EXAMPLE 5 If f(x, y, z) = x sin(yz), (a) find the gradient of f and (b) find the directional derivative of f at (1, 2, 0) in the direction of v = i + 4j − k. SOLUTION (a) The gradient of f is ∇f(x, y, z) = fx(x, y, z), fy(x, y, z), fz(x, y, z)

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

a) f =  sin(yz)i + xzcos(yz)j + xycos(yz)kb) -2

Step-by-step explanation:

Given f(x, y, z) = x sin(yz), the formula for calculating the gradient of the function is expressed as ∇f(x, y, z) = fx(x, y, z)i+ fy(x, y, z)j+fz(x, y, z)k where;

fx, fy and fz are the differential of the functions with respect to x, y and z respectively.

a) ∇f(x, y, z) = sin(yz)i + xzcos(yz)j + xycos(yz)k

The gradient of f =  sin(yz)i + xzcos(yz)j + xycos(yz)k

b) Directional derivative of f at (1,2,0) in the direction of v = i + 4j − k is expressed as ∇f(1, 2, 0)*v

∇f(1, 2, 0) = sin(2(0))i +1*0cos(2*0)j + 1*2cos(2*0)k

∇f(1, 2, 0) = sin0i +0cos(0)j + 2cos(0)k

∇f(1, 2, 0) = 0i +0j + 2k

Given v = i + 4j − k

∇f(1, 2, 0)*v (note that this is the dot product of the two vectors)

∇f(1, 2, 0)*v =  (0i +0j + 2k)*(i + 4j − k )

Given i.i = j.j = k.k =1 and i.j=j.i=j.k=k.j=i.k = 0

∇f(1, 2, 0)*v = 0(i.i)+4*0(j.j)+2(-1)k.k

∇f(1, 2, 0)*v = 0(1)+0(1)-2(1)

∇f(1, 2, 0)*v =0+0-2

∇f(1, 2, 0)*v= -2

 

Hence, the directional derivative of f at (1, 2, 0) in the direction of v = i + 4j − k is -2


Related Questions

use the associative property to rewrite (26+92)+17

Answers

Answer:

(26+92)+17 = 26 + ( 92+17)

Step-by-step explanation:

The associative property of addition is

a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c

We want to move the parentheses

(26+92)+17 = 26 + ( 92+17)

find the slope for (-4,-2)(-3,-6)

Answers

Answer:

The slope is -4.

Step-by-step explanation:

The values -2 and -6 are 4 values apart.

The values -4 and -3 are 1 value apart.

Since the second coordinate is lower than the first one, the slope of this is negative.

4 / 1 = 1

Negating 1 gets us -1.

Hope this helped!

Answer:

[tex] \frac{y}{x} = \frac{ - 4}{1} = - 4[/tex]

Step-by-step explanation:

[tex]x = ( - 3) - ( - 4) = 1[/tex]

[tex]y = ( - 6) - ( - 2) = - 4[/tex]

The amount of flow through a solenoid valve in an automobile's pollution-control system is an important characteristic. An experiment was carried out to study how flow rate depended on three factors: armature length, spring load, and bobbin depth. Four different levels (low, fair, moderate, and high) of each factor were chosen, and a single observation on flow was made for each combination of levels.A) The resulting data set consisted of how many observations?

B) Is this an enumerative or analytic study? Explain.

Answers

Answer:

A) 64 observations

B) analytic study

Step-by-step explanation:

Given:  

There are 3 number of factors i.e. armature length, spring load, and bobbin depth.

There are 4 levels i.e. low, fair, moderate, and high

There is a single i.e. 1 observation on flow made for each combination of levels.

A)

To find:

Number of observations.

There are 4 levels so these 4 levels are to be considered for each factor.

Number of observations = 4.4.4 = 64

For example if we represent low fair moderate and high as L,F,M,H

and factors armature length, spring load, and bobbin depth as a,s,b

Then one of the observations can be [tex]L_{a} F_{s} H_{b}[/tex]

So resulting data set has 64 observations.  

B)

This is analytic study.

The study basically "analyses" the amount of flow through a solenoid valve in an automobiles pollution control system. This study is conducted in order to obtain information from this existing process/experiment and this study focuses on improvement of the process, which created the results being analysed. So the goal is to improve amount of flow through a solenoid valve practice in the future. Also you can see that there is no sampling frame here so if the study was enumerative that it should focus on collecting data specific items in the frame so it shows that its not enumerative but it is analytic study.

