First Steps

THE LANDING

As the lander hit, Maria drew a jagged breath, and her chest muscles clenched tight with anxiety. Captain Curran, the group leader, turned around and smiled at Maria and her five friends.

“All right,” he said with forced joviality. “Who wants to be the first of the generations born in space to set foot on a real planet?”

Maria waited for someone else to speak or raise their hand. Next to her, Allen just stared at the floor of the lander muttering, “Not me, not me.”

She glanced at Lily, who Maria had always known to be fearless, but Lily bit her lip and turned away. Javier looked positively gray, and the twins buried their faces in their hands. Someone would have to be first. Maria closed her eyes and took a few meditative breaths, waiting for someone else to volunteer, but the lander was silent.

FINDING COURAGE

The radio crackled to life. “Lander one, this is Mothership, do you copy?”

“Yes,” Captain Curran answered. “We’ve landed safely and are waiting to exit the lander, but there’s just a little…disagreement…over which pioneer wants to be the first to set foot on our new home.”

“Tell them there’s plenty for everyone to see, and they’re going to love it out there,” the voice on the radio responded. “I wish it were me instead of you; I miss the feel of real air on my face.”

Captain Curran flipped off the microphone. “You six have lived your entire lives in space, and it’s a great privilege to be the first of your generation to see a new planet. The others are watching; if you’re afraid, they’ll be afraid. Can’t any of you find the courage to set an example?”

Maria shifted uncomfortably in her seat and thought of her parents; they had traveled across the galaxy to find their family a new home, with clean air and good soil, and she knew this planet was for them. “I’ll do it, Captain,” she mumbled as she slipped out of her harness and rose out of her seat. Maria couldn’t shake the feeling of trepidation as she stood and watched the doors of the lander slide open.

A NEW WORLD

A burst of air hit Maria in the face. She scrunched up her nose as an unfamiliar assortment of odors hit her nostrils. Some smelled sweet, some disgusting, and some were just strange. There were never strange smells on the ship; everything was always the same there. What was it going to be like to live where things changed? The rest of the children gathered around the opening as she climbed down the ladder, and Maria tried to smile as she met their worried eyes. Then, suddenly, something crunched underneath her boots; she was standing on the surface of the planet, and it felt nothing like the smooth metallic halls that she’d known all her life.

Without letting go of the ladder, she turned around to look at the world around the lander. The soil was full of shapes and textures; there were some small, grainy pieces, then larger clumps that she could break with the toe of her boot. One piece was hard and smooth, and she let go of the ladder to pick it up. “Captain,” she called, “I think I’ve found a rock!”

The air was moving, and long, thin, green things bowed and danced. “Grasses,” Maria whispered to herself, remembering the videos in her science lessons. She let go of the ladder and took soft, slow steps and realized her arms and legs felt like they were full of lead. “Natural gravity,” she whispered to herself. She started to walk a little more quickly, getting used to the new sensation. She was doing what others had previously thought impossible—taking steps on a new world.

A creature with gossamer wings landed on her nose, and she crossed her eyes trying to get a good look at it. Something small and furry scurried across her feet as she spun in a slow circle. Inspired, she ran as fast as she could across the foreign soil; she’d never seen somewhere so big, and it was thrilling. Suddenly, a deep, low sound echoed around her.

“That’s the call of a hornbeast,” Captain Curran shouted from the bottom of the ladder. Maria glanced back and saw that he was helping her friends take tentative first steps in the new world. “Walk to your left a little, and there should be a stream—flowing water on the ground; they often go there to drink, the explorers say.”

She started to run in that direction and then paused. “Hurry up!” she yelled, unable to contain her enthusiasm. “Our new home is extraordinary!”

Question
In “First Steps,” which theme is developed by Maria’s volunteering to leave the lander?

Some things cannot be learned in school.
Some things cannot be learned in school.

It takes courage to be the first to try something new.
It takes courage to be the first to try something new.

Taking unnecessary risks is foolish.
Taking unnecessary risks is foolish.

Great tasks can be accomplished by working as a team.

The more abundant isotope of manganese is Mn-54 because the average atomic mass of manganese is 54.938 amu.

