Historians today generally use the term renaissance to refer to the period of outstanding cultural and artistic achievement in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century.
This period saw a resurgence of interest in classical knowledge, a shift towards humanistic values, and significant developments in the arts, literature, science, and philosophy. The term "renaissance" literally means "rebirth," reflecting the belief of historians that this period marked a revitalization of European civilization after the stagnation of the Middle Ages. It represented a substantial shift from the medieval worldview, embracing a newfound emphasis on autonomy, secularism, and knowledge-seeking. The Renaissance saw extraordinary successes in various sectors, including art, literature, science, and exploration. During this time, prominent people such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and William Shakespeare appeared, leaving a lasting impact with their masterpieces and new ideas. The Renaissance signaled a cultural renaissance that formed the groundwork for the modern world.
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who were the first whites to arrive in south africa
The Portuguese were the first whites to arrive in South Africa in the late 15th century, led by Bartolomeu Dias. Dias and his crew arrived at the southern tip of Africa in 1488, making them the first known Europeans to reach the region.
This initial encounter paved the way for further European exploration and eventual colonization, especially by the Dutch and British, which significantly impacted South Africa's history. But they did not establish permanent settlements.
The Dutch, led by Jan van Riebeeck, were the first to establish a permanent settlement in South Africa in 1652, which served as a supply station for ships traveling between Europe and Asia. The Dutch East India Company controlled the settlement and brought slaves from other parts of Africa and Asia.
The settlement grew as more Europeans arrived, eventually becoming Cape Town. The British took control of the Cape Colony in 1806, and many English-speaking settlers came to South Africa in the 19th century. This led to conflicts with the Dutch-speaking settlers, known as the Boers, who eventually migrated to the country's interior and established their own independent states.
The arrival of the first whites in South Africa profoundly impacted the country's history and shaped its social and political landscape.
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after 1994, democrats controlled the texas house up until
After the 1994 elections, Democrats controlled the Texas House of Representatives until the 2002 elections. During this period, the Democrats maintained a majority in the House, but their grip on power was tenuous at best.
In 2002, Republicans staged a dramatic upset, winning control of the House for the first time in over a century.
The Democrats' hold on power was weakened by several factors during this period. First, the state's demographics were changing, with increasing conservative-leaning voters moving into the state. Second, Republicans were able to capitalize on national trends, such as the unpopularity of the Clinton administration, to build momentum for their party at the state level. Third, the Democrats were plagued by internal divisions and scandals, which eroded public trust in the party and made it difficult for them to win elections.
Overall, the Democratic control of the Texas House from 1994 to 2002 was marked by political uncertainty and upheaval as the state's political landscape shifted dramatically.
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Which statement explains why tensions developed between new immigrants and native-born Americans during the late 19th century?
Answer:
C. The poverty and disease among new immigrants led to an overall decline in the nations standard of living
Explanation:
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what happened to the entire spanish fleet in cuba?
The Spanish fleet in Cuba was effectively decimated during the Spanish-American War in 1898.
The conflict arose when the United States intervened in Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain. The pivotal moment came on July 3, 1898, during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. The American navy, led by Admiral William T. Sampson, engaged the Spanish fleet commanded by Admiral Pascual Cervera.
In a fierce naval battle, the Spanish fleet, consisting of four cruisers and two destroyers, was defeated and subsequently destroyed. The flagship, the Infanta Maria Teresa, along with other vessels, was either sunk or captured by the American forces. The Spanish defeat at Santiago de Cuba was a significant turning point in the war, ultimately leading to Spain's surrender and the end of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas.
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historically the weak point at most major incidents has been
Historically, the weak point in most major incidents has been a lack of communication and coordination between different agencies and responders involved in the incident.
This can lead to confusion, delays, and even mistakes that can impact the effectiveness of the response and the safety of those involved. It is important for all parties to establish clear lines of communication, define roles and responsibilities, and practice coordinated response plans to address this weakness. Training and preparedness efforts can also help mitigate this weakness and improve overall response capabilities.