Write the equation of a line through the given point with the given slope (0,6);m undefined

Answers

Answer:

x=0

Step-by-step explanation:

If the slope is undefined, the line is vertical

vertical lines are of the form

x =

Since the point is (0,6)

x=0

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Answers

Answer:

First answer.

Step-by-step explanation:

Multiply everything by 10, to get rid of the decimals.


Jamie's dog eats 3/4 pound of dog food each day. How many pounds of dog
food does Jamie's dog eat in 4 days?

Answers

Answer:

The dog will eat 3 lbs

Step-by-step explanation:

Take the amount eaten per day and multiply by the number of days

3/4 * 4 = 3

The dog will eat 3 lbs

Answer:

3 pounds

Step-by-step explanation:

Multiply the amount of dog food per day with the number of days.

[tex]\frac{3}{4} \times 4[/tex]

[tex]\frac{12}{4} =3[/tex]

In 4 days, Jamie's dog will eat 3 pounds of dog food.

Select the correct answer. Consider the function f(x) = 3x and the function g, which is shown below. How will the graph of g differ from the graph of f? The graph of g is the graph of f shifted to the right by 3 units. The graph of g is the graph of f shifted down by 3 units. The graph of g is the graph of f shifted to the left by 3 units. The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up by 3 units.

Answers

Answer:

The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up by 3 units.

Step-by-step explanation:

Consider the graph of a function r with real numbers k and h.

Transformation Effect

r(x) + k shifts the graph up k units

r(x) - k shifts the graph down k units

r(x + h) shifts the graph to the left h units

r(x - h) shifts the graph to the right h units

It is given that g(x) = f(x) + 3. Therefore, the graph of g is the graph of f shifted up by 3 units.

The heights of three trees are 0.41m, 2.10m and 3.52m. Find their average height

Answers

Answer:

2.01m; 0.41m + 2.10m + 3.52m = 6.03 6.03/3= 2.01

Step-by-step explanation:

0.41m + 2.10m + 3.52m = 6.03 6.03/3= 2.01

The average height of the three trees is 2.01 meters.

Given that,

The heights of the three trees are 0.41m, 2.10m and 3.52m.

To find the average height of the three trees,

Use the formula for calculating the mean

Add up their heights and then divide by the total number of trees.

So, we have:

Average height = (0.41 m + 2.10 m + 3.52 m) ÷ 3

We can simplify this expression:

Average height = 6.03 m ÷ 3

Average height = 2.01 m

Therefore, the average height of the three trees is 2.01 meters.

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A landscaping company charges $50 per cubic yard of mulch plus a delivery charge of $24. Find a
linear function which computes the total cost C(in dollars) to deliver a cubic yards of mulch.
C(x) =

Answers

Answer: c(x) = $50*x + $24

Step-by-step explanation:

First, this situation can be modeled with a linear equation like:

c(x) = s*x + b

where c is the cost, s is the slope, x is the number of cubic yards of mulch bought, and b is the y-intercept ( a constant that no depends on the number x)

Then we know that:

The company charges $50 per cubic yard, so the slope is $50

A delivery charge of $24, this delivery charge does not depend on x, so this is the y-intercept.

Then our equation is:

c(x) = $50*x + $24

This is:

"The cost of buying x cubic yards of mulch"

Simplify the expression:
4w + 10(7w+1)

Answers

Answer:

74w+10

Step-by-step explanation:

That's the answer

4w+70w+10. 74w+10. You multiply and then add them and you have the answer. It is 74w+10.

Find the missing side of a triangle when one side is 3.16 and the other is 3

Answers

Answer:

0.992774 ≅ .993

Step-by-step explanation:

a²+b²=c²

a=x

b=3

c=3.16

x²+3²=3.16²

x²+9=9.9856

x²=.9856

x=0.992774

x≅0.993

A study is done to see if the average age a "child" moves permanently out of his parents' home in the United States is at most 23. 43 U.S. Adults were surveyed. The sample average age was 24.2 with a standard deviation of 3.7. The p-value is

Answers

Answer:

The p-value is 2.1%.

