Answer:
Mutation and sexual reproduction are the two main ways that variation is created and maintained in a population. Mutations are random changes in the genetic code of an individual, which can lead to new traits that were not present before. Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two individuals, which can create unique offspring with different traits than either parent. These two processes work together to increase the genetic diversity within a population, which is important for adapting to changes in the environment and for the survival of the species over time.
Explanation:
In sexual reproduction, gametes receive a random assortment of genetic information from their parents, which creates unique genetic combinations in the offspring.
These new genetic variations can result in new traits, some of which may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral. Natural selection can effect these traits, causing the amount of beneficial traits to increase in the population, with the opposite happening for harmful traits.
Mutations in sexual reproduction are important for creating and maintaining genetic variation in a population, otherwise evolution would not occur.
Application
2. Calculate You learn that only the black beetle is damaging the greens. Instead of spraying a general insecticide that would kill harmless bugs, you tell the groundskeepers to use baited traps on the greens at night. These traps are designed to attract and kill only the black beetles. You estimated that the course has 64,240 black beetles damaging the putting greens.
If one trap can kill 300 beetles, how many traps should be purchased for the golf course?
The rule of three is used to calculate an unknown value by using three proportional magnitudes. We should purchase 215 traps to get to kill all the beetles.
What is the rule of three?The rule of simple is a mathematical operation that allows us to solve proportionality problems.
Let us remember that a proportion is a relationship between two magnitudes.
It can be direct ⇒ When one of them increases, the other one increases as well. It can be inverse ⇒ When one of them increases, the other one decreases.So, to solve proportionality problems, we need to use two proportional magnitudes (let us call them a and b), and a third magnitude (c). These three values will let us calculate the fourth unknown value (X). This is,
a -------> b
c --------> X
Where,
a, b, and c are the known magnitudesa and b are the proportional magnitudesc is the third magnitudeX is the unkown valueX = (c * b) / a
By using this formula, we can calculate the unkown value from three magnitudes.
So, in the exposed example we have three magnitudes
a = 300 beetlesb = one trapc = 64,240 total number of beetlesX = how many traps do we need to kill all the black beetles?The question we need to ask is If one trap kills 300 beetles, then how many traps do we need to kill the total number of beetles (64,240)?
a -------> b
c --------> X = (b*c) / a
300 beetles ----------- 1 trap
64,240 beetles ------ X = (64,240 * 1) / 300 = 214.13
We should purchase 215 traps to get to kill all the beetles.
You can learn more about proportionality at
https://brainly.com/question/7096655
#SPJ1
Yet in the presence of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D promotes
Ca2+ mobilization from bone, and thus bone loss. How can we reconcile this apparent
contradiction?
The contradiction arises from the fact that vitamin D and PTH both have different roles in calcium metabolism.
Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines and for calcium transport from the kidneys to the blood. PTH, on the other hand, is responsible for mobilizing calcium from the bones. Therefore, when PTH is present, vitamin D helps to stimulate the mobilization of calcium from the bones, leading to bone loss. This is why a balanced intake of both vitamin D and PTH is important for maintaining healthy bones.
What is PTH?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands in the neck. It plays an important role in calcium metabolism by controlling the release of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream. It also helps to regulate the absorption of calcium from the intestines and its excretion in the kidneys. PTH also helps to stimulate the production of vitamin D, which is also necessary for calcium metabolism.
In conclusion, vitamin D and PTH are both important for maintaining healthy bones, but they have different roles in calcium metabolism. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines and for calcium transport from the kidneys to the blood, while PTH is responsible for mobilizing calcium from the bones. When PTH is present, vitamin D helps to stimulate the mobilization of calcium from the bones, leading to bone loss. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced intake of both vitamin D and PTH for healthy bones.
Learn more about Parathyroid hormone from the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/12961036
#SPJ1
Use what you have learned about how ecosystems work to answer the questions below. 1. How are populations, species, communities, and ecosystems related? Answer in complete sentences below.
