Okazaki fragments are short fragments of DNA that are created on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
DNA replication occurs in a semi-conservative manner, with each strand of the original double helix serving as a template for the new strand. The lagging strand is duplicated in intermittent chunks known as Okazaki fragments, whereas the leading strand is repeated constantly. These fragments are then joined together by the enzyme DNA ligase, creating a continuous strand of DNA that is identical to the original template strand.
This process of creating Okazaki fragments and joining them is known as lagging-strand synthesis and is essential for accurately replicating DNA. Without lagging-strand synthesis, mutations would accumulate and the cell would be unable to replicate its genetic information accurately.
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Fragments of copied DNA created on the lagging strand are called Okazaki fragments.
During DNA replication, the double helix structure of DNA must be unwound and separated in order for new strands to be synthesized. This process is carried out by a group of enzymes called helicases, which unwind the double helix and create replication forks at the point where replication begins.
One of the strands, called the leading strand, is replicated continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, which is the same direction as the replication fork moves. However, the other strand, called the lagging strand, is replicated in the opposite direction in short fragments, because it runs opposite to the direction of replication. These fragments, called Okazaki fragments, are typically around 100-200 nucleotides long, and are formed by the action of the enzyme DNA polymerase.
As the replication fork moves along the DNA, the enzyme DNA polymerase moves along the leading strand and continuously adds nucleotides to the 3' end. However, on the lagging strand, DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction for a short distance before it reaches the end of the strand. So, every time the polymerase reaches the end of the strand, it has to detach and reattach to the next replication fork, creating a new Okazaki fragment.
Once all the Okazaki fragments have been synthesized, they are joined together by the enzyme DNA ligase to form a continuous strand. This process is known as Okazaki fragment ligation. Okazaki fragments are important in DNA replication as they ensure the accuracy and integrity of the newly synthesized.
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How might the same environmental change affect a different species?
Answer: The same environmental change might affect a different species by causing both or more to lose food or lose their environment which lowers their survival rates.
Explanation: For example, climate change alters the abundance and distribution of predator and prey species, less food, less successful reproduction, and interfering with the environment for native wildlife.
in a Pp x Pp cross what is the probability that offspring will inherit two p alleles?
Answer:
Explanation:
each offspring of a Pp× Pp cross has a 50% chance of receiving either allele from either parent. So, the probability of inheriting two p alleles is 1/2 1/2. This equals 1/4.
which of the following is true about the north american diet? a. most of our protein comes from plant sources. b. approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars. c. most of our fats come from plant sources. d. most of our carbohydrates come from fibers.
Among the two Americans and Canadians, meat, eggs, and dairy are the main three protein sources, with fish and vegetables/nuts/seeds tumbling to the fourth and fifth spot, individually.
Attributes of the run of the mill American eating routine include: Not eating an adequate number of foods grown from the ground. Consuming refined grains rather than entire grains. Eating greasy wellsprings of protein, like broiled chicken, bacon, and frankfurter.
To meet the Dietary Rules for Americans, pick an eating routine with the vast majority of the calories from grain items, vegetables, organic products, low-fat milk items, lean meats, fish, poultry, and dry beans. Pick fewer calories from fats and desserts.
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True about the north American diet (b). approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars is correct option.
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of all carbohydrates. When it comes to the survival and well-being of living things, carbohydrates are one of the essential naturally occurring molecules. They perform a variety of functions, including supplying energy, storing energy, fertilizing, forming RNA, boosting the immune system, etc.
However, the carbohydrates are not all the same, and they can be split into four categories:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Each of them has a unique chemical makeup, giving them unique abilities. These many characteristics lead to various applications for each of them among living things. We all have a very good understanding of the smallest units, the monosaccharides and disaccharides, which are actually the ones that are referred to as sugars.
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What do the two types of fermentation have in common?
O both require oxygen as a reactant
O both directly produce ATP for the cell to use
O both produce carbon dioxide gas
O both generate NAD+ to keep glycolysis running
Fermentation, which is used by numerous species and cell types, is another anaerobic pathway for glucose metabolism that is not oxygen-dependent.
how do cells function?The tiniest unit of all living things—including bodily cells and tissues—capable of independent existence. A cell's three primary structural elements are the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Chemicals are controlled by the membrane of a cell, which encloses it and governs what enters and exits it.