Step-by-step explanation:

We are given that a study is done to see if the average age a "child" moves permanently out of his parents' home in the United States is at most 23. 43 U.S. Adults were surveyed.

The sample average age was 24.2 with a standard deviation of 3.7.

Let [tex]\mu[/tex] = true average age a "child" moves permanently out of his parents' home in the United States.

So, Null Hypothesis, [tex]H_0[/tex] : [tex]\mu \leq[/tex] 23      {means that the average age a "child" moves permanently out of his parents' home in the United States is at most 23}

Alternate Hypothesis, [tex]H_A[/tex] : [tex]\mu[/tex] > 23      {means that the average age a "child" moves permanently out of his parents' home in the United States is greater than 23}

The test statistics that will be used here is One-sample t-test statistics because we don't know about population standard deviation;

                            T.S.  =  [tex]\frac{\bar X-\mu}{\frac{s}{\sqrt{n} } }[/tex]  ~ [tex]t_n_-_1[/tex]

where, [tex]\bar X[/tex] = sample average age = 24.2

            s = sample standard deviation =3.7

            n = sample of U.S. Adults = 43

So, the test statistics =  [tex]\frac{24.2-23}{\frac{3.7}{\sqrt{43} } }[/tex]  ~  [tex]t_4_2[/tex]

                                    =  2.127

The value of t-test statistics is 2.127.

Now, the p-value of the test statistics is given by;

         P-value = P( [tex]t_4_2[/tex] > 2.127) = 0.021 or 2.1%

can i please get help with this

Answers

Step-by-step explanation:

Intersecting secant angles theorem: The angle between two secants is half the difference of the intersected arcs.

52 = ½ (x − 38)

x = 142

Arc angles add up to 360.

360 = 80 + 38 + z + x

z = 100

Tangent-chord theorem: The angle between a tangent and a chord is half the intercepted arc angle.

y = x/2

y = 71

Use the appropriate​ double-angle formulas to rewrite the numerator and denominator of the expression given below. For the denominator​, use the​ double-angle formula that will produce only one term in the denominator when it is simplified.

1+ Cos2x/ Sin2x = 1+ (____)/____

= _____ / _____

The expression from the previous step then simplifies to cot x using what?

a. Even-Odd Identity
b. Quotient Identity
c. Pythagorean Identity
d. Reciprocal Identity

Answers

Answer:

x=1

Step-by-step explanation:

1+1+2x+2x= 6

1+1=2

2x+2x=4x

2+4x=6

x=1

Use Demoivres Theorem to find (-square root 3 +i)^6

Answers

Answer:

[tex]z=(-\sqrt{3}+i)^6[/tex] = -64

Step-by-step explanation:

You have the following complex number:

[tex]z=(-\sqrt{3}+i)^6[/tex]       (1)

The Demoivres theorem stables the following:

[tex]z^n=r^n(cos(n\theta)+i sin(n\theta))[/tex]      (2)

In this case you have n=6

In order to use the theorem you first find r and θ, as follow:

[tex]r=\sqrt{3+1}=2\\\\\theta=tan^{-1}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}})=30\°[/tex]

Next, you replace these values into the equation (2) with n=6:

[tex]z^6=(2)^6[cos(6*30\°)+isin(6*30\°)]\\\\z^6=64[-1+i0]=-64[/tex]

Then, the solution is -64

Answer:

A) -64

Step-by-step explanation:

Edge 2021

PLEASE HELP----- T.A. =

Answers

Answer:

vol = 96

Step-by-step explanation:

Area of a triangle = 1/2 * b * h

b = 4

h = 6

A = 0.5 * 4 * 6

A = 12

length = 8

vol = Area * length

vol = 12 * 8

vol = 96

Answer:

(104 + 16 sqrt 13)

Step-by-step explanation:

i did this on my school, it was correct


Tristan wants to buy a car and has a choice between two different banks. One bank is offering a simple interest rate of 3% and the other bank is offering a rate of 2.5%
compounded annually. If Tristan decides to deposit $7,000 for 4 years, which bank would be the better deal?

Answers

Answer:

The better deal would be simple interest rate of 3%

Step-by-step explanation:

In order to calculate which bank would be the better deal If Trsitam decides to deposit $7,000 for 4 years, we would have to make the following calculation:

simple interest rate of 3%.