The term isotopes refers to the fact that atoms of an element are not exactly alike. The atoms of an element has the same atomic number (which is the signature of the element) but not the same mass number. The mass number of the element has to do with the number of neutrons.

Now we know that the atomic mass of elements is not a whole number because of the existence of isotopes. The relative atomic masses is obtained as the sum of the products of the atomic mass and the relative abundance of each isotope.

The more abundant isotope of manganese is Mn-54 because the average atomic mass of manganese is 54.938 amu.

The reason why the relative atomic mass of the carbon atom is  12.011 in the periodic table of the elements is because this is the weighted average of the masses of all the isotopes of carbon,

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Consequently, the compound and empirical formula will be:

Methanediamine, CH₃N.

How to determine the mass of Carbon

Mass of CO₂ = 53 mg

Molar mass of CO₂ = 44 g/mol

Molar of C = 12 g/mol

Mass of C =?

Mass of C = (12 / 44) × 53

Mass of C = 14.45 mg

How to determine the mass of H

Mass of H₂O = 32.6 mg

Molar mass of H₂O = 18 g/mol

Molar of H = 2 × 1 = 2 g/mol

Mass of H =?

Mass of H = (2 / 18) × 32.6

Mass of H = 3.62 mg

How to determine the mass of N

Mass of compound = 35 mg

Mass of C = 14.45 mg

Mass of H = 3.62 mg

Mass of N =?

Mass of N = (mass of compound) – (mass of C + mass of H)

Mass of N = 35 – (14.45 + 3.62)

Mass of N = 16.93 mg

How to determine the empirical formula

C = 14.45 mg

H = 3.62 mg

N = 16.93 mg

Empirical formula =?

Divide by their molar mass

C = 14.45 / 12 = 1.204

H = 3.62 / 1 = 3.62

N = 16.93 / 14 = 1.209

Divide by the smallest

C = 1.204 / 1.204 = 1

H = 3.62 / 1.204 = 3

N = 1.209 / 1.204 = 1

Thus, the empirical formula of the compound is CH₃N

An empirical formula is a compound's chemical formula that only specifies the ratios of the elements it contains and not the precise number or arrangement of atoms. The element in the compound with the lowest whole number ratio would be this one.

An empirical formula is used to indicate the simplest whole-number ratio of the various atoms in a molecule.

The precise number of various atom types present in a compound's molecule is indicated by the molecular formula.

Empirical formulae are beneficial since figuring out the molecular formula can be immensely aided by knowing the relative amounts of each constituent in a molecule.

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Before washing the substance on the filter, petroleum ether is poured into an ice water bath to assist stop the product from dissolving.

Re-crystallization procedures only work based on the solubility properties of the compound of interest. The re-crystallization experiment cannot be performed using a solvent if the compound of interest is not soluble in it. For example, if I chose petroleum ether as my solvent instead of water, my recrystallization experiment will not work because acetanilide is not at all soluble in petroleum ether. In order for my recrystallization experiment to be successful, I need an efficient solvent for acetanilide. Acetanilide should only be dissolved by this solvent at temperatures above room temperature. Additionally, my solvent for acetanilide should be soluble for the impurities species at all temperatures. Since petroleum ether does not meet these requirements, the experiment will not be successful with petroleum ether.

Petroleum ether may not react with the product on the filter, however, the majority of organic molecules are generally non-polar and soluble in petroleum ether. Temperature lowers solubility Petroleum ether is cooled in an ice water bath to stop the product from dissolving in the solvent.

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Explanation:

Two main ways, free elections, casting your vote for the candidate supporting your goals. Second, Lobbying the sitting gov.

The percent by weight (w/w%) of sugar in soda : 9.459 %

To find the percentage the given data's are:

mass of sugar = 35 g

total mass = 370 g

Solution for the given values are,

%weight = (mass of solute : mass of solution) x 100%

Mass of solute = Mass of sugar = 35 grams

Mass of solution = Mass of ( solvent + solute) = water + sugar = 370 grams

The percent weight of sugar in soda :

= (35 : 370) x 100%

= 0.0945945

= 9.459 %

Therefore, the percent by weight (w/w%) of sugar in soda : 9.459 %

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some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. this is called secondary structure , and the coils or folds are held in place by hydrogen bonds

After translation, primary structure is just the arrangement of amino acids. The interactions between the carbonyl, amino, and side groups of the amino acid polymer backbone inside the chain result in the secondary structure of proteins. These interactions are primarily fueled by hydrogen bonds, which result in the formation of alpha helices and beta sheets, which are the primary features of proteins' secondary structures.

