Abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem that influence their surroundings. Examples could be light, water, and temperature in a terrestrial habitat. Abiotic elements in a marine ecosystem would be salinity and ocean currents.
What distinguishes an aquatic ecosystem from a terrestrial ecosystem?The names of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems—terrestrial denoting "Land" and aquatic denoting "watery"—distinguish them from one another. Ecosystems are the areas of this planet's surface where the food chains of plants, animals, and even humans extend from the salty ocean to freshwater areas like lakes and ponds, as well as to the dry terrestrial landmasses. Earth doesn't get bigger. The water on our planet Earth makes up around three-quarters of its surface, while the land makes up the remaining one-fourth. Aquatic animals may attempt to cross over to land, and vice versa. According to certain hypotheses, our evolution demonstrates that humans and our ancestors were previously aquatic creatures who lived in water before emerging onto land through geological time.Learn more about the abiotic factors with the help of the given link:
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Red blood cells add a(n)? group to any entering glucose molecule, which prevents the glucose from passing back across the membrane. listen to the complete question
Red blood cells add a phosphate group to any entering glucose molecule, which prevents the glucose from passing back across the membrane.
Red blood cells, additionally called red cells, pink blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes, are the maximum common form of blood mobile and the vertebrate's foremost way of handing over oxygen to the body tissues through blood go with the go with the flow via the circulatory system. pink blood cells supply oxygen from our lungs to the relaxation of our our bodies. Then they make the pass again journey, taking carbon dioxide lower back to our lungs to be exhaled.
A low RBC rely wide variety, also referred to as anemia, can have an effect on the body's potential to transport oxygen and vitamins across the cardiovascular system. it could purpose fatigue, dizziness, and coronary heart palpitations. The maximum common shape of anemia is iron deficiency anemia. this will end result from blood loss, malnutrition, or kidney troubles.
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black fur and black eyes black fur and red eyes white fur and black eyes white fur and red eyes predicted fraction /16 /16 /16 /16
The expected fractions are 4/16 Black Fur, Black Eyes – 4/16 Black Fur, Red Eyes – 4/16 White Fur, Black Eyes – 4/16 White Fur, Red Eyes, assuming diallelic genes, exhibiting total dominance, and not interacting.
Data readily available:
The fur color and eye color of each individual are combined in this cross.
Over white fur, black fur is more prevalent.
Over red eyes, black eyes are more prevalent.
The two parents involved in the cross are dihybrid and homozygous recessive.
What conclusions are we able to draw from this data?The following genotypes and phenotypes are suggested based on the supposition that diallelic genes exist for each attribute, that these genes exhibit total dominance, and that no gene interactions exist.The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity is a gene. DNA constitutes genes. Some genes serve as instructions for producing molecules known as proteins. Many genes, however, do not code for proteins. From a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases, human genes can range in size.To know more about diallelic genes, refer to the following link:
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When biological change is gradual, as when a tortoise grows large over its 150-year lifespan, it is an example of?
When biological change is gradual, as when a tortoise grows large over its 150-year lifespan, it is an example of continuity in the biological systems.
What is continuity in the biological systems?The continuity in the biological systems makes reference to how organisms can maintain their homeostasis (or state of internal equilibrium) during all lifespan, which is in this case over 150 years for tortoise.
In conclusion, when biological change is gradual, as when a tortoise grows large over its 150-year lifespan, it is an example of continuity in the biological systems.
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Identify which of the following, if any, are unique to mammals: a female uterus, a male vas deferens, extended internal development, and parental care of newborns.
None of these given in question are unique to mammals
characteristics of mammals are from Class of endothermic vertebrates, Have four limbs and produce amniotic eggs, Defined by the presence of mammary glands and hair (or fur), Sweat glands in their skin, Alveoli in their lungs, A four-chambered heart, A brain covering called the neocortex and have four different types of teeth.Two characteristics that distinguish members of class Mammalia from other vertebrate animals are hair and mammary glands.Mammary glands produce and secrete milk that nourishes developing young.A system of glands or groups of cells that secrete fluid to be used elsewhere in the body which helps to regulate a mammal's internal environment.Sweat glands control body temperature; mammary glands produce milkTo know more about mammals visit : https://brainly.com/question/15326492
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which individual compared r rna sequences to generate the tree of life, establishing the three-domain system? group of answer choices robert hooke frederick griffith robert koch carl woese
Carl Woese compared r rna sequences to generate the tree of life, establishing the three-domain system.
Three Domain System is a biological classification brought by Carl Woese in 1977 that splits cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains.Archaea is Otherwise known as archaebacteria, contains unicellular prokaryotic organisms that lives in harsh climates. Ancient Do not contain peptidoglycan in cell wall.Bacteria is Otherwise known as bacterium, contains unicellular, prokaryotic organisms which Includes common bacteria and those that cause disease and Contains peptidoglycan in cell wall.Eukaryote Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists.Basis of Three Domain System is the Sequence of nucleic acids in RNA (makes up ribosomes - produce proteins)To know more about Three Domain System visit : https://brainly.com/question/26344149
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2017 baltzer evaluation of infraspinatus reinnervation and function following spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer in adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries.pdf
Baltzer's objective grow to be to decide the superiority and excellence of restored outdoor rotation in character brachial plexus damage sufferers who underwent spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve switch and to understand affected person and harm factors that would affect results.