Therefore, I= P*r*t

=$7,000*3%*4

I=$840

FV= $7,000+$840

FV=7,840

compound interest rate of 2.5%

Therefore, FV=PV(1+r)∧n

FV=$7,000(1+0.25)∧4

FV=$17,089

The better deal would be simple interest rate of 3%

1 - Fill the space blanks



If we make a sequence selecting three elements from three different elements


{1, 2, 3} and we permit overlapped elements for the sequence, then the total


number of sequences is [ ] . If we do not take into account the order, the total


number of the selections is [ ] .



I'm totally lost in this, what is overlapped elements? This is about what math content? And what is the answer? Please i need help.

Answers

Answer:

The first part is of permutations.

We are selecting 3 elements from three different elements {1,2,3}

Points given:

We permit overlapped elements for the sequence. Here "overlapped elements" indicates that repetition is allowed.

So when repetition is allowed and order matters, we use permutations.

Formula to compute permutation is:

Lets say n is the three elements {1,2,3}

We have to select 3 elements so r = 3

Total number of selections using permutations = [tex]n^{r}[/tex] =  n × n × n

                                                                    = 3³ = 3 * 3 * 3

                                                                    = 27

This means if we have 3 different elements then we have have 3 choices each time for making a sequence.

Hence  If we make a sequence selecting three elements from three different elements  {1, 2, 3} and we permit overlapped elements for the sequence, then the total  number of sequences is 27.

Step-by-step explanation:

The second part indicates combinations.

This is because the statement of the question:  If we do not take into account the order.

When the order does not matter, we use combinations.

So when the order does not matter and repetition is allowed we use the following formula:

Total number of selections using combinations = (r + n - 1)! / r! (n - 1)!

                                                                                = (3 + 3 - 1) ! / 3! (3 - 1)!

                                                                                = (3 + 2) ! / 3! (2!)

                                                                                = 5! / 3! 2!

                                                                                = 5*4*3*2*1 / (3*2*1 ) (2*1)

                                                                                = 120 / 6 * 2

                                                                                = 120 / 12

                                                                                = 10

So these are the number of combinations of 3 elements taken 3 at a time with  repetition.

The total number that will be selected in the permutations is 27.

How to calculate the permutations?

Based on the information given, the total number of permutations will be:

= n³

= 3 × 3 × 3

= 27

Also, the total number of selection using combination will be:

= (3 + 3 - 1)! / 3!(3 - 1)!

= 120 / (6 × 2)

= 120/12

= 10

Learn more about permutations on:

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What is the first stepin solving the quadratic equations x2-40=0

Answers

Answer:

+40 to both sides of the = sign.

Step-by-step explanation:

x2-40=0

    +40=+40

x2=40

 /2=/2

x=20

What does volume measure? the amount of space occupied by a two-dimensional solid object the total area of all the surfaces of a three-dimensional solid object the amount of space inside the boundary of a two-dimensional object the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional solid object

Answers

Answer:

the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional solid object

Step-by-step explanation:

Volume is a measure of the space in a 3D solid object enclosed by the closed surfaces of the solid object.

By using the definition of volume, we can see that the correct option is the last one:

"The amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional solid object"

What does volume measure?

Volume is defined as a 3-dimensional metric derived from longitude, that measures a region in the space. So, each region that "takes space" has a volume.

With that in mind, the option that correctly describes volume is the last option:

"The amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional solid object"

If you want to learn more about volume, you can read:

https://brainly.com/question/1972490

A circle has a center at (4, -7) and a radius of 4 units. Write an equation of this circle.

Answers

Answer:

(x – 4)^2 + (y + 7)^2 = 16

Step-by-step explanation:

The formula of a circle is:

(x – h)^2 + (y – k)^2 = r^2

(h, k) represents the coordinates of the center of the circle

r represents the radius of the circle

If you plug in the given information, you get:

(x – 4)^2 + (y – (-7))^2 = 4^2

which simplifies into:

(x – 4)^2 + (y + 7)^2 = 16

jake buys a new car for $18,259. each year x after he buys the car, its value y depreciates by $445. which equation models the relationship between x and y?
A. y=445x + 18,259
B. y= -445x + 18,259
C. y= 445x - 18,259
D. y= -445x - 18,259

Answers

Answer:

B

Step-by-step explanation:

It can't be A because of the fact that by multiplying 445 by "x" you'll get a higher, postitive number. Meaning that if adding that positive number, you'll get something higher than 18,259. Which isn't our goal. In addition, the key word is "depreciates" which is another word for subtracting. However, that only applies in some circumstances. It can't be D either since you're basically adding a negative number by another negative number. However, "18,259" has to be a positive in this problem. By that you can also eliminate C as well. Meaning that B would be the correct answer.