The function of a cell is what?They provide the body its structure, take in nutrients from the diet, turn those calories into energy, and carry out certain functions. The genetic makeup of the organism is also stored within cells, which can also reproduce. A cell has multiple components.
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The major tissue type that acts as "a gatekeeper" because it regulates the movement of materials in and out of certain body regions is ________ tissue.
The major tissue type that acts as "a gatekeeper" because it regulates the movement of materials in and out of certain body regions is Epithelial tissue.
The epithelium is a type of tissue in your body that covers all of your internal and external surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and is the main tissue in glands. Depending on where it is in your body, epithelial tissue plays a variety of roles, including protection, secretion, and absorption.
There are four primary types of tissue that make up the organs in your body: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous.
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The major tissue type that acts as "a gatekeeper" because it regulates the movement of materials in and out of certain body regions is epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that lines the surface of the body and forms the covering of internal organs, glands, and cavities. It acts as a barrier between the internal environment of the body and the external environment. Epithelial tissue is composed of cells that are closely packed together, with little extracellular matrix between them. The cells have various specialized structures such as tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions that help to provide a barrier and allow for selective transport of ions, molecules, and fluids. The tight junctions, in particular, are important for the regulation of movement of materials in and out of certain body regions, as they create a barrier that prevents the diffusion of solutes between the cells. This makes epithelial tissue an important "gatekeeper" for the body's internal environment.
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cellular atp concentrations are maintained well above equilibrium concentrations in cells. explain how atp concentration relates to actual free energy changes of reactions that involve atp and why it is important to keep atp levels high.
Gibbs free energy and ATP are directly proportional to each other and storage of ATP is important to make unfeasible reactions to feasible reactions.
ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic response process by which synthetic energy that has been put away in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is delivered in the wake of dividing these bonds, for instance in muscles, by creating work as mechanical energy. The item is adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi). ADP can be additionally hydrolyzed to give energy, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and another inorganic phosphate (Pi).[1] ATP hydrolysis is the last connection between the energy got from food or daylight and valuable work like muscle withdrawal.
If Gibbs free energy is less than zero(G<0) then it is said that reaction is possible to move in forward direction and ATP energy will release during the reaction but if (G>0) in that case that reaction is not possible to go in forward direction,in that case ATP energy which is stored in reactants that will be used to make reaction go in forward direction.
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Nan's suitcase is on a bench. The suitcase has a mass of 14 kilograms. Nan accidentally knocks the suitcase off the bench, and the suitcase falls at a speed of 2.7 meters per second. How much kinetic energy does the suitcase have just before it hits the floor?
102.06 J
18.9 J
51.03 J
204.12 J
The suitcase has 18.9 Joules of energy just before it hits the floor
Computation of Kinetic energyKinetic energy is the energy that an object has as a result of its movement. If we want to accelerate an object, we must apply force to it. Using force requires us to put in effort. After work is completed, energy is transferred to the object, and the object moves at a new constant speed.
Give DataMass of suitcase = 14 kilograms
Speed = 2.7 meters per second
We know that the expression for kinetic energy is given
K.E = 1/2mv^2
Substituting our given data in the expression for kinetic energy we have
K.E = 1/2*14*2.7
K.E = 1/2*37.8
K.E = 18.9 Joules
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There are seven types of proteins. Three of them are structural, mechanical, and nutrient. What are the other four
Proteins can be divided into seven different categories: storage, transport, contractile, hormonal, enzyme, and contractile proteins.
Cells use proteins for a variety of purposes. They function as enzymes that catalyse chemical events, offer structural support, control how substances move through the cell membrane, defend the body against disease, and organise cell signalling pathways. All proteins fall into one of seven different categories of proteins. These consist of proteins that are structural, storage, transport, contractile, hormonal, enzyme, and antibody.Organic molecules called proteins are found in all living things. They perform a wide range of tasks, such as transportation, organising, and defence. Proteins have up to four different layers of structure and are made up of chains of amino acids.
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Can anyone help 50 points for biology
Using the image below identify the following structures please
Get 5 stars if u help me and give me the right answer sorry if it biology it’s science but it didn’t have a science one
The triple helix structure of collagen protein Is possible largely due to a. glycine and its small side chain b. an exact palring of pyrimidlnes and purlnes
c. the covalent disulfide bridges between cystelnes d. the absence of carboxyl groups
The triple helix structure of collagen protein Is possible largely due to (c) covalent disulfide bridges.