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What steps did Sargon and his descendants take to build and maintain the Akkadian Empire
The steps did Sargon and his descendants take to build and maintain the Akkadian Empire are:
In order to conquer other citystates, Sargon established a powerful military. He and his relatives likewise pronounced that sovereigns were divine beings to assist with legitimizing their power. They also married local aristocrats and gave important religious positions to family members. Finally, they promoted bilingualism and provided services like postal and road maintenance to foster cultural unity.The ancient region of Akkad is now located in central Iraq. Akkad was the northern (or northwestern) division of antiquated Babylonia. The region's northern boundary extended beyond the lines of the modern cities of Al-Fallah and Baghdad, roughly in the vicinity of where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers meet (see Tigris-Euphrates river system). The language spoken by the early settlers of this area, who were primarily Semites, is known as Akkadian. Sumer, the southern (or southeastern) division of ancient Babylonia, was located to the south of Akkad. The Sumerians, a non-Semitic people, lived there.
The name Akkad was taken from the city of Agade, which was established by the Semitic hero Sargon around 2300 BCE. Sargon extended his rule to include a significant portion of Mesopotamia by unifying the various city-states in the region. A state made up of Sumerians and Akkadians jointly ruled the central Iraq region after Sargon's dynasty fell around 2150 BCE.
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.Immigrant composers were important in the history of vaudeville. TRUE OR FALSE?
Answer:
True. Immigrant composers played an important role in the history of vaudeville. Vaudeville was a form of variety entertainment that was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States. Many of the songs and musical numbers performed in vaudeville shows were composed by immigrants, who brought their own musical traditions and styles to the American stage. For example, Yiddish theater songs, Irish folk songs, and Italian operatic arias were all popular in vaudeville shows, and many of the composers of these songs were immigrants or first-generation Americans with strong ties to their cultural heritage.
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The statement " Immigrant composers played a significant role in the history of vaudeville. " is true because these composers incorporated elements from their cultural backgrounds into their work, which in turn enriched and expanded the musical landscape of vaudeville.
Vaudeville was a popular form of entertainment that originated in France and was brought to the United States in the late 19th century. Immigrant composers, including Irving Berlin, George M. Cohan, and Jerome Kern, were among the most successful and influential composers of vaudeville music.
They wrote catchy and memorable tunes that were performed by vaudeville acts across the country. Their contributions helped to shape the sound and style of vaudeville music, which was a significant part of American popular culture for several decades.
The work of immigrant composers also reflected the cultural diversity of America, as they drew inspiration from their own experiences and backgrounds to create music that resonated with audiences of all backgrounds. Overall, the contributions of immigrant composers were vital to the success and longevity of vaudeville as an art form.
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explain the perspective mary wollstonecraft brought forth regarding gender rights during the enlightenment. why was her work considered controversial at the time?
Despite the controversy surrounding her work, Wollstonecraft's ideas were influential in the feminist movement and have continued to shape modern perspectives on gender equality and women's rights. Her work helped to pave the way for future generations of feminists and activists who continue to fight for gender equality today.
Mary Wollstonecraft was a prominent feminist philosopher during the Enlightenment period who advocated for gender equality and women's rights. She believed that women were not inferior to men but were simply deprived of education, opportunities, and rights. Wollstonecraft argued that women should have access to education, be able to participate in politics, and have the same economic and social opportunities as men.
Her work was considered controversial at the time because it challenged the traditional gender roles and the societal norms of the time. Wollstonecraft's ideas were considered radical and were met with strong opposition from those who believed that women were naturally inferior to men and that their role was to be subservient to men. Many people also believed that women's education and participation in politics would disrupt the traditional family structure and social order.
Furthermore, her work was controversial because of its blunt and straightforward nature. Wollstonecraft did not shy away from calling out the injustices and discrimination against women, and her writing was considered quite radical for its time. She was criticized for being too outspoken and challenging the established gender norms.
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.Jacob van Ruisdael specialized in which of the following genres?
a.
landscapes
b.
church interiors
c.
still life
d.
portraits
Jacob van Ruisdael specialized in the genre of landscapes.
Jacob van Ruisdael (1628/9–1682) was a Dutch painter who was renowned for his landscape paintings. He was one of the most important landscape artists of the Dutch Golden Age and was known for his ability to create atmospheric and detailed representations of the natural world. He painted a variety of landscapes, including forests, rivers, waterfalls, and seascapes, and was particularly skilled at capturing the effects of light and shadow.
