The phylogenetic tree expresses the evolution of lineages according to morphological or molecular differences between them. Species A and B are the closest in a phylogenetic tree.
What is a phylogenetic tree?Phylogenetic trees are graphic representations that express the evolutive process through which several groups -taxa- emerged through history.
The phylogenetic tree is composed of
Root ⇒ It represents the oldest common ancestorNodes ⇒ Divergence point in which single taxa differentiate or diverge. These nodes are the most recent common ancestor of the new diverging groups.
Branches ⇒ The extremes of branches represent taxonomic groups or lineages.
All the taxa in the tree share a far common ancestor. New traits emerge through history that drives the evolution of new lineages. These traits might be either morphological or molecular.
Two taxonomic groups are more related if they have a recent common ancestor. There are fewer differences (morphological or molecular) between these two groups.
On the other hand, two lineages will be less related if their common ancestor is not a recent one and is located far away in the tree. Several differences exist between these groups because many changes occurred in the middle.
In the exposed example, we can talk about molecular differences because they occur at the DNA level.
So, to get to know which species are the closest ones, we need to look for the differences between these fragments.
The pair that expresses the less number of differences will be the most related one.
species a: a a c t a g c g c g a t species b: a a c t a g c g c c a t species c: t t c t a g c g g t a t
Here I wrote in bold letters all the differences between the three DNA fragments.
As we can see, the fragment that expresses most changes is the one from species C.
We can say that
Species A and B are more closely related because there are fewer changes between them. Only one base changed (G ⇒ C).Species B and C and B and C are less related because 4 changes occurred between them.According to our reasoning, species A and B are the closest in a phylogenetic tree.
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Under what circumstances could ions flow through an ion channel from a region of lower ion concentration to a region of higher ion concentration?
Active transport is used by the cells for the accumulation of required molecules. This type of transport is energy-dependent. The movement of molecules is against the gradient.
What is Active Transport?Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across the cell membrane from its lower concentration to its higher concentration. This movement is favored by energy in the form of ATP.
The two main types of active transport includes: Primary Active Transport and Secondary Active Transport. Primary Active Transport involves the direct use of ATP while the Secondary Active Transport involves coupling of molecules with other molecules moving along an electrochemical gradient.
Therefore, Active transport is involved in the movement of substances against the concentration gradient.
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Explain how the code in your dna relates to your physical appearance as well as the functioning of your body. How might a change in this code impact the body?.
The code in our DNA relates to our physical appearance as well as functioning because it makes the proteins of the body.
It is through the process of central dogma that the DNA transcribes into mRNA. Each mRNA transcript gets translated into different proteins having different functions to perform in the body.
It is due to the formation of these proteins that our physical appearance and functions in the body are maintained. For example, a part of the DNA will be coding for proteins that are structural proteins. These structural proteins maintain our appearance, structure, pigmentation, hair color and type etc. Other proteins would be involved in other functions such as antibodies for generating an immune response.
A change in the code of the DNA can lead to altered proteins being formed. The proteins made by changing of code will be different. A change in the code can lead to the occurrence of diseases.
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Is it necessary to have sugar in our body?
Answer:
It is necessary.
Explanation:
We need sugar to put in our cells. The insulin breaks the sugar from our blood to do so. Sugar is very important that's why people with diabetes type 1 eat a little bit more than others because they need the sugar, but too much sugar is also bad, so you need a control of it.
Hope It Helps
Sorry If I'm Wrong
researchers investigating the regulation of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons proposed a model
Researchers investigating the regulation of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons proposed a model is GFP* contained in synaptic vesicles moved into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.
To move chemical messages from one neuron to the following target cell is their function. The following target cell may be a gland, muscle, or another nerve cell.A postsynaptic neuron sends signals away from the synapse, whereas a presynaptic neuron sends signals toward a synapse. The synapse, a juncture where the terminal end of an axon touches another neuron, is where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.Similar to other organelles, synaptic vesicles have related membrane proteins such synapsins, cysteine string proteins, and rab proteins as well as monotopic and polytopic proteins. It is striking how many proteins in synaptic vesicles have four transmembrane areas.To learn more about neurotransmitter.brainly.com/question/9556454
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A fishing spider walks along the surface of water to hunt for tadpoles.
Which characteristic of water does the spider take advantage of?
A. adhesion
B. hydrogen bonds
C. universal solvent
D. cohesion
Answer: D. Cohesion
Explanation:
I took the test. Have a lovely day folks <3
Answer:
Just took the test got a 5/5 on it.