Answer:
Populations, species, communities, and ecosystems are all related components of the natural world. A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. Multiple populations of different species living in the same area form a community. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms and their physical and chemical environment, all functioning together as a unit.
Therefore, populations make up species, multiple species make up a community, and communities, along with their physical and chemical environment, make up an ecosystem. All of these components are interconnected and interdependent, as the interactions and relationships between individuals and species within a community affect the overall functioning and health of the ecosystem. For example, changes in population size or behavior of one species can have cascading effects on other species and the physical environment within an ecosystem.
Explanation:
Background: p53 is a protein needed for apoptosis. It is one of the last lines of defense for cancer cells in the human body. It is active in the Mitosis and G2 phase. P53 mutations are missense mutations. You are a physician’s assistant who has a patient with metastatic cancer (the cancer has moved into the blood stream). The patients previous doctor told her that there was new medication coming out that could help with her treatment. One of these treatments is antibody that can target the p53 protein. Antibodies are very specific and would only target the mutant protein. The patient is unsure of this and is concerned that the medication could affect the rest of her body.
Question: Using your knowledge of cells explain to the patient how the antibody would target the protein (Antibodies are very specific to molecules). Make sure you explain why the antibody would target the mutant protein instead of the regular protein. Would getting rid of this gene kill the cell?
A cell cycle arrest to allow for DNA repair and/or death to stop the spread of cells with severe DNA damage is promoted by activated p53.
What function does p53 serve in the cell cycle? What might occur if p53 is altered?a gene that produces a protein that is essential for regulating cell division and death and is located inside the nucleus of cells. Cancer cells may develop and spread throughout the body as a result of mutations (changes) in the p53 gene.
What are the three main jobs that p53 performs?The p53 protein level is low in healthy cells. Growth arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis are the three primary actions of the p53 proteins, which may be increased in response to DNA damage and other stress signals (cell death).
To know more about cell cycle visit:-
brainly.com/question/15876101
#SPJ1
7. Explain why complementary base pairing is necessary to maintain the double helix shape of
the DNA molecule.
Answer:
it allows the base pairs to be arranged in the most energetically favourable way
Explanation:
it allows the base pairs to be arranged in the most energetically favourable way
13. It might not be visually apparent, but solids such as metal change their volume with temperature. This is known as
A. floating.
B. thermal expansion/contraction.
C. nuclear fusion.
D. density.
Solids such as metal change their volume with temperature. This is known as thermal expansion/contraction. Option B is correct.
What is thermal expansion/contraction?Thermal expansion/contraction is the tendency of solids to expand or contract in response to changes in temperature. When a solid is heated, the particles within the solid gain kinetic energy and begin to move more rapidly, which causes the solid to expand. Conversely, when a solid is cooled, the particles lose kinetic energy and move more slowly, causing the solid to contract.
The amount of thermal expansion/contraction that occurs in a solid depends on several factors, including the material properties of the solid, the magnitude of the temperature change, and the dimensions of the solid. Different materials have different coefficients of thermal expansion, which describe how much they will expand or contract per unit of temperature change.
Learn more about thermal expansion and contraction here:
https://brainly.com/question/1166774
#SPJ1
Anatomical Terms Short Story
Answer:
In a distant land, there lived a group of scientists who were fascinated with the human body. They spent their days studying the various parts of the body and how they worked together to keep a person healthy. To better understand the human body, they created a set of unique terms to describe different body parts and their functions.
One day, a young scientist named Sarah was assigned to dissect a cadaver to better understand the anatomical terms they had created. She began by examining the body from head to toe, noting the different organs and systems that kept the body functioning.
As she dissected the body, she encountered various anatomical terms such as the thorax, sternum, femur, and patella. She carefully noted each term and its corresponding body part, fascinated by the intricacy of the human body.
