Down-regulation of neurotransmitter receptors in response to long-term psychoactive drug use is an example of functional tolerance.
Humans and animals acquire tolerance when their brain functions adjust to compensate for the disruption produced by alcohol in both their behavior and physical functioning. This is referred to as functional tolerance.
Functional tolerance enables an individual to function normally when inebriated, concealing their intoxication from others.
It is one of the most common types of tolerance to drugs or alcohol that a person can have.
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When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the glucose molecule becomes.
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes oxidized.
A molecule undergoes oxidation when an electron is lost or when its oxidation state is raised. A molecule loses energy when it is oxidised.
When a molecule is reduced, one or more electrons are added, and energy is gained. In an exergonic process, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid while losing an atom of hydrogen.
The primary form of sugar in the blood, glucose serves as the body's cells' main source of energy. Glucose can be produced by the body from other chemicals or it can be obtained from the meals we eat. The bloodstream carries glucose to the cells. Insulin is one of many hormones that regulate blood glucose levels.
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neurological damage to which area would impair a monkey's ability to complete the wisconsin card sorting task?
neurological damage to Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex would impair a monkey's ability to complete the wisconsin card sorting task.
what is neurological damage?The University of California, San Francisco estimates that there are more than 600 different neurological conditions. Diseases known as neurological disorders impact the brain, as well as the central and autonomic nervous systems. The many forms of neurological disorders must first be distinguished in order to identify the signs and symptoms of neurological issues.
You might be curious in what causes a neurological disorder if you think that you or a loved one may be dealing with one of these problems. Such dysfunction might have a wide range of root causes. Numerous membranes that might be sensitive to stress and pressure shield the spinal cord and brain. Deep beneath the epidermis, the peripheral nerves are equally susceptible to harm. A single neuron or an entire neurological pathway may be impacted by neurological illnesses. Dysfunction can result from even a minor alteration in the structural route of a neuron. Thus, a variety of factors can lead to neurological illnesses, such as: factors associated
lifestyle ,Infections, Genetics ,causes associated to diet
, environment-related factors ,physically hurt.
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if you use distance analysis of morphological traits to build a phylogenetic tree that includes humans (a placental mammal), placental wolves, and marsupial wolves, which two groups would you conclude are most closely related? would the tree be correct?
Which two groups—marsupials and placental wolves—would you say are most closely connected to one another?
What is a phylogenetic example?A unique phylogeny example is the animal phylogenetic tree that shows the history of animal organs. In terms of the history of animal organs, it demonstrates animal phylogeny. Based on the unit level of organization in this sort of graphic, it is possible to determine the evolutionary pattern of the main animal lineages.
Why is phylogenetic analysis used?An in-depth understanding of how species change genetically is provided through phylogenetic analysis. With the aid of phylogenetics, researchers may assess the route an organism took to reach its ancestral origin and forecast potential genetic divergence.
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The evolution of Drug-Resistance HIV. Within a few weeks of treatment with drug X, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of X-resistant HIV. Explain how this rapid evolution of drug resistance is an example of natural selection.
Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance either by obtaining specific resistance genes from these other bacteria or by developing mutations that change the biological targets of antibiotics.
What does mutation entail?a deviation from the typical DNA sequence at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (including polymorphisms) may affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral.
What are the four mutation types?Gametes experience germline mutations. Other bodily cells can develop somatic mutations. Mutations that modify the chromosome's structure are called chromosomal changes. A single nucleotide is altered by point mutations.
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what is the role of dna ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during dna replication? question 5 options: it synthesizes rna nucleotides to make a primer. it catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. it unwinds the parental double helix. it joins okazaki fragments together.
In the expansion of the lagging strand during DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase. The right response in this case is option D.
The leading and lagging strands are two different types of DNA strands that are produced during DNA replication, which creates a new strand of DNA. Additionally, some chemicals are present to carry out particular tasks necessary for the synthesis of these new strands.
The lagging strands must devise strategies to make sure they produce the new strands in this direction because the production of the new strand runs from the 5' to 3' direction; as a result, the Okazaki fragments are produced.
The Okazaki fragments are then joined and sealed together by DNA ligase, creating a long strand that is complementary to its template.