Explanation:
Picture down bellow
If you removed the ZPA from a limb bud and then placed a bead soaked in Sonic hedgehog in the middle of the bud, what would be the most likely result?
Imagine planting a Sonic Hedgehog bead in the center of the bud after it has been wet. The developing limb in that instance would most likely be a mirror-image duplicate, with the most anterior digits at each end and the most posterior digits in the middle. As a result, a mirror-image duplicate would arise.
A complex signaling network that regulates tightly regulated developmental processes in multicellular organisms is the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling cascade. Lower concentrations of Shh in a bead will result in a reaction like that seen after a tissue transplant.
Let's say a mirror-image limb is produced when the Sonic Hedgehog is injected into the front portion of a conventional limb bud. The studies with mice also demonstrate that the sonic hedgehog can produce additional toes in a region of the limb bud where it is often absent.
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in 1939, heinrich klüver and paul bucy surgically lesioned a structure called the in the brain's limbic system, thereby eliminating defensive responses in various mammal species.
In 1939, Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy surgically lesioned a structure called the amygdala in the brain's limbic system, thereby eliminating defensive responses in various mammal species.
What is Brain?This is referred to as the central organ of the nervous system and contain millions of nerve cells which transmits signals to it from various sensory organs for processing. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system and have their various functions.
The amygdala is referred to a part of the brain which is primarily responsible for decision making and emotional responses and was lesioned in an experiment by some scientists.
This led to the elimination of defensive responses due to a lack of emotion being encountered by the set of mammals which were used for this procedure and is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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you want to calibrate your microscope in order to take photos with in scale measurements of the organisms that you are viewing. the second dot on the calibration slide is 0.75mm to how many µm does that equate?
The value in micrometers is 7.5 * 10^2 µm.
What is the value in µm?We know that it is possible to convert from one unit to another by the use of conversion factors. The conversion factor must be dimensionally correct in order to work and help us to make the required conversions.
Now we must first convert from millimeter to meter using;
0.75 mm * 1 m/1000 mm
Then we have the value as 7.5 * 10^-4 m
Then we convert to micrometer
7.5 * 10^-4 m * 1 * 10^6 µm/1 m
=7.5 * 10^2 µm
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a cell has eight chromosomes in g1 of interphase. how many chromosomes will be found in anaphase of mitosis?
An athlete's cells can become too hot to function properly. Which of these processes will best return the cells to normal?
A
Cytokinesis
B
Endocytosis
C
Transpiration
D
Homeostasis
What would be the advantage of introducing genes into germ cells rather than somatic cells?
The advantage of introducing genes into germ cells rather than somatic cells is germ cells would be passed on to gametes and future generations.
What are germ cells?
Any biological cell that develops into gametes in a sexually reproducing organism is referred to as a germ cell. Many animals have germ cells that begin in the primitive streak and go through the gut of the growing embryo to the gonads. There, they go through meiosis and then differentiate into mature gametes—eggs or sperm—via cellular processes. Plants do not identify germ cells throughout early development, in contrast to animals. Instead, somatic adult cells, like the floral meristem of flowering plants, can give rise to germ cells.
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How does the Bohr shift help deliver O₂ to very active tissues?
The condition of the active tissues permits the Bohr effect to efficiently enhance the offloading of oxygen to functional tissues. The active tissues exhibit localized elevated partial pressure, resulting in increased carbon dioxide and decreased pH.
The amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen is determined by the ventilation's rate and depth. Compared to oxygen, carbon dioxide has a lower affinity for hemoglobin.PaCO₂ represents the plasma's dissolved carbon dioxide. When both are present, the hemoglobin binds to oxygen instead of carbon dioxide due to affinities. Near the cells, the carbon dioxide concentration is high.Reduced blood pH or higher carbon dioxide levels result in a weaker affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin.The Bohr effect is the decrease in hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen caused by an increase in carbon dioxide's partial pressure. A change in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve results from this action.The functioning of the active tissues, such as the skeletal muscles, requires a constant supply of oxygen. The localized partial pressure of carbon dioxide rises as a result of the tissue's continuous activity.The blood's pH level drops when carbon dioxide levels rise, which lessens hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. Therefore, the Bohr effect occurs when tissues are more active, and increased carbon dioxide liberation results in a drop in blood pH and increased oxygen unloading.Learn more about the Bohr shift with the help of the given link:
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You have just sequenced a new protein found in mice and observe that sulfur-containing cysteine amino acids occur at regular intervals. What is the significance of this finding in regards to tertiary structure?.
Answer:
Disulfide bridges, which aid in the formation of the protein's tertiary structure, require cysteine residues.