To create a useful three-dimensional structure, tertiary structure requires more interactions within the protein chain. Disulfide bonds between cysteines, hydrophobic contacts, ionic bonding, and dipole-dipole interactions are a few of these interactions. To create a useful, three-dimensional protein structure, several protein chains interact in quaternary structure.

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Sf3 , has a tetrahedral electron-pair geometry and a trigonal-pyramidal molecular geometry. the hybridization of the central sulfur atom is 5.

Hybridization in Chemistry is defined as concept of mixing two atomic orbitals to give rise to a new type of hybridized orbitals. This intermixing usually results in formation of hybrid orbitals having entirely different energies, shapes, etc. The atomic orbitals of same energy level mainly take part in hybridization. However, both the fully filled and half-filled orbitals can also take part in this process, provided they have equal energy.

On the other hand, we can say that concept of hybridization is an extension of the valence bond theory and it helps us to understand the formation of bonds, bond energies and bond lengths.

Redistribution of energy of orbitals of individual atoms to give orbitals of equivalent energy happens when two atomic orbitals combine to form a hybrid orbital in a molecule. This process is called hybridization.  During process of hybridization, atomic orbitals of comparable energies are mixed together and mostly involves the merging of two ‘s’ orbitals or two ‘p’ orbitals or mixing of an ‘s’ orbital with a ‘p’ orbital as well as ‘s’ orbital with a ‘d’ orbital. The new orbitals thus formed are known as the hybrid orbitals. More significantly, hybrid orbitals are quite useful in the explaining atomic bonding properties and molecular geometry.

Here is a formula to find the hybridization:

(V+M-C+A)/2

(6+3–0+1)/2 = 5

Hybridization: sp3d

Geometry: Trigonal Bipyramidal

Shape: T-shaped

V is the valence electrons of the central atom.

M is the number of monovalent atom (which makes single bond with central atom).

C and A are number of the cation and the anion.

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Answer:

1) 433 (check screenshot)

2) 7.89

In order for the ship to float, the volume of the ship must be equal to or greater than  50,000,000 cm³.

According to the principle of floatation, a body will float in a liquid if it displaces a weight of liquid equal to its own weight.

Therefore, for the ship to float in water, it must displace a weight of water at least equal or greater than its own weight.

Considering the data given:

The density of steel = 8.0g/cm³

the density of water is 1.0 g/cm³

the mass of steel used for the ship = 50,000 kg

Based on the principle of floatation, mass of water to be displaced is equal to the mass of the ship.

Mass of water to be displaced = 50000 kg

Mass of water to be displaced in g = 50,000,000 g

Volume of 50000000 g of water = 50,000,000 g * 1.0 g/cm³

Volume of 50000000 g of water =  50,000,000 cm³

Therefore, volume of the ship must be equal to or greater than 50,000,000 cm³ for the ship to float.

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Chemistry careers range in nature, pay, and educational requirements;

Chemical analyst

An analytical chemist analyses the composition and quantity of substances as well as how these elements may behave and interact with one another.

Germany is the #1 destination for chemistry students looking to study abroad since it is known for its accommodating attitude toward foreign students. Due to Germany's dominance in Europe's chemical industry, several institutions there offer specialised courses designed for graduates who want to get into the workforce.

MSc. which the industries desire. For their senior scientist positions, most firms demand Ph.D. and post-doctoral fellows.

Engineer, Chemical

Designing and creating new goods from raw materials and changing materials' states are specialties.

as in the production of plastic from oil. Chemical engineers may work in practically any business, helping to create cutting-edge, high-end goods like biocompatible implants and ultra-strong materials.

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Answer:

C

Explanation:

because it is the only one that will give you an accurate answer.