A fibrous protein called collagen serves as the structural framework for numerous bodily tissues, such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bone. Three polypeptide chains, each of which is rich in the amino acid glycine and allows for tight packing of the chains, are aligned to produce the distinctive triple helix structure of collagen.
The presence of covalent disulfide bridges between cysteine residues on the various chains, which aid in holding the chains together, is largely responsible for the stability of the triple helix structure. Collagen is more stable since it does not include carboxyl groups. collagen is major component of extracellular matrix.
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Collagen protein's triple helix structure Is made possible in large part by (c) covalent disulfide bridges.
Collagen is a fibrous protein that serves as the structural framework for many bodily tissues, including tendons, ligaments, skin, and bone. Three polypeptide chains, each of which is rich in the amino acid glycine and allows for tight packing of the chains, are aligned to produce the distinctive triple helix structure of collagen.
The presence of covalent disulfide bridges between cysteine residues on the various chains, which aid in chain stability, is largely responsible for the triple helix structure's stability. Collagen is more stable because it lacks carboxyl groups. Collagen is an important component of the extracellular matrix.
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during interphase, dna with actively transcribing genes is typically classified as ? why is his important?
Option b is Correct. DNA having genes that are actively transcribed during interphase is often referred to as euchromatin.
The chromatin form of it prevents gene expression. The loosely coiled DNA seen in cells during interphase is known as chromatin. Proteins called transcription factors are involved in the process of turning DNA into RNA, or transcribed DNA. A large variety of proteins—aside from RNA polymerase—called transcription factors start and control how genes are transcribed.
Typically, DNA is bound by a transcription factor at a specific target sequence. To activate transcription, general transcription factors bind to certain DNA locations. RNA polymerase is positioned by these auxiliary proteins, which group together on the promoter, separate the double helix, and then launch the RNA polymerase to start transcription.
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Correct Question:
During interphase, DNA with actively transcribing genes is typically classified as _________________? Why is his important?
A. heterochromatin
B. euchromatin
The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes is called _____.
Polyploidy is the term used to describe the situation where an organism contains extra sets of chromosomes.
The heritable state of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes is known as polyploidy. Plants frequently have polyploid DNA, as do several fish and amphibian species. Instead of the typical 46 chromosomes per cell, a cell with triploidy has an additional set of chromosomes, making a total of 69 chromosomes present in the cell.
During fertilization, the extra pair of chromosomes comes from either the mother or the father. It occurs when a newborn is developing and has an extra set of chromosomes, which are DNA-carrying threadlike structures. Typically, a triploid pregnancy ends in an early miscarriage.
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The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes is called polyploidy.
It states that polyploidy is a chromosomal mutation that may provide benefits to an organism, especially in plants. It is observed in many examples of plants, including crop plants such as bananas, limes, and strawberries. It is important to note that numerical abnormalities in chromosomes is also known as trisomy and an example of this is Down Syndrome, which is marked by mental disability, learning difficulties, a characteristic facial appearance and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy.
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type of selection seen in dogs and other domestic animals
Answer:
Artificial selection
Explanation:
Humans have been selectively breeding plants and animals since time immemorial .This breeding lead to the creation of breeds thatdiffer from other breeds but are still under the same group . For eg . Dogs ( from wolfs )Cabbage , Cauliflower, brocoli evolved from a variety of wild mustard.It is often argued that if man could create new breeds within hundreds of years then nature could have done this same over millions of years .Hope this helps!
which part of the nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord; processes, stores, and responds to information from the peripheral nervous system
a. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
b. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
c. The nervous system transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including the internal organs.
d. all answers are correct
a.The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.The brain and spinal cord are the two components of the central nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system is composed of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and cover the entire body. The majority of your senses are fed information by PNS into your brain. You can move your muscles thanks to the signals it transmits. The brain uses signals from your PNS to command essential, automatic functions like breathing and pulse. An upper motor neuron transmits motor information from a region of the brain down the spinal cord. From the brain to the brainstem, upper motor neurons can also travel.
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cells sap of an aquatic plant growing in the pond. Ions Sodium Calcium Concentration in pond water (parts per million) Potassium 2 Chloride 50 1.5 180 Sodium ions Concentration in cell Potassium ions sap (parts per million) 30 150 1 200 Name the processes by which the following ions could have been taken up by this plant.