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continental spreading centers include the_ in the us and the_ in africa
Answer:
the answer is b
Explanation:
So wind and rain make?
-extra water in the ocean
-different temperatures of water
-different parts of the ocean have different amounts of salt
-the same temperature and salt in all areas
Answer:
this means that you cant find the answer
Explanation:
Marine Science Which of the following is essential to the nitrogen cycle?
a. rain
b. plants
c. plankton
d. hurricanes
which of the following is a example of facilitated diffusion?
A. plants bringing nutrients into their roots from the soil
B. the sodium-potassium pump actively bringing sodium and potassium into the cell
C. protein channels embedded in the cell membrane helping large molecules enter the cell
D. liquid molecules colliding
An example of facilitated diffusion is protein channels embedded in the cell membrane helping large molecules enter the cell. So, the correct answer will be option (c).
The type of diffusion where the molecules move or transfer from a higher concentrated region to a lower concentrated region with the help of a carrier agent is generally known as Facilitated diffusion. Since facilitated diffusion is a type of passive diffusion, it does not need or use energy. Factors, such as the size of the molecules, temperature, diffusion distance, concentration, etc., take part in affecting facilitated diffusion. Some more examples of facilitated diffusion include Ion channels, Glucose transporter, Aquaporins, and so on.
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which rna molecule carries the nucleotide sequence responsible for the amino acid sequence in proteins?
RNA molecule carries the nucleotide sequence responsible for the amino acid sequence in proteins is mRNA or messenger RNA.
mRNA is formed in the nucleus of the cell via the process of transcription during the information from DNA gets encoded in the mRNA molecule. From nucleus the mRNA molecule gets transferred to the cytoplasm where under the control of translation machinery and ribosome it gets translated to protein molecules.
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once threads form, they stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork that entraps blood cells and platelets. this meshwork is called a .
Fibrin stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork.
The fibrin, an insoluble protein that is created in reaction to bleeding and serves as the main component of the blood clot, is caught in a meshwork that is formed when they adhere to the exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels.
It is made of fibrinogen, a soluble protein produced by the liver and present in blood plasma, which is a stiff protein material that is structured in long fibrous chains.
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in a culture of green alga that is carrying out photosynthesis in the presence of co2 in the laboratory, what would happen to the levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate in the minutes after the lights were turned off and the cultures were plunged into darkness?
In the absence of light during photosynthesis, the levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate decreases while the levels of 3-phosphoglycerate increases.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food by the plant by using the inorganic raw materials like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide and producing sugar as well as by-product oxygen. This process occurs in two phases: the light reaction and the dark reaction.
3-phosphoglycerate is the first product formed during the Calvin cycle in the carboxylation reaction. It accumulates in the absence of light because the plant has the constant source of carbon dioxide from the environment and ATP is no required for this reaction. However, for RUBP, regeneration ATP is required which will not be synthesized in the absence of light.
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large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are termed a. osteocytes b. osteoblasts c. osteoprogenitor cells d. chondrocytes e. osteoclasts
Large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are termed, E. osteoclasts.
Large multinucleated cells known as osteoclasts are responsible for resorbing bone. With the help of acids and hydrolytic enzymes, osteoclasts destroy the matrix and osteoid. In contrast to the other bone cells, osteoclasts are phagocytic and generated from monocytes.
Large bone cells called osteoclasts can have up to 50 nuclei. By releasing lysosomal enzymes and acids that disintegrate the bony matrix, they degrade the bone structure. These minerals, which are released from bones into the blood, aid in controlling calcium levels in bodily fluids. Osteo-progenitor cells give rise to osteoblasts in the body.
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which statement about evolution is false? group of answer choices evolution is possible in the absence of natural selection. evolutionary change requires genetic change. individuals evolve. developmental change occurs within an individual.
Answer:
evolution is possible in the absence of natural selection
Explanation:
Evolutionary processes depend on both changes in genetic variability and changes in allele frequencies over time. while Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. The common conception of evolution focuses on change due to natural selection.
during the initial few minutes of exercise, oxygen uptake cannot meet the energy demand. what is this called? select one: a. oxygen deficit b. epoc c. steady state
During the initial few minutes of exercising when oxygen uptake doesn't meet the demand of energy is called oxygen deficit state.
