments from one organism.
What types of organisms are examples?Any living thing that has an organized structure, is capable of reacting to inputs, can breed, expand, adapt, & maintain equilibrium is described to as an ecosystem. Therefore, anything animal, vegetation, fungus, parasitoid wasp, bacterium, and archaeon found on Earth would be considered an organism.
Sperm—is it a living thing?Sperm are alive? That mostly depends on how you define "life." Sperm cells share several traits with living things, such as the ability to grow (mature), make energy from sugar metabolism, and move independently.
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