Chloroplasts have arisen three times according to the endosymbiont theory.
According to the endosymbiotic theory, some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells of the present day were once prokaryotic microorganisms. The host cell and the endosymbiont each have a set of cell membranes that enclose the chloroplasts that resulted from primary endosymbiosis. When a eukaryotic cell absorbs a cell that has already experienced primary endosymbiosis, secondary endosymbiosis takes place. They surround the chloroplasts with more than two sets of membranes, as in chloroplasts of brown algae. When a eukaryotic cell assimilated another eukaryotic that was the product of an earlier secondary endosymbiosis, this process is known as tertiary endosymbiosis.
Therefore, chloroplast, as well as mitochondria, have occured thrice and are very different from the current prokaryotes like cyanobacteria.
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23) The limit of change resulted from the regeneration process is very clear in …..
Crabs
Planaria
Humans
Frogs
The limit of change resulted from the regeneration process is very clear in option B: Planaria
Has Planaria the ability to regenerate?Most fishes and salamanders have limited limb regeneration, while larval frogs and toads have tail regeneration (but not adults). After being amputated, a salamander's or a triton's entire limb will continue to develop.
Therefore, Planarians are flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) that live in freshwater bodies, and their capacity for regeneration has long been known (Pallas, 1766; Dalyell, 1814). In a procedure that takes days to weeks, planarians can regenerate new heads, tails, sides, or even complete organisms from tiny body parts.
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a new hormone is discovered that appears to play a role in bone development. the hormone is hydrophilic and composed of several amino acids. how should this hormone be classified?
Hormonal transport, because some hormones are water soluble, they can move around freely in the circulation (hydrophilic). Since the steroid hormones are fat soluble and hydrophobic, transport proteins must bind to and move them (like albumin and globulins which are blood proteins produced by the liver).
The membrane is permeable to hydrophobic hormones, which allow them to diffuse through and engage with an intracellular receptor. Contrarily, hydrophilic hormones need to engage cell membrane receptors in order to function. These are frequently linked to a G protein, which is activated as soon as the hormone binds the receptor.Our brain's pituitary gland produces growth hormone, which controls how tall we get, how long our bones get, and how big our muscles get.
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175,000 kcal/m2/yr , and the plant respiration is estimated to be 115,000kcal/m2/yr . what is the total amount of energy transferred during photosynthesis for this ecosystem?
The total energy exchanged during photosynthesis for this environment is 290,000 cal/m2/yr.
The term "net primary productivity" refers to the amount of energy retained by an environment's biomass when energy is released for metabolism and maintenance. Net primary productivity, as opposed to gross primary productivity, refers to the total energy input into the ecosystem before taking into account energy loss.
Net primary productivity (NPP) is calculated mathematically as Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) - Respiration.
NPP = 175,000 cal/m2/yr for the pine forest, and respiration = 115,000 cal/m2/yr, hence GPP = 175,000 + 115,000 = 290,000 cal/m2/yr.
Therefore, 290,000 cal/m2/yr of energy is transported throughout photosynthesis for the environment as a whole.
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which of the following occurrences describes how recombination between linked genes comes about? group of answer choices independent assortment sometimes fails. nonrecombinant chromosomes break and then rejoin with one another. linked genes travel together at anaphase. crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange.
crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange.
Linked genes move along at the same anaphase.
Genes that are near to one another on the same chromosome are linked and move through meiosis together. As a result, related genes do not assort separately.
The genes are positioned near together if the recombination frequency is low; however, if it is high, the genes are spread out.
Every trait is inherited independently of every other trait, according to Gregor Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.
The genes independently assort if they are situated on various chromosomes.
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the protein molecule formed in-vivo when a foreign material is introduced into an immunocompetent individual is a
Antibodies are protein molecules that the body produces in reaction to the introduction of foreign substances (also known as antigens or immunogens).
When an organism's immune system comes into contact with a foreign molecule for the first time (usually a protein), specialized cells like dendritic cells and macrophages seize the molecule and start to break it down so that they can transmit these antigens to B cell lymphocytes. A process known as somatic hypermutation enables the B cell to start coding for a new antibody after antigen presentation to the B cell lymphocytes has taken place. This antibody will have a distinctive Antigen Binding Site in the variable region that can bind specifically to an epitope from the antigen.
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in the control sample histogram, does the population of cells in the s phase show a distinct peak? why or why not?
No, As the S phase develops, the amount of DNA in each cell varies, giving the S phase cells a variety.