Answer:
1. Sodium ions: Active Transport
2. Calcium ions: Passive Transport
3. Potassium ions: Active Transport
4. Chloride ions: Passive Transport
describe one example of diffusion in the human body. in your description be sure to: (1) identify the place where diffusion takes place. (2) identify a substance that diffuses there. (3) identify where that substance diffuses from and where it diffuses to, at that place.
One example of diffusion in the human body is the diffusion of oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells through the bloodstream. The place where diffusion takes place is in the alveoli, which are small air sacs in the lungs. The substance that diffuses there is oxygen. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli, where it is breathed in from the air, into the bloodstream.
The human body relies on diffusion to transport vital gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. One key example of diffusion in the body is the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. The process begins in the alveoli, which are small air sacs in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses into the alveoli from the air that we breathe, and then it diffuses into the bloodstream.
The oxygen-rich blood is then pumped by the heart through the circulatory system to the body's cells. Once the oxygen reaches the cells, it diffuses into the cell's tissues and organs. Here, the oxygen is utilized by the cells in the process of cellular respiration to produce energy in the form of ATP. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream, where it is then transported back to the lungs to be exhaled. This process of diffusion ensures that the body's cells receive the oxygen they need to function properly and eliminates waste products.
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Diffusion is how the lungs exchange gases. Compared to blood, the air in the alveoli has a higher oxygen content and a lower carbon dioxide content.
As a result, carbon dioxide from the circulation and oxygen from alveoli diffuse to the blood. Temperature, concentration, and molecular mass are only a few of the variables that have an impact on the rate of diffusion. Diffusion is a crucial bodily function that helps molecules move through a variety of organs, including the lungs, kidneys, stomach, and eyes.
Simple diffusion and assisted diffusion are the two forms of diffusion. Diffusion is a process that aids in the flow of gases. Diffusion aids in the exchange of gases, water, salt, and waste in the human body.
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a sample of bacteria is collected from soil in a field that was recently treated with pesticides. the bacteria are classified, and a phylogeny is built to illustrate the soil bacteria diversity. what kinds of characteristics would be best for creating this phylogeny?
A phylogenetic tree might be constructed utilizing morphological (body shape), biochemical, conduct, or sub-atomic highlights of species or different gatherings. In building a tree.
Phylogeny is the portrayal of the transformative history and affinities between sets of organic entities. The outcomes are characterized in a phylogenetic tree that takes care of a visual work of affinities in light of shared or dissimilar physical and characteristic qualities.
A phylogenetic tree might be constructed utilizing morphological (body shape), biochemical, conduct, or sub-atomic highlights of species or different gatherings. In building a tree.
In the phylogenetic examination, stretching outlines are made to address the transformative history or connection between various species, organic entities, or qualities of an organic entity (qualities, proteins, organs, and so forth) that are created from a typical predecessor. The outline is known as a phylogenetic tree.
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A phylogenetic tree can be created using the morphological (body form), biochemical, behavioral, or sub-atomic characteristics of various species or groups. constructing a tree.
The depiction of the evolutionary relationships and affinities between groups of organic organisms is known as phylogeny. A phylogenetic tree that considers affinities in light of shared or different physical and characteristic features is used to characterize the results.
Stretching outlines are used in the phylogenetic analysis to address how different species, organic entities, or characteristics of an organic entity (such as proteins, organs, and so on) have changed over time derived from a typical predecessor (and so on). A phylogenetic tree is the name given to the outline.
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is a light brown mouse on light-colored soil more likely to escape predation under a full moon or with no moon? what data support your answer?
A light brown mouse is likely to escape owl predation on a moonlit night on the light colored soil.
On a moonlit night in the light-colored soil, a light brown mouse has a good chance of escaping owl predation. Because the colors of the mice and the dirt will be nearly identical, it will be challenging for the owl to see the light-colored mouse on a light-colored background.
The likelihood of survival will be higher for light-colored mice since there will be less contrast between the colors of the mice and the dirt. Therefore, the evidence for this conclusion is as follows: "Under full moon, fewer light-colored mice were collected than on dark soil.
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which of the following findings would be expected in a 20-week-old fetus? select all that apply. skin is less transparent in appearance. skin is covered in vernix and lanugo. palate has just fused. blastocyst is beginning the process of implantation. sex is easily determined.