13. If 6 times the 6th term of an A.P. is equal to
13 times the 13th term, prove that 19th term
of this A.P. is zero.


please give the answer as fast as you can

please​

Answers

Answer:

see explanation

Step-by-step explanation:

The n th term of an AP is

[tex]a_{n}[/tex] = a₁ + (n - 1)d

where a₁ is the first term and d the common difference

Given

6(a₁ + 5d) = 13(a₁ + 12d) ← distribute parenthesis on both sides

6a₁ + 30d = 13a₁ + 156d ( subtract 13a₁ from both sides )

- 7a₁ + 30d = 156d ( subtract 30d from both sides )

- 7a₁ = 126d ( divide both sides by - 7 )

a₁ = - 18d

Now

a₁₉ = a₁ + 18d = - 18d + 18d = 0 ← as required

Just trying to finish this so I can get my stanceboy racecar back

Answers

Answer:

x ≥ 4 AND  x + y ≤ 10

Step-by-step explanation:

If you need up to 10 volunteers, then you can take 10 or less. If we add y and x, we'll get the total amount of people, therefore making the inequality:

x + y ≤ 10.

Now, he needs no fewer than 4 females, so he can take 4 or greater. This means that x should be greater than or equal to 4.

x ≥ 4.

Nothing was mentioned about how many males he needed (y) so these two inequalities match the situation.

Hope this helped!

How many even 3 digit positive integers can be written using the numbers 3,4,5,6,and 7?

Answers

Answer:

I got 45, but I may be wrong.

Step-by-step explanation:

When a number is even, the number must end in an even number. Here, the even numbers are 4 and 6, so the numbers we are going to create are all going to end in 4 and 6.

To answer this question, we just have to find as many possible combinations following the guidelines provided.

334

344

354

364

374

434

444

454

464

474

534

544

554

564

574

634

644

654

664

674

336

346

356

366

376

436

446

456

466

476

536

546

556

566

576

636

646

656

666

676

736

746

756

766

776

Answer

24 or 50 digits (look below)

Explanation

(If each digit can be used only once)

Even numbers end with an even number, the 2 numbers here are 4 and 6.

Let’s consider the numbers being {a,b,c,d,e}

D and E are the even numbers 4 and 6.

Now for the combination you can have

4 • 3 • e

as you can have 4 choices {a,b,c,d} then 3 choices {b,c,d}

This can also be applied for second even number

4 • 3 • d


This results in 24 digits

Explanation (if each digit can be used more than once)

5 • 5 • e and 5 • 5 • f

This results in 50 combinations

graph the function f(x)=3/2(x-4)^2+3​

Answers

Answer:

its 23

Step-by-step explanation:

6th grade math help me, please:D

Answers

Answer:

the answer is c...............

The population, p, in thousands of a resort community is given by P(t)=700t/4t[tex]x^{2}[/tex]+9

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

pt=700 is basically evaluate it form the bottom to the top and u must mark me as brainly

x =x=x, equals ^\circ ∘

Answers

Answer:

x = 64

Step-by-step explanation:

A circle equal 360 degrees

180 + 90 + x + 26 = 360

Combine like terms

296+x = 360

Subtract 296 from each side

296+x-296 = 360-296

x = 64

A publisher requires 2∕3 of a page of advertisements for every 5 pages in a magazine. If a magazine has 98 pages, to the nearest whole page, how many pages of the magazine are advertisements?

Answers

Answer:

[tex]\boxed{13}[/tex] pages

Step-by-step explanation:

Divide the total number of pages by 5 to get how many sets of every 5 pages will contain 2/3 of a page of advertisements.