James chadwick discovered this particle neutron also neutrino called as is last of the subatomic particles to be characterized.

In 1932 james chadwick announced that the core also contained a new uncharged particle, which he called the neutron. neutron is also called neutrino he proved the existence of neutrons elementary particles devoid of any electrical charge. james chadwick was an English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel prize in physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932.

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Amines in order of decreasing water solubility, putting the most soluble amine first is 2, 1, 3.

What is the solubility of amine in water?

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and lower aliphatic amines are possible. These amines are therefore water soluble.

The molar mass of amines increases with an increase in the size of the hydrophobic alkyl component. Its solubility in water is often reduced as a result. Higher amines cannot be dissolved in water. Alcohol, benzene, and ether are examples of organic solvents that easily dissolve amines.

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They are neutrally charged

They typically do not conduct electricity in solid state

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collisions between the gas particles and the walls of the container.

What is kinetic molecular theory?

The assumption that matter is made up of microscopic particles that are always in motion forms the foundation of the kinetic-molecular theory, which explains the states of matter. The observable characteristics and behaviours of solids, liquids, and gases are explained by this theory. We can better comprehend why matter exists in different stages (such as solid, liquid, and gas) and how it can transition from one stage to another thanks to the kinetic theory of matter. One may also think about various properties of matter using the kinetic theory of matter.

Therefore,

According to the kinetic molecular theory, where does the pressure exerted by a gas in a container come from collisions between the gas particles and the walls of the container.

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The concentration or Molarity of bromide ion in the sample solution is 0.077 M.

In the given question,

0.361 g AgBr × (1 mol AgBr/187.77 g AgBr) × (1 mol Br⁻/1 mol AgBr) × (80.0 g Br⁻/1 mol Br⁻) = 0.1536 g Br⁻

0.1536 × (1 mol Br⁻/80.0 g Br⁻) = 0.00192 mol

Molarity = 0.00192  mol/0.025 L = 0.077 M

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Discoveries were made by j. j. thomson, henri becquerel, and lord rutherford.

What is Dalton's atomic model?

John Dalton, an English physicist and chemist, proposed the atomic hypothesis in 1808 as a scientific theory about the composition of matter. It claimed that tiny, indivisible particles called "atoms" make up all substance.

Almost all of chemistry at the time could be explained by Dalton's atomic model, a relatively straightforward combinatorial concept that paved the way for later advancements and advances in this and many other scientific domains. Postulates of the Dalton Model

Modern atomic theory and the discovery of the electron and proton were made possible by Thomson's cathode ray discharge experiment and Rutherford's scattering experiment.

Dalton's concept was groundbreaking at the time and provided a wealth of information for young chemists to study. Many people contributed to the modification of the Atomic theory following Dalton, including Chadwick, JJ Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and others. Later, Rutherford worked on the model to find the nucleus while JJ Thompson made the electron discovery.

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Answer:

The Moon has a diameter of 2,159 miles (3,476 kilometers) and is about one-quarter the size of Earth. The Moon weighs about 80 times less than Earth.

Explanation:

None of the above.

Since none of the given option is a chemical property, rather all of them are physical method of separation and physical methods do not require a chemical change.

Solubility- It is a physical property because it is easily discernible through observation and does not alter the substance's chemical makeup. For instance, salt is still salt when it dissolves in water.

Evaporation - The chemical composition of a liquid does not change when it evaporates. The only alteration is a phase shift brought on by pressure and temperature. Evaporation, or the phase transition from liquid to gas, is a physical change as a result.

Filtration - Filtration is a physical separation procedure that uses a filter medium with a complicated structure that only allows fluid to pass through it to separate solid particles and liquid from a combination.

Therefore, neither new nor broken chemical bonds are created or broken during the separation. During the separation, bonds are severed or strengthened.

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Answer:

C.) They both have equal charges.

Explanation:

Ignoring the signs, both a proton and electron have a charge of 1.

A proton has a greater magnitude of charge than an electron.

Both protons and electrons have charges, but the magnitudes of their charges are different. A proton carries a positive charge of +1 elementary charge, while an electron carries a negative charge of -1 elementary charge. The elementary charge is the fundamental unit of electric charge. Despite the opposite signs of their charges, the magnitudes are equal, and both charges have the same strength.