The 20-week-old fetus would be expected the skin to be less transparent in appearance, skin to be covered in vernix and lanugo, and sex to be easily determined.
Albinism, vitiligo, tinea versicolor, and other ailments can also contribute to translucent skin, which is often a genetic trait. Contact your doctor as soon as possible if your skin changes quickly, and you experience shortness of breath or other health problems associated with abnormally translucent skin.
Vernix, a waxy, cheese-like substance that surrounds the skin of a baby, safeguards it from amniotic fluid. Vernix eliminates chaffing on a baby's skin while it is still in the womb. Vernix adheres to a baby's skin more readily and provides skin protection when lanugo is prominent.
The sex can be discovered by ultrasound as early as 14 weeks, however, most doctors schedule them for 18 to 21 weeks. But it's not always entirely accurate. It's possible that your baby is in an uncomfortable situation that makes it impossible to see the genitalia clearly.
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The skin of the 20-week-old fetus should appear less transparent, be covered in vernix and lanugo, and be easy to distinguish between the sexes.
You are halfway through your pregnancy and five months along at 20 weeks. You can notice a change in your weight and belly button as your baby and uterus develop more.
Translucent skin is frequently a genetic feature, but other conditions such as tinea versicolor, vitiligo, and albinism can also cause it. If your skin changes rapidly, you develop breathing difficulties or other health issues linked to abnormally translucent skin, call your doctor as soon as you can.
A baby's skin is protected from amniotic fluid by vernix, a waxy, cheese-like material that surrounds it. During pregnancy, Vernix prevents chaffing on a baby's skin. When lanugo is present, vernix more readily attaches to a baby's skin and offers skin protection.
Because of the discomfort of the infant, it is impossible to observe the genitalia clearly.
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where does glucose reabsorption occur in the nephron
The proximal tubule, which is where the majority of the glucose entering the tubular system is reabsorbed, ensures that urine is practically glucose-free.
First, sodium ions and glucose are co-transported into the proximal convoluted tubule walls of the proximal tubule. This method of transport is also used for several amino acids. Glucose and amino acids immediately diffuse into the blood capillaries after entering the tubule wall along a gradient of concentration. The gradient is maintained because this blood is flowing. Finally, sodium is removed from the tubule wall by sodium/potassium ion active transport pumps and returned to the blood. The first step continues to take place as a result of maintaining a sodium concentration gradient in the proximal tubule lining.
Reabsorption in the early proximal convoluted tubule: The majority of the filtrate's constituent parts are reabsorbed in the tubule's first half (early proximal tubule). These include glucose, amino acids, phosphate, lactate, and citrate, which "piggyback" on sodium co-transporters, which transport sodium down its electrochemical gradient into tubule epithelial cells. Membrane proteins link the flow of two or more particular solutes together. The sodium gradient must be preserved for this to continue, hence sodium cannot be allowed to accumulate inside the proximal tubule wall's epithelial cells.
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Glucose reabsorption occurs in the nephron in the proximal tubule. Approximately 65% of the filtered load is reabsorbed by proximal tubules.
By reabsorbing around 80% of the filtered bicarbonate, proximal tubules also play a crucial role in maintaining an equilibrium between the acid and the base. In a healthy normoglycemic subject, the glomeruli of the kidneys filter 180 grams of glucose per day, which is approximately one-third of the total energy consumed by the human body each day.
Diabetes, on the other hand, causes glucosuria when the filtered glucose exceeds the tubular system's capacity to transport glucose.
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a microorganism grows in the lab on medium containing mineral salts but no organic compounds. the organism is likely to be a(n)
A microorganism grows in the lab on a medium containing mineral salts but no organic compounds. the organism is likely to be an autotroph.
This makes colonies of bacteria, yeast, and other microorganisms an intriguing subject for studies of, for example, the interactions and signaling between microorganisms within multicellular communities. This is in addition to the fact that colonies of bacteria, yeast, and other microorganisms are frequently grown in laboratories. Any creature that can sustain itself by utilizing inorganic elements as a source of nutrition and employing photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy is considered an autotroph. This includes most plants, some bacteria, and certain protists. Heterotrophs include bacteria, fungi, yeast, cows, dogs, and people. For nourishment, they are all reliant on plants and other animals.
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Sonar stands for “sound navigation and ranging.” What assumption was proved wrong after the invention of sonar?