What about histogram?A histogram is a graphic representation of data that uses bars of various heights.A histogram's bars divide numbers into ranges.More data falls inside that range, as shown by taller bars.The form and distribution of continuous sample data are shown in a histogram. It is used to display summaries of discrete or continuous data that have been interval-scaled. It is frequently used to conveniently depict the main characteristics of the data distribution. While bar charts show categorical variables, histograms show quantitative or numerical data. The majority of the time, a histogram's numerical data will be continuous (having infinite values).It would be impossible to show every potential value of a continuous variable along an axis. A collection of rectangles with bases and the spaces between class boundaries can be referred to as a histogram. Each rectangular bar represents some type of data, and every rectangle is next to another. Rectangle heights are inversely correlated with matching frequencies for both similar and dissimilar groups. Large amounts of data as well as the frequency of the data values can be seen in histograms. A histogram can be used to find the data's median and distribution. It might also highlight any anomalies.Learn more about histogram here:
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A) what is the gender of the individual?
B) could this be the karyotype of a human sperm cell? Explain you reasoning.
C) what evidence is there of non-disjunction
A karyotype is the chromosomic dotation of an individual. It is a representation of all the chromosomes present in a cell. A) The individual is a male. B) This si not the karyotype of a sperm cell. C) A trisomy in pair 16 is evidence of non-disjunction.
What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is a term used to refer to the complete set of an individual's chromosomes. It refers to the total number of chromosomes found in each individual cell. The karyotype is the individual's chromosomic dotation.
Each species has its own karyotype because the number of chromosomes per species might vary. For instance,
The karyotype of human beings is composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes. The karyotype of Drosophila melanogaster is composed of 4 pairs of chromosomes.
Whenever there is affection, karyotypes might vary among individuals of the same species. For example, people affected by Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes in pair 21 because of a chromosomic segregation failure during meiosis.
The karyotype concept can also be used to refer to clinical diagnosis.
When looking at the exposed karyotype, we can say that,
A) The individual is a male because there is an X and a Y chromosome.
B) This is a human being's karyotype but does not belong to a sperm cell.
Let us remember that sperm cells are gametes, and gametes are haploid. The number of chromosomes found in gametes is 23.
This karyotype represents a diploid cell with 44 autosomes and 2 sexual chromosomes aligned and paired with their homologous chromosome.
C) There is a trisomy in what should be pair 16. There are three chromosomes instead of two. This fact is evidence of a failure in homologous chromosome segregation during the anaphase of meiosis (non-disjunction).
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condition associated with sideropenia, causing deficient production of hemoglobin: a.iron deficiency anemia b.pernicious anemia c.hemolytic anemia d.thalassemia e.aplastic anemia
Condition associated with sideropenia, causing deficient production of hemoglobin "aplastic anemia".
People having pernicious anemia frequently have extremely low hemoglobin levels but little hemoglobin-related symptoms, like exhaustion. Additionally, they can have low numbers of platelets, which are necessary to clot blood as well as stop bleeding, and white blood cells, which are crucial in fighting infections.
Megaloblastic anaemia can have a variety of reasons, but the most frequent one in children is a folic acid or vitamin B-12 deficiency. These are some additional sources of megaloblastic anaemia: intestinal ailments Megaloblastic anaemia can be caused by specific lower digestive tract illnesses.
Therefore, the correct answer will be (e)
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Which statement best represents the process through which evolution occurs?
Responses
Answer:
Theory of evolution states that the organisms which are fit will survive and they will be able to increase their generations
the continental margins of the east and west cost of the united states are very different. Are there tectonic differences?
The west coast is considered the active margin where earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains are formed whereas the Eastern Seaboard is a passive margin.
What continental margin is the western United States?Continental margins commonly fall into two classes: "active" and "passive." The West Coast of the United States is an active margin that is distinguished by rugged coastlines with narrow beaches and steep sea cliffs. The continental margin of western North America is close to a set of plate boundaries. There are convergent boundaries, like where there is diminution off of the Pacific Northwest. There is a transform boundary that is present in the San Andreas Fault. The “Pacific Ocean” is marked by the active continental margins which are mainly the narrow tectonically active areas related to the volcanoes,
So we can conclude that a continental margin is the outer edge of continental crust abutting oceanic crust under coastal waters.