[tex]\frac{98}{5} = 19.6[/tex]

Multiply this value by [tex]\frac{2}{3}[/tex] to get the total number of pages.

[tex]19.6 * \frac{2}{3} \approxeq 13[/tex] pages

Other Questions
Read the passage from Zamirs paper. (1) The Russians moved ahead in the space race, and the Cold War, by putting a satellite into orbit before the United States did. (2) The Russian satellite Sputnik was the first satellite to be sent into orbit. (3) Finally, the United States sent a satellite named Explorer I into orbit. (4) This scared Americans because they thought they were losing the Cold War. How should Zamir rearrange his sentences for better clarity? by placing sentence 1 after sentence 2 by placing sentence 2 after sentence 3 by placing sentence 3 after sentence 4 by placing sentence 4 after sentence 1 Calculate the earnings of workers A, B and C under the Straight Piece Rate System and Merricks Differential Piece Rate System from the following particulars. Normal rate per hour: Rs. 5.40 Standard time per unit: 1 minute Output per day is as follows. Worker A 390 unitsWorker B 450 units Worker C 600 units. Working hours per day are 8 Find the value of each trigonometric ratio. A 140-Hz sound travels through pure carbon dioxide. The wavelength of the sound is measured to be 1.92 m. What is the speed of sound in carbon dioxide? A man who is a bank president is found guilty of tax evasion. In addition to paying the government all the money he owes with substantial interest, he is sentenced to three years probation and a $50,000 fine. At the same time, a teller at the same bank is found guilty of stealing $500. The teller is sentenced to a prison term of no less than four years. This differential treatment would best represent which sociological perspective: How did Bohr describe the arrangement of particles within an atom?A. Protons and electrons form the nucleus, with neutronsorbiting it.O B. Neutrons make up the atom's nucleus, with electrons andprotons orbiting it.c. Protons make up the atom's nucleus, with electrons andneutrons orbiting it.O D. Protons and neutrons form the nucleus of the atom, withelectrons orbiting it. A college student completed some courses worth 3 credits and some courses worth 4 credits. The student earned a total of 59 credits after completing 18 courses. How many courses worth 3 credits did the student complete? Amanda rides her bike due east for 10 km. Angela rides her bike 20 degrees south of east 12 km. How far apart are Amanda and Angela? (Round to the nearest tenth). Scanning the road can be thought of as aA. way to improve your mileageB. way to reduce your mileageC. comprehensive drive testD. systematic search process Solve the equation for x 5x-(4x-1)=2 A 1/9 B -1 C -1/9 D 1 Compare and contrast the effects of European colonization on East Africa versus Central and South Africa. Which of the following is a rational number? What did Marie Curie achieve during her career? Check all that apply. 44.If you are going to drive on an expressway,A: You do not need to plan where you will get on and get off the expressway if you have anavigation system that tells you where to turnB: You should plan your trip before getting in your vehicle. You should know exactly where you willget on and get off the expresswayC: You should read your map while you drive, so you know where to get on and get off theexpressway a figures skater rotating at 5 rads with arms extended has a moment of inertia of 2.25 kg. if the arms are pulled in so the moment of inertia decrease to 1.8 what is the final angular speed What two empires was the Hundred Years' War fought between? a friend wants to borrow money from you. He states that he will pay you $3000 every 6 months for 12 years with the first payment exactly 3 years and six months from today. The interest rate is an APR of 5.3 percent with semiannual compounding. What is the value of the payments today? Carrie recently received the Employee of the Year award at the call center where she works as a customer service representative. She was chosen for the award because she is known to be highly courteous toward even the most difficult of callers and is efficient at handling their queries. A month after receiving the award, Carrie submits her resignation. According to her exit interview, she felt burnt out. Which of the following best explains this situation?A) Carrie was overwhelmed by the award.B) Carrie lacked the skills and motivation to perform her job in an effective manner.C) Carrie felt the strain of having to constantly fake positive emotions towards her customers.D) Carrie was demotivated by the lack of recognition and respect from her peers.E) Carrie was unable to empathize with her callers and the problems that they faced. How do you solve -6(4d+5)+7d=-2d eal per capita GDP in Singapore in 1961 was about $450, but it doubled to about $900.00 by 1978. a. What was the average annual economic growth rate in Singapore over the 17.00 years from 1961 to 1978