As she worked, Sarah realized the importance of these terms in the medical field. They allowed doctors and scientists to communicate more effectively, which was crucial for accurate diagnoses and treatments.
After hours of dissecting and studying the body, Sarah felt a sense of awe and appreciation for the complexity of the human body. She knew that the anatomical terms they had created would help advance medical knowledge and save countless lives in the future.
Explanation:
WHAT IS YOUR RESTING HEART RATE?.........
WHAT IS 60% OF YOUR MHR?
WHAT IS 85% OF YOUR MHR?
WHAT IS 95% OF YOUR MHR?
WHAT IS 100% OF YOUR MHR?
Answer:
I don't think it 60 or 100 it's either 95-85 I say 85
The graph shows how the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction changes with temperature. What describes
the shape of the graph within the temperature range marked X?
Select one:
A. The rate of reaction reaches a
maximum.
B. The rate of reaction decreases.
C. The reaction is occurring at the optimum temperature.
D.The rate of reaction increases then decreases.
The pace of reaction rises with increasing temperature. Its kinetic energy of the substrate and enzyme molecules both rises as the temperature rises. They move more swiftly.
Correct option is, D.
How might you sum it up a graph's reaction time?You can calculate the rate of a reaction by plotting a graph of the volume or mass of the generated product against time. On the graph, this is shown for two responses. The gradient of the a line directly affects the reaction time; the higher the gradient, the longer the reaction time.
What impact do temperature changes have on an enzyme-controlled reaction?Temperature changes often have the opposite impact on a reaction's speed. Nevertheless, extremely high temperatures may denature an enzyme, which results in it losing its shape and stopping to operate. There is a recommended pH range for each enzyme. The activity of enzymes will be capped by pH changes outside of this range.
To know more about molecules visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28931982
#SPJ1
Termites share an endosymbiotic relationship with the protozoan that live in their gut. Which statements are true of this relationship?
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: "Termites live on cellulose, mostly from the dead wood they chew, but they depend on protozoa in their gut to provide the enzymes that can digest the wood," Poinar said. "These protozoa would die outside of the termite, and the termite would starve if it didn't have the protozoa to aid in digestion.
what is the relationship between pH and [H3O+] and [OH-]?
pH and the concentrations of [H3O+] and [OH-] are related in a way that if we know the value of one, we can calculate the other two using the equations mentioned above.
What is pH?
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, and it is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the concentration of hydrogen ions, [H+], in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH less than 7 indicates acidity, and a pH greater than 7 indicates basicity (also called alkalinity).
pH = -log[H3O+]
The concentration of hydroxide ions, [OH-], in the solution can be related to the concentration of hydrogen ions through the equation:
Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
where Kw is the ion product constant for water, which has a value of 1.0 × 10^-14 at 25°C. At a given temperature, the product of the hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxide ion concentration is always equal to Kw. Therefore, if we know the concentration of either [H3O+] or [OH-], we can use this equation to calculate the concentration of the other ion.
In an acidic solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions, so [H3O+] > [OH-]. In a basic solution, the concentration of hydroxide ions is greater than the concentration of hydrogen ions, so [OH-] > [H3O+]. In a neutral solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions, so [H3O+] = [OH-], and the pH is 7.0.
Learn more about pH from given link
https://brainly.com/question/172153
#SPJ1
on the Galapagos finches e sources you used for your research in the space below. If you used websites, include the title and URL of the website or article. If you used books or other print resources, note each source’s title, author, publisher, and date published
Galapagos finches are a group of 14 species of birds found on the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They are best known for their diversity in beak shape, which has been attributed to natural selection.
The finches have evolved over time to adapt to their environment, displaying a wide range of beak shapes, sizes, and feeding behaviors in order to access different food sources.
1. "Galapagos Finches: Evolution Through Natural Selection." National Geographic, National Geographic Society, www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/galapagos-finches-evolution-natural-selection/.