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the human bacterial pathogen neisseria gonorrhoeae contains pilin, proteins that invoke an immune response. the amount of the pathogen eventually declines when the host antibodies recognize the pilin. however, the pathogen has replicated and have new pilin, so the old immune response is no longer effecive. this pathogen is successful in the host because:
Pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is capable of evading host immune defenses through a variety of mechanisms, including ongoing alterations in the antigenic structure of its surface, resistance to complement-mediated bacteriolysis, and perhaps the synthesis of IgA1 protease.
The effects of gonorrhea on the body?The body may use inflammatory cells like neutrophils to fight off NG invasion in the case of a gonococcal infection, or it may start its adaptive immune response by presenting an antigen to get rid of the pathogen. The infection is challenging to eradicate due to NG's numerous immune escape strategies.
Can you become resistant to gonorrhea?It is generally known that gonorrhea can be contracted repeatedly without any visible development of a protective immunity due to prior infections. A purulent discharge is a sign of symptomatic infection, but it is unclear how the host will react.
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you are infected with a pathogen; it is your first exposure to this pathogen. the first antibody types that will eventually appear in your blood to help fight this infection will be: a. iga b. igd c. ige d. igg e. igm
Igm the first antibody types that will eventually appear in your blood to help fight this infection.
What does the medical term IgM mean?Inflammatory globulin M (IgM): This is the initial antibody the body produces to combat a new infection, and it is primarily found in blood and lymph fluid. IgE, or immune globulin E: Typically present in blood in trace levels. Increased levels may occur when the body overreacts to allergens or is battling a parasitic infection.
Why is IgM positivity significant?When a virus infects, the immune system often produces IgM as the initial antibody. An IgM test that is positive suggests that you may have just been exposed to an infection, had a vaccination, and your immune system is now responding to the vaccine.
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nmda receptors: a. are found in the hippocampal formation. b. control a sodium ion channel. c. are metabotropic receptors. d. are activated by serotonin. e. are a type of dopamine receptor.
Nmda receptors include metabotropic receptors, which are a subclass of membrane receptors that use signal transduction processes instead of forming an ion channel pore.
How do metabotropic receptors work?Metabotropic receptors are really a subclass of membrane receptors which do not create an ion channel pore but instead use signaling molecules mechanisms, frequently G proteins, to trigger a cascade of intracellular actions via second messenger chemicals.
How do metabotropic receptors function?When a neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor, G-proteins are activated. After the receptor is released, the G-protein interacts with ion channels directly or binds to other effector proteins, including such enzymes, to produce intracellular messengers that opens and closes ion channels.
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when during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible under a microscope? multiple choice only when they are being copied only during interphase chromosomes are always visible only during the g1 phase
Chromosomes are visible under a microscope during mitosis, more specifically when they're being copied.
During interphase, chromosomes are not really visible under a microscope. It's because they only exist in the form of loosely condensed chromatin fibers in this phase, making them hard to see.
Chromosomes only began to become visible during prophase, when centrioles start to move to the opposite poles of the cell. In this phase, chromatin is condensed, which makes individual chromosomes become visible. It will stay visible until the end of cell division but is most easily visualized during the metaphase (the phase that follows prophase).
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nuclieotide that is substituted for thymine in an rna molecule
Explanation:
uracil.
uracil is present in RNA instead of thymine.
complex structures like supramolecular systems and organelles are formed from macromolecules through the process of
The method by which organelles and other complex structures like systems are created.
Which organelle is the most important?The nuclear is arguably the most significant cellular organelle. In fact, the mere existence of a core is seen to be one of a eukaryotic cell's distinguishing characteristics. Since this structure is where the cell cycle is stored and where the process of reading it starts, it is extremely Since this structure is where the cell cycle is stored and where the process of reading it starts, it is extremely.
What are functions of organelle?Cytosolic components known as organelles perform tasks required to keep the cell's homeostasis in check. They have a part in a variety of functions, including the production of proteins and secretions, the elimination of toxins, and the interpretation of outside signals.
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a lineage of fossil mammals shows unusual stability over time for size. modeling and statistical analysis rule out genetic drift as an explanation for the pattern. what is the most likely cause for this pattern?
The most likely cause for this pattern is stabilizing selection. When the population stabilizes on a given characteristic value and genetic variation declines, stabilizing selection takes place.
Stabilizing selection is a kind of natural selection in which the population mean stabilizes on a specific non-extreme trait value. Because most qualities don't seem to change significantly over time, this is regarded to be natural selection's most frequent mode of operation.