Answer:
The assumption that was proven wrong after the invention of sonar is that sound does not travel well in water. Before the invention of sonar, it was believed that sound waves would be absorbed and scattered by the water, making it difficult to use sound for navigation and ranging. However, with the invention of sonar, it was discovered that sound can travel long distances underwater and be used to detect and locate objects, such as ships and submarines.
blood, which is made up of multiple cell types including red and white blood cells, is an example of a(n) tissue
Blood that is made up of multiple cell types such as red and white blood cells refers to an example of a connective tissue.
Blood is considered a connective tissue because it connects and interacts with all other tissues and organs in the body, and it plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is composed of a liquid matrix (plasma) and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
Thus, blood, which is composed of multiple cell types such as red and white blood cells, is an example of a connective tissue.
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his phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing sequences for a homologous gene involved in development. Select the correct statement.
The nucleotide sequence of this gene in a mouse is more similar to that in a chicken than it is to that in a frog, and neither is as similar to that of this gene in either animal. Here option C is the correct answer.
Phylogenetic trees are used to infer evolutionary relationships between different organisms based on similarities and differences in their genetic or molecular sequences. In a phylogenetic tree, the organisms that are more closely related are grouped together and are more similar in their genetic sequences.
A frog is not the ancestor of both a mouse and a chicken. The common ancestor of a human and a frog and the common ancestor of a mouse and a chicken did not live at the same time, the common ancestor of a human and a frog lived much earlier than the common ancestor of a mouse and a chicken.
In this case, the nucleotide sequence of this gene in a mouse is more similar to the sequence in a chicken, and both are less similar to the nucleotide sequence of this gene in a frog.
Complete question:
This phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing sequences for a homologous gene involved in development. Select the correct statement.
A - Frog is the ancestor of both a mouse and a chicken.
B - The common ancestor of a human and a frog and the common ancestor of a mouse and a chicken lived at the same time.
C - The nucleotide sequence of this gene in a mouse is more similar to the sequence in a chicken, and both are less similar to the nucleotide sequence of this gene in a frog.
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The nucleotide sequence of this gene in a mouse is more similar to the sequence in a chicken, and both are less similar to the nucleotide sequence of this gene in a frog
.According to , the nucleotide sequence of this gene in a mouse is more similar to the sequence in a chicken, and both are less similar to the nucleotide sequence of this gene in a frog.
A frog is not the ancestor of both a mouse and a chicken. The common ancestor of a human and a frog and the common ancestor of a mouse and a chicken did not live at the same time.
The statement that the nucleotide sequence of a homologous gene involved in development is more similar in a mouse compared to a chicken, and both are less similar to the sequence found in a frog, suggests that the mouse and chicken are more closely related to each other on the evolutionary tree than they are to the frog. This information can be inferred from the branch lengths and positions on the phylogenetic tree, where closely related organisms are represented by shorter branches that are closer together. This statement is supported by the comparative analysis of the sequences of the homologous gene, which is a widely used method in molecular phylogenetics to infer evolutionary relationships among different organisms. In summary, the statement suggests that mouse and chicken are more closely related to each other on the evolutionary tree than they are to the frog based on the comparative analysis of the sequences of the homologous gene involved in development.
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how many nucleotides comprise a single strand of dna
Answer:
4
Explanation:
A single strand of DNA can contain 4 different types of nucleotides. Each type of nucleotide has a different nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine).
a baleen whale does not have teeth, but rather, baleen. baleen allows the whale to filter out tiny food particles and organisms called plankton from massive amounts of ocean water. however, the baleen whale genome also has genes which code for constructing teeth. why is this so?
The progenitors of baleen whales (Mysticeti, Cetacea, Mammalia) underwent a macro evolutionary event that resulted in the loss of their teeth.
The replacement of those teeth with baleen approximately 34 million years ago (Deméré et al. 2008; Marx, 2011).
All baleen whales possess baleen in place of teeth, which they utilize to scoop up plankton, tiny fish, and shrimp-like krill from the water.
The bristly baleen plates in the whales' mouths filter, sift, sieve, or trap their preferred prey from the ocean.
This indicates that whereas baleen whales lost both sets of teeth, toothed whales only lost one of their two sets.
However, even though baleen whales never grow teeth, tooth buds can still be seen in the embryonic stage of such animals. Hence, this is a remnant of its forebear.