When the body consumes more oxygen than it takes in, an oxygen deficit occurs. Low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxemia) or tissues can be caused by an oxygen deficiency (hypoxia). An elevated heart rate and fast breathing are two symptoms that an individual with an oxygen shortage may have. Exhaustive activity naturally results in an oxygen deficit. The body will strive to restore oxygen levels in blood during what is known as a recovery period when exercise causes an oxygen deficit.
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The bony projections that can be palpated medially and laterally at the wrist are the?.
The bony projections that can be palpated medially and laterally at the wrist are the: medial and lateral epicondyles. The lateral epicondyle is placed on the outer side of the elbow.
What are the medial and lateral epicondyles?The medial epicondyle is a secondary growth center at our elbow. It first appears around age 6. Then, at the age of 14-17, it fuses to the shaft of the humerus.
Meanwhile, the lateral epicondyles are the unique feature found on long bones that are responsible as a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments. Besides that, epicondyles also serve as a point of attachment for the bone-to-muscle connection.
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probably the most often misused projection is multiple choice simple conic. goode's homolosine. mercator. gnomonic.
The most misused projection is Mercator
The most recognisable projection was the Mercator. It was a map of the surface of the Earth that depicted the meridian distances as straight lines. The map's inability to typically accurately represent the shape of the earth, however, causes distortions as the marked lines get closer to the poles. This makes it susceptible to errors.
Moreover, the widely used Mercator projection exaggerates the overall size of the landmasses that are close to the poles relative to those that are close to the equator. This then distorts their overall relative sizes. For example: Brazil's region looks to be much smaller on Mercator maps, but this image demonstrates that it is actually almost as big as Canada's.
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he table below shows the right ascensions of two stars at a location.
Name of star Right ascension (in hours)
Star 1 5
Star 2 3
Which of these statements is correct about the stars?
Star 1 will rise two hours before Star 2.
Star 1 will rise three hours before Star 2.
Star 1 will cross the meridian four hours before Star 2.
Star 1 will cross the meridian seven hours before Star 2.
The correct statements about the stars is: Star 1 will rise two hours before Star 2.
The first option is correct.
What are stars?A star is described as an astronomical object comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its gravity.
we have the following assumptions;
Star 1 - 4 hours right ascension
Star 2 - 3 hours right ascension
Subtracting hours right ascension
5 hours right ascension - 3 hours right ascension = 1 hours right ascension.
Thus, we can conclude that:
star 1 will rise two hour before star 2
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definition in metabolic processes of cell respiration and photosynthesis, prosthetic groups such as heme and iron-sulfur complexes are encountered in components of the electron transport chain. what do they do? a) donate electrons b) act as reducing agents c) act as oxidizing agents d) transport protons within the mitochondria and chloroplasts e) both oxidize and reduce during electron transport
Both oxidize and reduce during electron transport. Option E.
Photosynthesis produces glucose this is used in cell respiratory to provide ATP. Glucose is then converted to carbon dioxide and used for photosynthesis. Water is damaged down into oxygen throughout photosynthesis, but oxygen combines with hydrogen during cell respiration to provide water.
Cell respiratory is a chain of metabolic reactions and strategies that convert biochemical energy from nutrients to adenosine triphosphate ATP and launch waste merchandise inside the cells of an organism.
Metabolism is the chemical response within the frame's cells that convert food into strength. Our our bodies want this power to do the entirety from transferring to wondering to developing. positive proteins in the frame control metabolic chemical reactions.
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DNA carries the cell’s genetic information; however, it cannot leave the __________________. Because of this, it copies part of its nucleotide sequence into a complementary copy of ______________ during the process called _____________________. During this process, ___________Polymerase separates the DNA strands. It then uses one strand of DNA as the __________________ from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. Each three letter sequence on the mRNA is called a ______________. The start codon is ____________ and the three stop codons are _____________, ____________, _____________. Once the mRNA leaves the nucleus it goes to the ____________________ to prepare for protein synthesis which is called ___________________. During this process, a ______________ molecule brings the _________________________ to the ribosome. The amino acids are hooked together by ____________________bonds. The tRNA is able to match up to the mRNA by its _______________________. When the stop _________________ is reached, the __________________ chain is released into the ______________________.