His work influenced many artists who came after him and helped to establish landscape painting as a major genre in Dutch art.
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Compared with before the Civil War, manufacturing workers in the late 19th century were:
A;
d) able to enjoy more leisure time and education.
Before civil began Friday, 12 April Tuesday, 9 May 1861 the people are less afraid of the government. Ambrose Burnside (1824-1881) was a U.S. military officer, railroad executive, and politician best known for serving as a Union general during the Civil War (1861-65).
Burnside first saw combat in the Civil War at the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861. He later led an expeditionary force in North Carolina and then served during the Maryland Campaign at the Battle of Antietam. also, he is very cruel and liberal toward the American people. Although he was reluctant to take the post, in November 1862 Burnside was placed in charge of the Union Army of the Potomac. which I think is the major cause of the civil war
He was removed from command in January 1863 after the devastating Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg. Thats why they were able to enjoy more leisure time and education.
Answer: A
Explanation: look at bro's explanation at bottom
Between 1815 and 1850, most people who believed in nationalism
A)-opposed liberalism.
B)-also favored democratic republicanism.
C)-were concerned about growing industrialization.
D)-distrusted the common masses.
The correct option is B)- Between 1815 and 1850, most people who believed in nationalism also favored democratic republicanism. Nationalism, which emerged as a powerful force in Europe during this time, was closely linked to the idea of self-determination and the belief that each nation should have its own sovereign state.
The notion and movement of nationalism asserts that the state and the country should coexist. It has a tendency to advance a nation's interests as a movement, particularly with the goal of establishing and preserving the nation's sovereignty throughout its own territory to establish a nation-state. Nationalism is the belief that one's own country is better than all others.
This led many nationalists to advocate for democratic republicanism as the best political system to ensure that the people of a nation had a say in how they were governed. While some nationalists may have been concerned about growing industrialization and its impact on traditional ways of life, and others may have distrusted the common masses, these were not defining features of the movement during this period.
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which territory had two competing governments in the 1850s?
The territory that had two competing governments in the 1850s was the territory of Kansas.
This period is commonly known as "Bleeding Kansas" due to the intense conflicts and violence that erupted between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the territory.
In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, allowing settlers in the Kansas Territory to decide whether to allow slavery or not through popular sovereignty. This led to a rush of both pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers moving to Kansas with the intention of influencing the outcome.
As a result, two governments emerged: the pro-slavery government based in Lecompton and the anti-slavery government based in Topeka. These competing governments represented the deep divisions and conflicts between those who supported the expansion of slavery and those who opposed it.
The situation in Kansas eventually escalated into armed clashes and acts of violence between the two factions, reflecting the broader tensions and issues surrounding slavery that would ultimately contribute to the outbreak of the American Civil War.
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What was one effect of the Great Migration? A Desegregation of African Americans and whites in the North B The number of African American living in the South decreased C African American slavery increased in the South D African Americans had access to bank accounts
A. Desegregation of African Americans and whites in the North. The Great Migration was a significant movement of African Americans from the South to the North between 1916 and 1970, seeking better economic opportunities and to escape racial segregation and discrimination. This migration resulted in a significant increase in African American populations in northern cities, which led to a gradual desegregation of African Americans and whites in the North.
The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 proved destructive because it ____
A. prevented Indians from selling tribal lands.
B. attacked the communal structure of tribal life.
C. required different tribes to live together on the same reservation.
D. ignored the demands of sympathetic white reformers for a new Indian policy
The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 proved destructive because it attacked the communal structure of tribal life The correct answer is B.
The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, also known as the General Allotment Act, aimed to assimilate Native American tribes into mainstream American society by promoting individual land ownership. It divided tribal lands into individual allotments to be granted to individual Native Americans, with the remainder of the land being opened for white settlement.
While the act was presented as a reform measure, it had destructive consequences for Native American communities. By attacking the communal structure of tribal life, it undermined traditional social, cultural, and economic practices. The act aimed to dissolve tribal land ownership, which had been collectively held, and forced Native Americans to adopt a European-style model of individual land ownership.