Explanation:
A singular peptide chain and protein secondary structural features make up a protein's three dimensional or tertiary structure. A protein's tertiary structure is controlled by side chain connections and bonding.
Disulfide bridges, which are created by cysteine, join the pieces of a polypeptide chain together. Regarding their fundamental structure, such fragments can frequently be found at great distances from one another. Therefore, a protein's three-dimensional form is its tertiary structure.
Disulfide bridges are crucial for keeping the protein's three-dimensional- dimensional or tertiary structure. In an oxidizing atmosphere, disulfide production is promoted, but in a reductive environment, this disulfide bridge might be destroyed.
WHAT MAKES CYSTEINE DIFFERENT?
since its side chain contains a highly reactive sulfhydryl component. As a result, cysteine occupies a unique location and cannot be taken by another amino acid because the disulfide bridges that cysteine residues create are a constant part of the core structure of proteins.
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lichens are ? group of answer choices mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots. symbiotic associations between photosynthetic organisms and fungi. a type of plant pathogen. single-celled, flagellated protist ancestors of fungi. a type of marine eukaryote.
Answer:
symbiotic associations between photosynthetic organisms and fungi
Explanation:
The prefrontal cortex is an example of a(n) _____ area of the cerebral cortex because it is involved in higher-level thinking rather than primary motor or sensory functions.
According to the research, the correct option is association. The prefrontal cortex is an example of association area of the cerebral cortex because it is involved in higher-level thinking rather than primary motor or sensory functions.
What is the prefrontal cortex?It comprises a set of neurons that cluster in the most anterior part of the frontal lobe, to fulfill functions related to working memory, thinking and the control of some emotional states.
In this sense, it is considered an association area since it controls emotions that include aggression, as well as participates in thinking, problem solving, decision making, and information from other brain areas.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is association. The prefrontal cortex is an example of association area of the cerebral cortex because it is involved in higher-level thinking rather than primary motor or sensory functions.
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If r_Inst is doubled, predict how the population growth rates will change for the four population sizes given in question 1. Now calculate the population growth rate for the same four cases, this time assuming that r_Inst = 2.0 (and with K still =1,500 ).
The population growth rate for the same four cases rate will double.
ΔN/Δt = rinst N (K-N) / K
1,510(1,500-1,510)/1,500 = -20
1,600(1,500-1,600)/1,500 = -213
1,750(1,500-1,750)/1,500 = -583
2,000(1,500-2,000)/1,500 = -1,333
Population growth rate :The annual increase in the number of people worldwide is roughly 83 million, or 1.1%. By 2020, there will be 7.9 billion people on the planet, up from 1 billion in 1800.
To commemorate this achievement, the 7 Billion Actions global campaign was established. From 7.7 billion today to 9.7 billion in 2050, and possibly reaching a peak of over 11 billion people in 2100, the world's population is projected to grow by 2 billion people over the next 30 years.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
is an element found in all organic molecules. During respiration, animals excrete it as a gas known as
Answer:
Carbon moves from living things to the atmosphere.
Each time you exhale, you are releasing carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into the atmosphere. Animals and plants get rid of carbon dioxide gas through a process called respiration.
Explanation:
Carbon is the element found in all organic molecules. During respiration, animals excrete carbon dioxide as gas.
What is respiration?Respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in all living organisms. In respiration, oxidation of organic carbon compounds occurs which results in the production of carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
Respiration is of two types aerobic and anaerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration oxidation of organic compounds takes place in presence of oxygen whereas, In anaerobic respiration, oxygen is absent. For example, alcohol fermentation is anaerobic respiration and glycolysis is aerobic respiration.
In respiration, living organisms take oxygen in and respire carbon dioxide out along with the evolution of energy.
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What two factors likely contribute to the evolution of semelparity versus iteroparity?
The two factors likely contribute to the evolution of semelparity versus iteroparity are survival rate of offspring and likelihood of adult surviving to reproduce again.
Briefing :Low survival rate of children in unstable conditions results in semelparity if preferred. Environments with stability: iteroparity is preferred
Adults have a lower survival rate in unpredictable or changing surroundings; however, if they have a large number of offspring, there is a better chance that some of them will live.
Adults are more likely to survive and procreate in stable surroundings, which increases competition and leads to the production of few but large offspring and increased parental care.
How does iteroparity differ from semelparity?Any living things have two different reproductive options : semelparity and iteroparity. A species is categorized as a iteroparous if it experiences several reproductive cycles throughout semelparous if it only displays one reproductive event before dying, and otherwise.