Therefore, when ignoring the sign of the charges and considering only their magnitudes, a proton has a greater magnitude of charge compared to an electron. The magnitude of the proton's charge is equal to that of the electron's charge. This is a fundamental property in the realm of electric charges, and it plays a critical role in various physical and chemical interactions, including the behavior of atoms, molecules, and electromagnetic forces.

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Answer: 1/2 X 2.1 kg X 30m/s^2 = 945 Joules

Explanation:

In the bicyclic structure of caffeine, two rings—one a six-membered ring and the other a five-membered ring—are fused together. Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are all components of the molecule.

Drinks that have had carbon dioxide added to them are referred to as carbonated beverages. Carbon dioxide lacks both flavour and colour. Carbonated beverages often start with either carbonated water or soda water, both of which qualify as carbonated beverages in and of themselves.

Six valence electrons make up an oxygen atom, of which two are required to form bonds and the remaining four are found in lone pairs. Similar to oxygen, nitrogen possesses five valence electrons, three of which are employed to form bonds while the remaining two are present as a lone pair.

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3. Environmental chemistry

4. Biochemistry

5. Inorganic Chemistry

6. Organic chemistry

Try 25% ethyl acetate to see the results, this is because adding more ethyl acetate will increase the polarity and the compounds get easily separated.

In TLC, the polarity between the stationary phase and mobile phase is the basis for mixture separation. In accordance with the "like dissolves like" principle, polar substances can only dissolve in other polar substances, while non-polar substances may only dissolve in other non-polar substances.

Consequently, when two compounds with different levels of polarity are present, the more polar molecule interacts with silica more strongly and is, therefore, better able to displace the mobile phase from the accessible binding sites. The less polar compound thus travels higher up the plate (resulting in a higher Rf value).

However, changing the mobile phase to a more polar solvent or a mixture of solvents improves binding to the polar plate and thereby displaces solutes from it, causing all compounds on the TLC plate to rise higher up the plate. It is a prevalent belief that although "weak" eluents hardly move the examined compounds, "strong" eluents drive them up the plate.

Therefore, all compounds move longer and have a larger Rf when a mobile phase is made more polar than it was originally.

Since hexane has a non-polar property while ethyl acetate has a polar property. As a result, adding 35% ethyl acetate will enhance the polarity, making it easier to separate the compounds.

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The net force acting on water skier is 110.6N.

To find net force on a water skier we can use the formula,

net force = mass x acceleration

F = m x a

Given in equation,

F = ?

m = 79 kg

a = 1.4 m/s²

Putting the values,

F = 79 kg x 1.4 m/s²

F = 110.6N

The overall forces acting on an object is known as the net force. A mass can accelerate due to net force. A body is subject to another force whether it is at rest or in motion. When there are a lot of forces acting on a system, the term "net force" is used.

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The volume of water at 30°C  will be more than the volume of water at 20 °C  because of the property of thermal expansion.

We generally observe that objects around us expand on heating.

Expansion due to heating is known as thermal expansion. It is of the following 3 types-

When a liquid like water is heated from a lower temperature to  a higher temperature its volume expands which means that it undergoes volume expansion.

Thus, The volume of water at 30°C will be more than the volume of water at 20°C  because of the property of thermal expansion.

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Acetylcholinesterase equilibrium equation is Ag2CO3(s) <---> 2 Ag+(aq) + CO32-(aq)

Following the transmission of information between two nerve cells or neurons, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholine esterase. Choline and acetate result from the breakdown of acetylcholine (also called acetic acid). Acetate will permeate the presynaptic cell's membrane and choline will travel through it to allow for the reuse of the components.

In order for a muscle cell to contract, acetylcholine transmits a signal from a nerve cell to its receptors. A breakdown of the acetylcholine is then performed to prevent misunderstanding with brand-new neurotransmitters.

Due to their potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties (see parasympathomimetic), many nerve agents and neurotoxins have the ability to constantly induce the contraction of muscle cells. This can cause death when consumed in big numbers.

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