The Dawes Severalty Act disrupted tribal economies, led to the loss of vast amounts of land, and resulted in the fragmentation of tribal communities. It ignored the communal land-holding traditions that were integral to Native American cultures and had sustained their way of life for generations.
Although options A, C, and D may have been relevant to various Indian policies, they do not directly describe the destructive impact of the Dawes Severalty Act. The most accurate choice is B, as it reflects the act's assault on the communal structure of tribal life.
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president wilsons idea of moral diplomacy meant
Answer:
President Wilson's idea of moral diplomacy referred to his foreign policy approach that emphasized promoting democratic values and moral principles in international relations. It was a departure from the more interventionist policies pursued by his predecessors.
Wilson believed that the United States should support governments that were democratically elected and aligned with American ideals of freedom, justice, and self-determination. He advocated for moral diplomacy as a means to advance peace, stability, and the spread of democratic governance around the world.
Under moral diplomacy, Wilson aimed to establish respectful and cooperative relationships with other nations, based on shared moral values rather than purely self-interest or military force. He believed that promoting democratic governments and supporting the rights of individuals would lead to greater global stability and prosperity.
However, Wilson's moral diplomacy faced challenges and criticisms, as it often collided with complex geopolitical realities and the competing interests of different nations. Nonetheless, his emphasis on moral principles and democratic ideals helped shape American foreign policy and had a lasting impact on international relations.
the world's first skyscraper built in 1885 was quizlet
The world's first skyscraper, built in 1885, was the Home Insurance Building located in Chicago, United States. The building was designed by architect William Le Baron Jenney, who is known as the "father of the skyscraper".
The Home Insurance Building was ten stories tall and stood at 138 feet (42 meters) high. It was the first building to use a steel skeleton frame, which allowed for taller and more structurally sound buildings to be constructed.
The design of the Home Insurance Building featured large plate-glass windows, which were a new feature in building design at the time. The windows provided natural light to the interior of the building, reducing the need for artificial lighting. The building also featured a central court, which allowed light and air to flow through the building.
The Home Insurance Building was demolished in 1931 to make way for a newer and taller building, but its legacy as the world's first skyscraper lives on. Its construction marked a new era in building design and construction, paving the way for the construction of even taller skyscrapers in the decades to come.
In summary, the world's first skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building located in Chicago, United States. It was built in 1885, designed by architect William Le Baron Jenney, and was ten stories tall with a steel skeleton frame and large plate-glass windows.
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What general Lee might have said before the battle off gettysburg?
T/F most african rulers took part in the atlantic slave trade.
Yes, the above statement is true. Many African rulers and merchants participated in the Atlantic slave trade by capturing and selling their fellow Africans to European slave traders.
While not all African societies participated in the slave trade, it was a significant economic activity in many parts of the continent, and the demand for slaves from European colonies in the Americas provided a powerful incentive for some African leaders to engage in the trade. The slave trade was fueled by the demand for cheap labor in European colonies, particularly in the Caribbean and the southern colonies of what is now the United States.
European traders would exchange goods like guns, textiles, and alcohol for enslaved Africans captured and sold by African traders and rulers. It also played a significant role in shaping the history and economies of the regions involved, including Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
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Yes, the above statement is true. Many African rulers and merchants participated in the Atlantic slave trade by capturing and selling their fellow Africans to European slave traders.
While not all African societies participated in the slave trade, it was a significant economic activity in many parts of the continent, and the demand for slaves from European colonies in the Americas provided a powerful incentive for some African leaders to engage in the trade. The slave trade was fueled by the demand for cheap labor in European colonies, particularly in the Caribbean and the southern colonies of what is now the United States.
European traders would exchange goods like guns, textiles, and alcohol for enslaved Africans captured and sold by African traders and rulers. It also played a significant role in shaping the history and economies of the regions involved, including Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
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individual prospectors in the gold rush of 1849 needed only a shovel and a washing pan, a simple process known as _______mining.
Answer:
Placer mining.
Explanation:
This technique only required a shovel and a washing pan. Hope it helps!
Which best describes the relationship between fur-trapping mountain men and American Indians?