2. Grant, Peter R. Evolutionary Dynamics of a Natural Population: The Large Cactus Finch of the Galapagos. Princeton University Press, 2003.
3. Grant, Peter R., and B. Rosemary Grant. How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's Finches. Princeton University Press, 2008.
4. "Galapagos Finches." Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/Galapagos-finch.
To learn more about natural selection click here https://brainly.com/question/10564980
#SPJ1
Hey! Question on my Charles Darwin online study, not a test :)
Cellular Respiration Answer key worksheet
The Cellular Respiration worksheet is given in the image attached.
What is Cellular Respiration?Cellular respiration is seen as a metabolic process that occurs in cells, where organic molecules are broken down to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
This process involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, which then enters the Krebs cycle, where it is further broken down to release energy-rich electrons.
Therefore, These electrons are then passed down a series of electron transport chains to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Cellular respiration is a vital process for all living organisms, as it provides the energy needed for various cellular processes and activities.
Learn more about Cellular Respiration from
https://brainly.com/question/14158795
#SPJ1
The diploid number of chromosomes in a cell starting meiosis (before DNA replication) is 28. It produces four sex cells (gametes) each of which should have ____ chromosomes, which is considered to be the ________ number of chromosomes.
Fill in the blanks!!
Answer:
Each gamete produced by a cell undergoing meiosis should have 14 chromosomes, which is considered to be the haploid number of chromosomes.'
Considering the steps of meiosis, identify the correct number of chromosomes present at the beginning of meiosis I, interkinesis, and in the daughter cells at the end of meiosis II.
92, 46, 23
92, 46, 46
46, 23, 12
46, 92, 23
whoch organelle is denoted by a?
Answer:
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Submit a one-paragraph summary describing the topic you chose, your model, what it represents, how you made it, and the specific science involved. It is important that you are using science terminology and are accurate.
I just need you to explain the science involved with specific terminology for the diagram below. Like the processes below described in detail!
Plants absorb water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil and atmosphere during photosynthesis.
What are the types of photosynthesis?"Green plants and a few other species prepare their food through a process called photosynthesis, which involves the utilisation of water, carbon dioxide, and sunshine." Plants, algae, and some microorganisms employ the process of photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy.
What are the three primary categories of photosynthesis?The C3, C4, and CAM pathways are the three basic categories of photosynthetic pathways. They all use the Calvin cycle to convert CO2 into sugars, but each pathway does so in a somewhat different way.
To know more about photosynthesis visit:-
brainly.com/question/29764662
#SPJ1
Which of the following is a true statement concerning the mitochondria?
A. The cristae are infoldings of the outer membrane.
B. Krebs cycle occurs in the cytosol.
C. Aerobic respiration in the mitochondria does not require oxygen.
D. ATP is synthesized in the intermembrane space of the thylakoid membrane.
B. The mitochondria has its own DNA.
B. The mitochondria have their own DNA, which is a true statement concerning the mitochondria.
Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells responsible for energy production. They have their own DNA, which is circular and differs from the linear DNA found in the cell nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is important for the function of the organelle, as it codes for some of the proteins needed for oxidative phosphorylation, which is the process that generates ATP, the main energy currency of the cell.
Mitochondria have their own DNA because they are believed to have originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancient eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis. These bacteria had their own genetic material, which over time became integrated into the host cell's genome, forming the mitochondria we know today. This theory is supported by the fact that mitochondria have their own circular DNA, similar to that of bacteria, and have many similarities with bacteria, such as a double membrane structure and the ability to replicate independently of the cell's DNA.
The retention of mitochondrial DNA has been crucial for the function and evolution of mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA encodes for many of the proteins and RNA molecules required for oxidative phosphorylation, the process that generates ATP, the main energy currency of the cell. Therefore, any changes to the mitochondrial DNA could have a significant impact on the function of the organelle and the energy production of the cell.