DNA carries the cell’s genetic information; however, it cannot leave the nucleus. Because of this, it copies part of its nucleotide sequence into a complementary copy of mRNA during the process called transcription.
How to illustrate the information?During this process, helicase polymerase separates the DNA strands. It then uses one strand of DNA as the template codon from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. Each three-letter sequence on the mRNA is called an AUG. The start codon is ____________ and the three stop codons are UAG UGA UAA.
Once the mRNA leaves the nucleus it goes to the ribosome to prepare for protein synthesis which is called translation. During this process, a tRNA molecule brings the amino acid to the ribosome. The amino acids are hooked together by peptide bonds. The tRNA is able to match up to the mRNA by its complimentary bases. The protein chain is released into the cytoplasm when the stop is reached.
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in a population, 25% of individuals exhibit albinism which is a lack of production of the pigment melanin. it is caused by two recessive allele (q2). what is the frequency of the recessive allele (g) in this population?
The frequency of the recessive allele (gg) in a population where 25% individuals exhibit albinism is 0.5.
According to Hardy weinberg principle, the frequencies of the genotypes can be determined by an equation: [tex](p+q)^{2}[/tex] = [tex]p^{2}[/tex] + 2pq + [tex]q^{2}[/tex], where [tex]p^{2}[/tex] represents the frequency of homozygous dominant allele and [tex]q^{2}[/tex] represents frequency of homozygous recessive alleles. As albinism is caused by recessive alleles ([tex]q^{2}[/tex]), the frequency would be half of the total frquency, that is 0.5 of 1, because p + q = 1.
Making one of the many proteins involved in the manufacture of melanin is controlled by a number of genes. Melanocytes, which are cells present in your skin, hair, and eyes, are responsible for producing melanin. A change in one of these genes leads to albinism. Albinism is indeed inherited or passed down through families. When a person inherits an albinism gene from their parents, they are born with the condition.
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cells cannot use the energy of gluclose directly because a gluclose molecule contains too much energy true or false
Answer: false
Explanation: false, energy stored in glucose is transferred to ATP or adenosine triphosphate which is chemical energy a cell can use
When the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel, the electricity is turned off
When the electricity is turned off the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel because electric current allow to move the molecules through the gel or matrix.
What is Gel Electrophoresis?Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charge molecules day and like DNA, RNA and proteins according to their size.
When electric current is passed across the gel, the molecules which are charged move through the gel. One end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end of the gel has a negative charge.
When electric current is applied across the gel ,the movement of these charge particles occur which is called migration. These migrated molecule migrate towards the opposite charges like molecule with negative charge get pulled towards the positive and positive charge get pulled towards the negative.
The gel is made up of permeable matrix ,a bit like sieve structure through which molecules travel when electric current is passed through it.
Thus, when the electricity is turned off the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel because electric current allow to move the molecules through the gel or matrix.
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YR 7 BIOLOGY WORKSHEET!! Find attachment below ⬇️
In this question about muscle cells and cells, the correct options are.
B.
c.
c.
a.
b.
c.
a.
d.
b.
d.
b.
How is muscle tissue made up?
Muscle tissue is formed by elongated cells with the ability to contract, which are called muscle fibers. These fibers have several contractile protein filaments, that is, with the ability to contract. Among them are actin and myosin filaments.
What is muscle tissue?
Muscle tissue is a tissue of mesodermal origin characterized by the presence of elongated cells, called muscle fibers or myocytes, with a cytoplasm rich in protein fibers, which give this tissue the ability to contract.
What are the main characteristics of muscle tissue?Among its main characteristics are:
excitabilitycontractilityextensibility and elasticity.Muscles represent 40% of body mass. Therefore, in many animals muscle tissue is the most abundant. Muscle tissue cells are elongated and are called muscle fibers or myocytes.
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of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the concentration gradient. diffusion distance. membrane surface area. membrane thickness. electrical charge.
Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the concentration gradient.
The exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs mostly based on pressure or concentration gradients in the primary sites of gaseous exchange in the lungs, known as alveoli. Diffusion coefficient of the gases and pressure difference across the membrane also play a vital role in diffusion.
Other significant variables that can impact the pace of diffusion include the solubility of gases and the thickness of the membranes engaged in diffusion. As oxygen and carbon dioxide do not react in the alveoli, the reactivity of gases has no impact on the rate of alveolar diffusion.