Mountain men destroyed American Indian settlements and trade networks.
Mountain men sought to confine American Indians to reservations
Mountain men tried to avoid any contact with American Indians.
Mountain men used American Indian trails and often adopted their customs
The best description of relationship between fur-trapping mountain men and American Indians is Mountain men sought to confine American Indians to reservations, option B.
An explorer who lives in the wilderness and hunts and traps for a living is known as a mountain man. From about 1810 until the 1880s, mountain men were most common in the Rocky Mountains of North America, with a peak population in the early 1840s. They were responsible for widening the various emigrant trails into wagon roads, which made it possible for Americans in the east to settle the new territories in the far west with organized wagon trains traveling on roads that had been explored and, in many cases, physically improved by mountain men and big fur companies to serve the mule train-based inland fur trade.
Mountain men emerged in a geographic and monetary extension that was driven by the rewarding profit accessible in the North American fur exchange, following the different 1806-1807 distributed records of the Lewis and Clark Endeavor discoveries about the Rockies and the Oregon Nation where they prospered financially for more than thirty years.
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What role did the United States play in Japan’s economic recovery?
The United States did not play any role in helping Japan’s economic recovery.
The U.S. occupying forces enacted widespread military, political, economic, and social reforms.
The U.S. forced lower priced goods so more people had purchasing power.
The U.S. government established a new industry in Japan.
The United States played a significant role in Japan’s Economic Recovery by providing financial aid, trade and investment, market access and technological collaboration.
Financial Guide: Following The Second Great War, the US gave significant monetary help to Japan through the execution of the Marshall Plan. This monetary help assisted Japan with remaking its framework, enterprises, and economy, establishing the groundwork for its post-war recuperation.Trade and Investments : The United States turned into a significant exchanging accomplice for Japan, giving admittance to its immense shopper market. American organizations additionally put vigorously in Japan, cultivating mechanical head-ways and modern development. This association added to Japan's commodity situated monetary model and worked with its reconciliation into the worldwide economy.Market Access: The United States upheld Japan's endeavors to get to worldwide business sectors, advancing deregulation and decreasing exchange obstructions. This empowered Japanese merchandise to contact a more extensive crowd and fuel its commodity driven financial development.Technological Collaboration: The United States imparted its innovative mastery to Japan, especially in enterprises, for example, auto, hardware, and media communications. Coordinated effort and information move assumed a significant part in improving Japan's modern capacities and seriousness.To learn more about Economic Recovery,
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what new products were introduced to europe after the crusades?
After the Crusades, many new products were introduced to Europe, including spices like cinnamon, ginger, and pepper, as well as silk, sugar, and ceramics.
These goods were brought back from the Middle East and Asia by traders and Crusaders, and they had a significant impact on European cuisine, fashion, and trade. The Latin Church in the Middle Ages began, encouraged, and at times even led a series of religious conflicts known as the Crusades. These military journeys to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 with the goal of liberating Jerusalem and the surrounding territory from Muslim authority are the most well-known. Numerous military missions were arranged after the First Crusade, which culminated in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, and served as a focal point of European history for decades.
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what recording technology was first introduced in 1980?
In 1980, the first digital audio recording technology was introduced, called the Sony PCM-1600. This device was a digital audio processor that used pulse-code modulation (PCM) to convert analog audio signals into digital data that could be stored on a magnetic tape.
The introduction of digital audio recording represented a major shift in the music industry, as it allowed for more precise and accurate sound reproduction than analog recording technology. Digital recording also allowed for greater flexibility in the editing and manipulation of audio recordings.The PCM-1600 was followed by a number of other digital audio recorders and processors, including the Sony PCM-1610 and the Mitsubishi X-80.
By the mid-1980s, digital audio recording had become a standard feature in many recording studios, and it played a key role in the development of new genres of music, such as electronic dance music and hip hop. Today, digital audio recording technology continues to evolve, with new innovations such as high-resolution audio and virtual reality audio pushing the boundaries of what is possible in music production and sound design.
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Why did the party think they didn’t need to waste time in independence
The party believed they didn't need to waste time on independence due to the perceived stability and benefits of remaining under a larger, more established governing body. They felt that focusing on internal reforms, economic growth, and social development was more crucial for the well-being of their people.