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using an example, briefly explain why homeostasis often involves more than one body system
Answer:
your heart need your brain to tell it to pump but your brain needs blood from your heart to tell it to pump
Explanation:
The brain must signal to the heart to beat nonetheless, the heart must pump the blood for the brain to receive the signal.
What is homeostasis?Any self-regulating mechanism called homeostasis helps biological systems maintain stability while responding to environmental factors that are best for survival. If homeostasis is achieved, life goes on; if it is not, tragedy or death results. The stability obtained is actually a dynamic equilibrium, where circumstances are mostly uniform yet change is constant.
Any system that is in dynamic equilibrium will eventually establish a stable balance that is resistant to external pressures of change. When such a system is upset, built-in regulatory mechanisms react to the deviations to restore equilibrium; this is an example of feedback regulation. Examples of homeostatic control include all integration and coordination activities, whether they are carried out by electrical circuits, neurological systems, or hormonal systems.
The operation of a thermostat, also known as a room-temperature regulator, is a well-known illustration of homeostatic control in a mechanical system. A bimetallic strip at the thermostat's core completes or breaks an electric circuit in response to temperature fluctuations.
The circuit is closed as the chamber cools, the furnace fires up, and the temperature rises. The circuit breaks, the furnace shuts off, and the temperature falls to a certain level. In comparison to such mechanical devices, biological systems are more complicated and contain regulators that are only loosely analogous.
Therefore, the brain must signal to the heart to beat nonetheless, the heart must pump the blood for the brain to receive the signal.
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What is the mean number of clams per sample?
Answer:
Is there more to this question?
Explanation:
The mean number of clams per sample is the average quantity of clams across all collected samples.
To calculate the mean number of clams per sample, sum up the total number of clams from all samples and then divide by the total number of samples. This provides an overall average representation of clams in each sample.
Mean serves as a measure of central tendency, providing insight into the typical clam count. It helps researchers understand the general clam population, aiding in statistical analysis and drawing meaningful conclusions. Mean offers a balanced view of the distribution, accounting for both large and small clam counts.
In ecological or scientific studies, understanding the mean number of organisms per sample assists in assessing population health, resource availability, and ecological dynamics, offering a snapshot of the studied ecosystem's condition and stability.
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Which statement best describes an example of how society influences science and engineering?
The statement that best describes an example of how society influences science and engineering is the Government's funded research to reduce the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses. The correct option is D.
What is science?Science is a subject that unravels the secrets of nature and the universe. They study all things about the earth.
Engineering is a subject that works for things that are made of dimensions. They are of different branches like electrical, mechanical engineering, etc.
Therefore, the correct option is D. Government's funded research to reduce the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
A. People who prevent mosquito bites by using mosquito netting have a lower risk of illness.
B. Many people believe the benefits of using genetically modified organisms outweigh the risks.
C. Researchers found that the Aedes aegypti species of mosquito was responsible for transmitting diseases such as malaria.
D. Government's funded research to reduce the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses.
The dimples trait exhibits strict dominant-recessive inheritance. therefore, how many phenotypes are possible for this trait?
The dimples trait exhibits strict dominant-recessive inheritance. therefore, two phenotypes are possible for this trait.
If you have dimples, chances are good that you inherited them from one of your parents. Dimples are caused by a small indentation in the muscle that controls the cheek. This indentation is usually present at birth and is thought to be caused by a genetic mutation.
Dimples are considered to be a dominant trait, meaning that if one parent has dimples, there is a good chance that their children will also have dimples. In fact, the dimples trait exhibits strict dominant-recessive inheritance, which means that two phenotypes are possible for this trait: either you have dimples or you don't. However, if both parents have dimples, then their children will also have dimples.
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What data point should Gomer disregard as it looks like an error occurred when it was collected?
a. Point A
b. Point B
c. Point C
d. Point D
water and ion balance - bony fish (pick the incorrect statement) fresh water fish produce large volumes of dilute urine and actively transport cl- from the environment into the ecf through chloride cells in the gills. salt water fish, drink large volumes of salt water and actively transport ions into the ecf across the wall of the gut. to conserve water, salt water fish produce urine that is hyperosmotic with respect to the ecf. when salmon migrate from from fresh water to salt water they generate new chloride cells in their gills that actively transport cl- from the ecf to the environment.
To conserve water, salt water fish produce urine that is hypertonic with respect to the ECF) is INCORRECT.
What is meant by hypertonic?Hypertonic an infant with extreme tone or tension hypertonic bladder having a higher osmotic pressure than the environment or a comparable fluid. When cells are hypertonic, RVI is the immediate response.