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what is the probability of producing the genotype aabbcc in a cross of individuals who both possess this genotype: aabbcc?
1/64 is the probability of producing the genotype aabbcc in a cross of individuals who both possess this genotype.
The genotype AaBbCcDd has 4 genes that are heterozygous and can produce 24 different types of gametes.
What about genotype?Gene pool as a whole is characterized by the term "genotype," which broadly refers to an organism's genetic make-up.The phrase can also be used to describe to the alleles, or different forms of a gene, that an organism carries in a more specific meaning. In contrast, AS and SS shouldn't even consider getting married because there is a good probability that they will have a child who has sickle cell disease. Additionally, there is no way to avoid producing a child with sickle cell disease, so SS and SS must not be married.A genotype is a numerical representation of the type of variant found at a particular locus (i.e., region) in the genome.As an example, the letters BB, Bb, and bb could be used to indicate a specific gene variant.Despite the possibility of random spontaneous mutations, genotype typically does not vary from one environment to another. The same genotype, however, might result in a variety of phenotypes.Learn more about genotype here:
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carbohydrates and proteomics. suppose that a protein contains six potential n-linked glycosylation sites. how many possible proteins can be generated, depending on which of these sites is actually glycosylated? do not include the effects of diversity within the carbohydrate added
Each side is either assumed or capable as 6 potential and connected black oscillation slides. It is the number of in blink mechanization sites that decides the number of probable proteins that can emerged. There are 64 potential proteins that can be generated.
Glycosylation is known to alter the way proteins are organised in 3 sides structurally. It is important to measure the stability, function, and structural form of proteins.
A Deadly Embrace: Hemagglutination linked by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein at Its 22 N-Glycosylation Sites, Red Blood Cell Surface Sialoglycoproteins, and Antibody is a investigating document by David E. Scheim.
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biological evolution (the evolution of living cells) differs from chemical evolution (the evolution of the molecules that make living cells) in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of
Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of true cells.
Biological evolution, sometimes also called organic evolution, is the process by which species (made of living cells) evolved over a long period of time. It mainly resulted from mutation caused by physical, chemical, and biological mutagens.
Chemical evolution is the process that occurs due to changes in the molecules' structures. In this evolution, the biomolecules are subjected to changes in extreme conditions, thus increasing their complexity over time. These molecules interacted with each other, possibly gaining the ability to pass on genetic materials and reproduce, which leads to the origin of life on Earth.
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hich cell type, molecule, or process listed below among a - d does not have a function or rolein both the innate and adaptive immune systems? a. macrophages b. dendritic cells c. complement d. phagocytosis e. a - d all have a role in both systems.
The correct response is complement. It do not have a function or role in both the innate and adaptive immune system.
Adaptive immune responses have the purpose of eliminating invasive infections and any hazardous chemicals they may create. It is essential that these responses are only created in response to molecules that are foreign to the host and not the molecules of the host itself because they are damaging. Innate immunity, also known as nonspecific immunity, is the defense mechanism you were born with. You are shielded from all antigens by it. Barriers that prevent hazardous substances from entering your body are a part of innate immunity. These barriers serve as the immune system's first line of defense.
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Provide a possible mechanism for why the muscle was unable to maintain a prolonged contraction during fatigue.
Muscles can't sustain prolonged contractions during fatigue because muscles can run out of energy (ATP), so ATP production will be diverted by anaerobic means. The anaerobic process will produce more lactic acid, so lactic acid will accumulate and diffuse into the blood fluid.
What causes muscle fatigue other than lactic acid buildup?Several opinions explain the onset of muscle fatigue, including:
Lactic acid accumulation is the cause of muscle fatigue.Due to the accumulation of free H+ derived from the hydrolysis of ATP and anaerobic glycolysis in exercising muscles.In increasing exercise intensity, energy is mainly obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP and anaerobic glycolysis. Both of these processes produce free H+. With the increasing intensity and demand for ATP, the process of anaerobic glycolysis and ATP hydrolysis increases. In this condition, there is an increase in the concentration of H+ ions from anaerobic glycolysis and ATP hydrolysis, and if the buffering capacity of the cells is exceeded, the accumulation of free H+ will cause muscle fatigue.
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