Moreover, the party saw the potential for international cooperation and trade as a better path for progress, rather than investing time and resources into a potentially uncertain and challenging process of achieving independence.
Lastly, the party considered the risks of separatism and internal conflicts as deterrents, and instead prioritized unity and collaborative efforts for a more prosperous future.
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brazil's slave population reached over 15 million by 1860. True or False
The statement "Brazil's slave population reached over 15 million by 1860" is False. While Brazil had the largest number of enslaved people in the Americas, the estimated total number of enslaved individuals brought to Brazil throughout the entire period of the slave trade is around 4 to 5 million, not 15 million.
By 1860, the number of enslaved people in Brazil was around 1.8 million. The Brazilian slave trade was officially abolished in 1850, but the practice of slavery continued until 1888, when the "Golden Law" was passed, finally abolishing slavery in the country.
Slaves were treated as property and subjected to harsh living and working conditions, including physical abuse and forced labor. The abolition of slavery in Brazil was a gradual process, with the Lei Áurea (Golden Law) being signed in 1888. However, the legacy of slavery and its impact on Brazilian society continues to be felt today, particularly in issues of race and inequality.
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who assassinated president kennedy according to the warren commission quizlet
According to the Warren Commission, which was formed to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald was identified as the assassin.
The Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in the assassination, firing three shots from the Texas School Book Depository building in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.
However, it's important to note that there have been various conspiracy theories and alternative interpretations surrounding Kennedy's assassination over the years, some of which suggest multiple individuals or groups were involved.
According to the official investigation conducted by the Warren Commission, Lee Harvey Oswald was identified as the lone gunman responsible for Kennedy's assassination. Oswald was arrested shortly after the shooting but was himself assassinated two days later by Jack Ruby before he could stand trial.
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Match the following gilded age vocab with their definition
35 puntos
35 points
byzantine churches were said to have what kind of plan?
Byzantine churches were primarily known for having a cross-shaped or cruciform plan. This architectural style was prevalent in Byzantine church design, particularly during the Byzantine Empire's heyday from the 6th to the 15th century.
The central feature of Byzantine church architecture was the incorporation of a central dome, often supported by pendentives or squinches, which allowed for the creation of a grand and spacious interior space. The dome was typically located over the intersection of the cross-shaped floor plan, symbolizing the intersection of heaven and earth.
In addition to the central dome, Byzantine churches often included other distinctive features such as multiple smaller domes, semi-domes, and narthexes. The interior space was adorned with elaborate mosaics, frescoes, and iconography, reflecting the Byzantine Empire's emphasis on religious imagery and symbolism.
Overall, the cruciform plan with a central dome became a defining characteristic of Byzantine church architecture, creating a harmonious and awe-inspiring space for religious worship.
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What kingdom spearheaded efforts to unite Italy after 1848?
The kingdom that spearheaded efforts to unite Italy after 1848 was the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, also known as the Kingdom of Sardinia.
Led by its Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour, and with the support of King Victor Emmanuel II, Piedmont-Sardinia played a crucial role in the unification of Italy.
Cavour pursued a policy of diplomatic maneuvering and alliances to weaken and drive out foreign powers from the Italian peninsula. Through strategic alliances with France and military campaigns, such as the successful Franco-Sardinian war against Austria in 1859, Piedmont-Sardinia expanded its influence and territory.
Eventually, under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi and with the support of Piedmont-Sardinia, Italy was formally unified and established as a nation-state in 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II becoming its first king.
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cold war conflict in vietnam from usa cane view?
The Cold War conflict in Vietnam from the USA's perspective was one of containment. The USA saw the spread of communism as a threat to its own democratic values and sought to prevent it from spreading further.
The USA viewed Vietnam as a key battleground in the larger global struggle against communism, and committed significant resources to supporting the South Vietnamese government and military in their fight against the communist Viet Cong.
The USA also pursued a strategy of air power, bombing key targets in North Vietnam in an effort to weaken the communist regime and limit their ability to support the Viet Cong. Despite these efforts, the USA ultimately withdrew from Vietnam in 1973, leaving the country divided and under communist control.
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