It leads in a high intracellular inorganic salt concentration that can disrupt cellular function and structure while also increasing the intake of inorganic salts and the osmotic input of water.
What is a hypertonic example?A hypertonic solution is one that has more dissolved particles than normal cells and blood do, including salt and other electrolytes. For instance, hypertonic solutions are used to soak wounds.
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Many viruses are pathogens of animals and plants (see Concept 19.3). How might the presence of pathogens alter the carrying capacity of a population? Explain.
The effects of pathogens may raise the risk of sickness and mortality if a community is overcrowded. Thus, diseases can lower a population's long-term carrying capacity.
What exactly do pathogens mean?A pathogen is an organism that causes disease in its host, and virulence describes how severe a disease's symptoms are.. Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, as well as other taxonomically diverse organisms.
Which three pathogens are examples?Pathogens are organisms that infect the body and can harm health. They include viruses, bacteria, fungus, and parasites. The pathogens that cause significant diseases include, among many others, anthrax, HIV, the Epstein-Barr virus, and the Zika virus.
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Many geologic features are associated with various plate boundaries. Which of the
following geologic features is associated with a HOT SPOT (Select the 1 that applies)
Option E: long linear chain of mountains on the sea floor is associated with a HOT SPOT.
A hot spot develops volcanoes on the sea floor due to the presence of melted mantle there. Volcanoes are like mountain-like fissures in the crust of the earth through which gases, lava, and volcanic ash can escape. Pressure from dissolved gases contributes to the force of some volcanic eruptions.
A hot spot is a region of the Earth's mantle that is extremely hot. The hot spot's heat source is located quite deep into the planet. The mantle in that area melts as a result of this heat. A volcano is created when molten magma rises and penetrates the crust.
According to a competing plate theory, the crust above a hotspot is particularly weak or thin, not abnormally hot, and this allows the lithospheric extension to passively cause melt to rise from shallow depths. The geologic features associated with various plate boundaries include deep ocean trenches, Island arcs, volcanoes, submarine mountain ranges, and fault lines.
As the hot spots do not involve geological features like trenches, Island arcs, won't valleys, and mountain ranges with high plateaus, but are the features of plate boundaries. Option E is the correct answer.
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which branch of biotechnology involves the use of biological processes as part of chemical production
Answer:
White biotechnology involves the use of biological processes as part of chemical production.
Explanation:
White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, focuses on utilizing live cells as well as enzymes to develop products that may be readily broken down, produce less waste, and use less energy throughout manufacture. Utilizing microorganisms to produce chemicals, creating new polymers and fabrics, and creating new, renewable energy sources like biofuels are examples of white biotech. Enzymes and microbes are used in white biotechnology to create significant compounds from renewable energy. Moreover, white biotechnology offers useful ingredients for the food, medicinal, and agricultural sectors to some other industries. The benefits of biotechnology benefiting health and medicine are what makes it so significant. Scientists have developed new medications using genetic engineering, or even the carefully controlled change of genetic material, such as synthetic insulin, hormones for growth etc.
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MIkhail is trying a new cookie recipe. He wants to see if the amount of baking powder he used will make the cookies rise more, He makes three batches of cookies and changes the amount of baking powder for each batch.
1.what is the independent variable?
2.what is the dependent variable?
3.what are 2 things that must remain constant for this experiment?
Answer:
Independent variable is the one that is being chanted, which is the baking powder,
Dependent variable is the variable affected by the change, which is if the cookies will rise more
2 things that must remain constant for this experiment, is the temperature of the room, and the baking powder (you could make these up, for example you could say they have to be made in the same environment, and so on)
Explanation:
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for ambient temperatures within the thermoneutral zone of an endotherm, a decrease in environmental temperature leads to increased vasoconstriction without a change in metabolic rate.
For ambient temperatures within the thermoneutral zone of an endotherm, a decrease in environmental temperature leads to increased vasoconstriction without a change in metabolic rate : True.
In mammals, the link between temperature and metabolic rate is direct. Ectotherms, as well as endotherms, as well as endotherms, are both impacted by cold temperatures, however, endotherms experience an increase in metabolism as a consequence of increased movement to stay warm, whilst ectotherms experience a drop in metabolism as a result of cold temperatures.
A body's response to temperatures just below thermal neutral zone, known as cold stress, would be a property shared by all endotherms. When the outside temperature falls underneath an animal's thermal neutral zone, the metabolic rate of the body increases, resulting in thermogenesis, which raises body temperature.
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All cells come from cells it’s a 7 letter word what is it?
decided 19 × 1080 add that to 2097 + flip