Additionally, because mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally in most eukaryotic organisms, it allows for the tracing of maternal lineages and the study of evolutionary relationships between different species. Overall, the presence of mitochondrial DNA has been crucial for the function, evolution, and study of mitochondria.
Learn more about Mitochondrial DNA:
https://brainly.com/question/15688630
#SPJ11
To where did the Hebrews return after 40 years of wandering?
A)Canaan
B)Mesopotamia
C) Mt. Sinai
D)Egypt
Answer:
For 40 years, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness, eating quail and manna. They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land. As victories were won, the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe, and they lived peacefully with each other.
Which statement describes competition within a population?
Several killer whales migrate to a new location.
Two male sea horses fight to win over a female.
Several elk travel together to find and share water.
Different kinds of garden plants take in water from the soil.
Answer:
different kinds of garden plants take in water from the soil
6. Crust is created and formed as a result of plate movement.
A. Where does crust form? (2 points)
B. How does the crust form? (2 points)
C. Where is crust destroyed? (2 points)
D. How is the crust destroyed? (2 points)
Answer:
A. Crust is formed at divergent plate boundaries and at some hotspots.
B. At divergent plate boundaries, magma rises up from the mantle to fill the gap created by the plates moving apart. This magma cools and solidifies to form new crust. At hotspots, plumes of hot material rise up from the mantle, melting the crust and creating new magma, which then solidifies to form new crust.
C. Crust is destroyed at subduction zones.
D. At subduction zones, one plate is forced beneath another plate into the mantle. As the plate descends into the mantle, it heats up and begins to melt, creating magma. Some of this magma may rise up and solidify to form new crust, but much of it stays within the mantle. The melting of the subducted plate can also cause volcanic activity at the surface.
Explanation:
I really need help for homework Biology 102 ASAP!!!!
Unit 5: Questions 1 and 2
Epidermis.
The uppermost skin layer
Contain sensory receptor.
Contains melanocyte responsible for skin color.
Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis
Contains flexible collagen and elastic fiber
synthesis Vitamin D
maintains normal skin tension.
Subcutaneous layer
contains connective tissues
contains loose connective issue and adipose tissue
Technically not a skin layer.
SkinThe skin is the body's largest organ, made of water, protein, fats and minerals. It is the part of the body that covers the external structures of the body. It is divided into,
Epidermis outer layer
Dermis middle layer
Subcuteanous layer. inner layer
Learn more about skin here
https://brainly.com/question/15440945
#SPJ1
Given all the factors that influence the populations of marine organisms, how can an ocean ecosystem that is balanced and healthy be recognized?
A.
Its populations change only in terms of size, not diversity.
B.
Its biodiversity and population sizes are relatively stable.
C.
The changes to its populations are predictable and easily explained.
D.
The populations of existing predators and prey are roughly equal.
It has a very constant population and biodiversity. Identifying a balanced and healthy ocean ecosystem
Why is biodiversity so crucial? What is it?The term "biodiversity" refers to both the diversity of the natural world that surrounds us as well as all the different kinds of plants, animals, insects, & microbes that live on our planet. Every one of these species coexists in a delicate balance within ecosystems in which they live and interact in order to support and perpetuate life on Earth.
What are the different biodiversity types?Biodiversity, also known as biological diversity, refers to the diversity of all living things and the interactions between them. Biodiversity changes over time as species go and new ones appear. The three types of diversity that scientists talk about most commonly are species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity.