High and low birth weights are associated with decreased survival in both males and females, making birth weight a classic example of a feature that is subject to strong stabilizing selection.
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Lancelets display how many of the four major characteristics of the phylum chordata?.
Lancelets display all four major characteristics of the phylum Chordata.
The order Amphioxiformes includes approximately 32 species of fish-like maritime chordates known as "lancelets." They are widespread throughout the world and can be found in the sand in tropical and temperate waters.
Like all cephalochordates, the lancelet has a head. The four essential characteristics of chordates remain in adult lancelets: pharyngeal slits, which filter out food particles, receive water from the mouth. a notochord, a hollow nerve cord on the dorsal side, and a tail. The atriopore is where filtered water leaves the body and collects in the atrium.
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What structure is in some plant cells but not all
Answer: The vacuole is found in some plants cells but not all of them like the Mature cells.
Explanation:
inputs of cellular respiration are oxygen and chemical potential energy. outputs of cellular respiration are: group of answer choices water, glucose, and sucrose. carbon dioxide, water, and atp. carbon dioxide, glucose, and fructose. water and energy in the form of adp.
The output of the cellular respiration are Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Cell respiration is a sequence of chemical reactions that wreck down glucose to provide ATP, which may be used as power to strength many reactions at some point of the frame. There are 3 major steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration is the manner that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to interrupt down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release power in the form of ATP. This procedure releases carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
There are two sorts of mobile breathing (see mobile breathing concept): aerobic and anaerobic. One happens inside the presence of oxygen (cardio), and one happens inside the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). both begin with glycolysis - the splitting of glucose.
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Consider the individuals shaded in green in the diagram.
What kind of allele results in the trait the individuals are expressing?
Answer:
Dominant allele is resulted in the trait
which type of pacing involves the placement of large patch electrodes on the anterior and posterior chest wall that can be connected by a cable to an external pulse generator?
Large patch electrodes that may be connected to an external pulse generator are placed on the anterior and posterior chest walls during transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP). Since there is only one form of pacing that may be accessed from the outside, that type is transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP).
Transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP) is a short-term method for pacing a patient's heart in an emergency and stabilizing them until a better long-term method of pacing is found. Electric current pulses are administered via the patient's chest to cause the heart to contract.
In conscious patients, transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP) enables quick, effective, and noninvasive ventricular stimulation to treat symptomatic bradycardias, including atropine-resistant unstable bradycardia in the emergency room.
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undifferentiated blood cell: a.hematopoietic stem cell b.thrombocyte c.lymphocyte d.segmented cell e.granulocyte
Undifferentiated blood cells are hematopoietic stem cells.
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is the sole type of cell that makes up the mammalian blood system, which is composed of more than ten distinct mature cell types.
Undifferentiated and multipotent, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the potential to transform into any and all blood cells, including lymphoid- and myeloid-lineage cells.HSCs can be found in a variety of organs, including umbilical cord blood (UCB), bone marrow (BM), and peripheral blood (PB). Functional maturation of a small population of multipotent HSCs that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation is the process by which all blood cell lineages are created.
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Tavon wants to conduct a survey asking parents about their spending habits for their children.
Tavon should adhere to responsible ethical practices in his research. Which one of the following behaviors must be completed?
A. Tavon must record the names and ages of the children.
B. Tavon must pay the parents with money or a gift card for their time.
C. Tavon must see the parents' bank records to make sure they are telling the truth.
D. Tavon must keep the families' names in the study confidential and private.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
A. would infringe on safeguarding and ethical grounds
B. not adhering to ethical guidelines, no guarantee for confidentiality
C. would also infringe on safeguarding and ethical grounds
If a woman is homozygous for red hair and her husband is homozygous for brown hair, what is the probability that they will have a redheaded child?
A. 0%
B 100%
c. 50%
To solve this we must be knowing each and every concept related to homozygous. Therefore, 0% is the probability that they will have a redheaded child. The correct option is option A.
What is homozygous?Having identical genes for only one attribute is what is meant by being homozygous. Additionally, an allele denotes a single distinct variant of a gene.
Since it is unknown which characteristic is recessive. If we think of brown hair as the dominant characteristic, denoted by R, and red hair as the recessive trait, signified by R. Dad is RR, while mom is RR. All offspring will be heterozygous since they will all be Rr. The likelihood of producing a kid having red hair from either the original parents is thus 0%.
Therefore, 0% is the probability that they will have a redheaded child. The correct option is option A.