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the trna molecules in a cell are short sequences of nucleotides (about 80 bases) that contain an anticodon and carry a specific amino acid. find the trna that is carrying the histidine (his). what sequence of nucleotides makes the anticodon on this trna molecule?
Transfer RNA (tRNA) accomplishes this by transporting an amino acid to the ribosome, for protein synthesis. Protein synthesis based on the mRNA code occurs when a 3-nucleotide codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) is complemented by a 3-nucleotide anticodon of the tRNA.
In comparison to mRNA, transfer RNA is a comparatively tiny molecule with only roughly 80 nucleotides. It looks like a folded cloverleaf made of nucleotides. There is always an adenylic acid at the one end of the molecule, to which the transported amino acid binds at a hydroxyl group of the ribose in the adenylic acid. The anticodon is made up of three nucleotides, which are typically found in positions 34–36 of the tRNA, which reads the mRNA codons predominantly through Watson–Crick base pairing. However, at the third position (3′ base) of the codon, which corresponds to the first position of the anticodon (5′ base), the same tRNA can base pair with other nucleotides. Both G-U and U-G base pairings are accepted in this place. This unconventional combination was Crick's suggestion for his Wobble hypothesis. The codon's third or "wobble" position additionally contains additional noncanonical base pairs. Multiple codons can be read by a single tRNA thanks to this pairing feature. Each organism has a variety of tRNA molecules because each form of tRNA molecule can only be joined to one kind of amino acid. There are numerous tRNA molecules bearing distinct anticodons that carry the same amino acid because the genetic code has multiple codons that define the same amino acid.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) achieves this by delivering an amino acid to the ribosome, a component of the cellular machinery in charge of protein synthesis.
When a 3-nucleotide codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) is supplemented by a 3-nucleotide anticodon of the tRNA, protein synthesis based on the mRNA coding happens. Thus, tRNAs are an important component in translation, which is the biological creation of new proteins in accordance with the genetic code.
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is an RNA molecule that aids in the translation of a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs act at particular places on the ribosome during translation, which is the process by which an mRNA molecule is converted into a protein.
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epithelia are strong membranes that function to bind the body together.
True ,epithelia are strong membranes that function to bind the body together.
Epithelia are formed by Intercellular junctions that works importantly in sealing the space present in between the cells by filling all the gaps also known as gap junctions.
Epithelia are also considered as a the type of respiratory epithelium that is found within the linings of the trachea and other areas of respiratory tract, that helps in filtering and humidification of incoming air. They help our body to perform wide array of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, diffusion, and excretion.
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Epithelia are strong membranes that function to bind the body together. True or False
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False. Epithelia are not strong membranes that function to bind the body together.
While epithelia do serve a variety of functions in the body, including protecting underlying tissues, regulating the exchange of materials across membranes, and sensing changes in the external environment, they are not considered to be strong membranes that function to bind the body together. Other structures, such as connective tissues, are responsible for providing the physical support and strength needed to bind the body together.
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Epithelia are strong membranes that function to bind the body together. true/false.
if protein x (lectin) speeds up cell division, why does it actually seem to have a negative effect on root growth in soybean plants
We have outlined the lectins found in soybean plants' immunomodulatory properties as well as their impact against illness, including antimicrobial action.
On T lymphocyte cultures, lectins can be utilized as mitotic agents to promote cell proliferation that is started by their cross-linking with TCR on cell surface. This connection may activate particular signaling pathways that encourage cells to start the cell cycle for DNA replication. Lectins can attach to ribosomes and prevent the production of proteins.
Additionally, they can activate the caspase cascade and alter the cell cycle by causing non-apoptotic G1-phase accumulation mechanisms, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Additionally, lectins can reduce telomerase activity and stop angiogenesis.
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Lectin has a negative effect on root growth in soybean plants because of its' immunomodulatory properties and antimicrobial action.
A single cell divides into two offspring, who subsequently divide her to form new cells. As new cells are created as old cells divide, we refer to these processes as "cell division" and "cell reproduction." Cell growth and chromosome replication precede cell division, which is also a part of cell cycle.
An antimicrobial is a substance that either eliminates or inhibits the growth of bacteria. Antimicrobial drugs can be categorised based on the microorganisms they are most effective against. Antibiotics are used to treat bacteria, whereas antifungals are used to treat fungi.
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