To know more about biodiversity visit:
brainly.com/question/13073382
#SPJ1
1. Write down the definitions and functions of
the following:
a. Chloroplast
b. Mitochondrion
c. Nucleus
d. Protoplasm
e. Endoplasmic
reticulum
Answer:
a. Chloroplast: Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll, which is the pigment that gives plants their green color and is necessary for the absorption of light energy. Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy through a series of biochemical reactions that produce glucose, which is used by the plant as a source of energy.
b. Mitochondrion: Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration. They contain their own DNA and are capable of self-replication. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food molecules into a form of energy that the cell can use, known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
c. Nucleus: The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material in the form of DNA. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that protects the DNA and regulates its interactions with the rest of the cell. The nucleus plays a vital role in the control of gene expression, cell division, and the overall function of the cell.
d. Protoplasm: Protoplasm is the living substance that makes up the cytoplasm of a cell. It consists of various organic and inorganic substances, including water, enzymes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and salts. Protoplasm is responsible for carrying out many of the metabolic functions of the cell, including energy production, protein synthesis, and waste removal.
e. Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins and lipids. The ER is composed of a network of flattened sacs and tubules that are divided into rough and smooth regions. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of proteins, while the smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of lipids and the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins.
Explanation:
Which of the following are examples of something being heated by convection?
A. Noodles in a pot of water
B. Hot dogs on an outdoor grill
C. Bread in an electric toaster
D. Pancakes in an iron skillet
HELP WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
Question 1. What inferences and conclusions can you draw after observing the global patterns of earthquakes and volcanic activity?
Question 2. How might people and societies be affected by being located in earthquake-prone regions?
Answer:
question 1: earthquakes and volcanoes are arranged along tectonic plate boundaries.
question 2:Loss of life, Social Impact, Burden due to Injuries, Psychological Trauma, Economic damage, Environmental Damage.
I don’t get photosynthesis or cellular respiration, i have an assessment about them both tomorrow and need serious help and answering this one problem will help me a lot. Please I’m desperate. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are processes that transfer energy and cycle matter. Explain how each process transfers energy, and how energy transfers from one form to another throughout the process. Then explain how each process cycles carbon for the Earth.
Answer:
How each process transfers energy:
This transfer happens in three different ways—by conduction within solids, by the flow of liquid or gas (convection), and by radiation, which can travel across space. Even when a system is isolated (such as Earth in space), energy is continually being transferred into and out of it by radiation.
how each process cycles carbon for the Earth:
Carbon moves from plants and animals to soils. When plants and animals die, their bodies, wood and leaves decays bringing the carbon into the ground. Some is buried and will become fossil fuels in millions and millions of years. Carbon moves from living things to the atmosphere.
ur welcome:D
2. Fossils can not be found everywhere.
A. What are the two best environments to look for fossils? (2 points)
B. What characteristics make these environments well suited for fossil formation? (4 points)
Answer:
A. The two best environments to look for fossils are sedimentary rock and areas with volcanic ash deposits.
B. Sedimentary rocks are well-suited for fossil formation because they form in layers, which can preserve fossils over time. Sediments from rivers, lakes, and oceans can quickly cover and protect a dead organism, preventing it from decaying or being destroyed by scavengers. Volcanic ash deposits are also well-suited for fossil formation because they can quickly cover and preserve organisms, creating a snapshot of life at a particular moment in time. Ash deposits can also provide a protective layer that prevents the organism from being exposed to scavengers and decay.
Explanation:
Answer:
The two best environments to look for fossils are deserts, beaches and other places that has a sandy environment. This is mostly known as sedimentary rock. What makes these environments well suited for fossils is because the tiny bits of rock/ sand, joins together over millions of years creating sedimentary rock. Plants or use to be alive animals get compressed, between the sedimentary rock, turning into a fossil. The sedimentary rock is well suited for fossil formation because its less likely the process will be tampered or touched.
hope this helps :)
What are the bones in the vertebral column?
Answer:
cervical spine (C1-C7)
thoracic spine (T1-T12)
Lumbar spine (L1-L5)
And the tail bone
Explanation:
Answer:
The vertebral column is made of 33 vertebrae organised into five regions as follows
Explanation:
7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region
12 thoracic vertebrae in the chest region
5 lumbar vertebrae in the back region
5 sacral vertebrae which are difficult to distinguish separately because they are fused together
4 similarly fused vertebrae making up the coccyx