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19.in the context of molecular genetics, how does one reconcile the terms overlapping genes and nonoverlapping code?
A DNA sequence can contain many gene products (overlapping genes), but no one nucleotide can be used by more than one codon at a period (i.e., genetic code is non overlapping).
What does mean by overlapping?1: to cross or surpass and encompass a portion of There are gaps between the roof shingles. 2: to share a characteristic with the baseball season, which begins in September and ends with the football season. unchanging verb. 1: to partially occupy the same space The two towns are adjacent.
What is overlapping explain their types?The overlapping orbitals sigma () and pi () are of two different sorts. Two orbital angular momentum, one on each atom, that overlap to produce both bonds.
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if your skin and the whites of your eyes appear yellow, what is not being excreted? group of answer choices globin chains biocarbonate ion carbon dioxide heme carbonic acid
Heme group is not being excreted. This is the reason for skin and white of eyes to turn yellow.
In vitro and in vivo, TinIV-protoporphyrin IX (Sn-protoporphyrin) potently inhibits heme breakdown to bilirubin. In experimental animals, including primates, it totally controls neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Additionally, it lowers plasma bilirubin levels in several types of induced or naturally occurring jaundice in both humans and animals.
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through what mechanisms does the hypothalamus control the production or release of hormones from the pituitary gland? how do its effects on the anterior and posterior portions of the pituitary differ?
The hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal veins deliver hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones directly to the anterior pituitary gland.
Distinct anterior pituitary cell receptors bind to specific hypothalamus hormones, controlling the release of the hormones those cells generate.Your hypothalamus connects to the anterior pituitary lobe via hormones and the posterior pituitary lobe by nerve impulses via that stalk. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are likewise produced by your hypothalamus, which also instructs your posterior pituitary when to store and release these hormones.The hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal veins deliver hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones directly to the anterior pituitary gland. Distinct anterior pituitary cell receptors bind to specific hypothalamus hormones, controlling the release of the hormones those cells generate. Your hypothalamus connects to the anterior pituitary lobe via hormones and the posterior pituitary lobe by nerve impulses via that stalk. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are likewise produced by your hypothalamus, which also instructs your posterior pituitary when to store and release these hormones.It releases several hormones into the bloodstream that function as messengers, carrying signals from the pituitary gland to far-off cells and controlling their activity. For instance, the mammary glands in the breasts are stimulated to create milk by the hormone prolactin, which is produced by the pituitary gland.To know more about hypothalamus
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Flow of filtrate through the tubules is elevated. Complete the following statements to indicate the effectS Of IS T re than once, or not at all. G and drop the terms on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Words may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Decreases Filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases when glomerular filtration rate
releasing When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, reabsorption of sodium chloride by the tubule
vasoconstricting When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, the concentration of sodium chloride remaining in the filtrate
not releasing When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, the macula densa responds by vasoconstrictors
increases When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, the afferent arteriole responds by
vasodilating
Decreases Filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases when glomerular filtration rate releasing When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, reabsorption of sodium chloride by the tubule.
The nephron, a functional unit of the kidney, is made up of structures called renal tubules. Nephron functions include controlling the balance of water and body electrolytes, reabsorption of glomerular filtrate, and secretion of waste products. The majority of reabsorption takes place in the proximal contoured tubule of the renal tubules. Electrolyte equilibrium is affected by Henle's handling. Distal contoured tubule in charge of secreting chemicals for elimination.99% of the glomerular filtrate can be reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Since the tube flow is dependent on the rate of glomerular filtrate, which is roughly 120 millilitres per minute, an increase in glomerular filtrate will result in an increase in both the amount of filtered fluid flowing and the amount that flows.
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when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) develops. a) autoimmune disease b) immunodeficiency disease c) allergic response d) cross-reaction e) agglutination reaction
When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues develops an autoimmune disease.
When the body's natural defense system can't distinguish between your cells and alien cells, it develops an autoimmune illness and unintentionally attacks healthy cells. Autoimmune illnesses come in more than 80 different varieties and affect many different body parts.
Fundamentally, autoimmune illness develops when the immune system, one of the body's natural defenses, attacks healthy tissue. There are various theories among researchers as to why this occurs. The immune system activates and launches an attack when the body detects a virus or infection as a threat.
More than 80 autoimmune illnesses afflict over 4% of the world's population, the most prevalent of which are type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Crohn's disease.
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