Despite the fact that EMG signs and symptoms and symptoms of recuperation, the SAN to SSN transfer did no longer provide useful recuperation of ER via reinnervation of the infraspinatus muscle in accidents regarding more stages than the suprascapular nerve. In patients with greater than level injuries, alternatives for SAN to SSN switch want to be taken into consideration to restore shoulder ER.
Our goal became to decide the superiority and wonderful of restored outside rotation in grownup brachial plexus damage (BPI) patients who underwent spinal accent nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer and to discover the affected man or woman and damage elements that would affect outcomes.
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum is:
an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached
an intracellular membrane that is studded with microtubular structures
a membranous structure found within mitochondria
only found in prokaryotic cells
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached. So the first option is the correct answer.
Endoplasmic reticulum is a continuous network of membranous tubules that runs through the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum extends from the nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum, which is the biggest organelle in the majority of eukaryotic cells, is completely encircled by a continuous membrane.It participates in the production of proteins and lipids and typically contains ribosomes attached.There are mainly two types of endoplasmic reticulum:1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosome in theire outer membrane and smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosome.Based on the presence of endoplasmic reticulum they are named smooth and rough.
So, the first option is the correct answer.The rough endoplasmic reticulum is an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached.
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Describe the chemical building blocks of cells
According to the research, the correct option is that carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and small organic molecules are the building blocks of cells.
What are cells?It refers to the primordial constituent of living beings, which has the ability to reproduce independently and whose chemical building blocks are sugars (monosaccharides), amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides.
In this sense, it is dominated and coordinated by large polymers (macromolecules), which are essential for the birth, development and functioning of all cells, these molecules formed by the chaining of small organic molecules that are free in the cell cytoplasm .
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is that carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and small organic molecules are the building blocks of cells.
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There are four chambers in the mouse heart - the right and left ventricles, and the right and left atria. Based on the data in the table below, which chamber, the left ventricle or the left atrium, do you think pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body? Explain your answer.
How do cells use energy?
a, biosynthesis of more complex molecules
b. atp hydrolysis
c. cellular movement
d. active transport
Cells use energy in the following processes: a.biosynthesis of more complex molecules, c. cellular movement, and d. active transport
The biosynthesis of more complex molecules is an anabolic process. An anabolic process can be described as a process in which energy is required. For the synthesis of complex molecules, energy is derived from the nutrients that we take. Hence, biosynthesis of more complex molecules requires energy.
Any type of cellular movement that occurs against the concentration gradient requires energy. Hence, cells use energy for cellular movement.
We can describe active transport as a process in which molecules move across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient i.e from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Hence, cells also use energy for active transport.
The process of hydrolysis, however, does not require energy. ATP hydrolysis yields energy, it does not use energy. Water is used to break down ATP to yield energy from the process of ATP hydrolysis.
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Compare the roles of CO₂ and H₂O in respiration and photosynthesis.
Answer:
Cow is carbon dioxide and H²O is water
Explanation:
because trees need water and carbon dioxide
Give an example of a pair of species that exhibit each interaction listed in the table above.
A fox and a bobcat are vying for the same prey. An orca devouring a sea otter is predatory. A bison eating only plants: grazing in a prairie. A parasitoid wasp that lays its eggs on a caterpillar is known as a parasitist. Mutualism: A lichen is composed of a fungus and an alga. Commensalism can be seen in a connected remora, for instance. two things: a flowering plant and the animal that pollinates it.
Describe herbivory:Animals that consume plants are said to practice herbivory, and these creatures are known as herbivores. This connection induces adaptations in both the herbivore species and the plant species it eats, similar to predator-prey interactions.
What is an example of herbivory?The term "large herbivore" refers to creatures like cows, elk, and buffalo. These animals eat grass, bark from trees, aquatic plants, and new plant growth. Herbivores can also include medium-sized animals like sheep and goats that graze on grasses and shrubby plants. Small herbivores include mice, rabbits, chipmunks, and squirrels, for instance.
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when are two populations likely to have very similar allele frequencies
Two populations are likely to have very similar allele frequency when there is no new mutation.
Allele Frequency- The incidence of a gene variant within a population is represented by the allele frequency. Alleles are different versions of a gene that share the same genetic locus on a chromosome.
Due to the following reasons allele frequencies are stable over time, when:
No new mutation rate exists. There is no selection against any specific genotype; all individuals, regardless of genotype, are equally capable of mating and passing on their genes.As per Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which is known to alter allele frequency in populations, depends on five different factors. These include - genetic drift, genetic recombination, mutation, gene migration, or "gene flow," and natural selection.
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In addition to its role in spinal reflex activity, the spinal cord also ________.
In addition to its role in spinal reflex activity, the spinal cord also contains sensory and motor tracts traveling to and from higher nervous centers.
What part of the spinal cord is involved in reflex action?The spinal cord recognises the impulse and immediately produces a reaction. When reflex actions occur, an instantaneous response is required. The spinal nerves regulate the many regions of the body's reflexes.
The head has to be stabilised by two reflexes. The cervicalocollic reflex and the vestibulocollic reflex control how the neck muscles contract in response to vestibular input and stretch receptors, respectively.
It ties your brain and lower back together. Your spinal cord relays nerve messages back and forth from your brain to your body. You can experience feelings and move your body thanks to these nerve transmissions.
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In a short essay (100-150 words), use specific examples to discuss the role of hormones in an animal's responses to changes in its environment.
The role of hormones in an animal's responses to changes in its environment is
The hormones that cause particular changes in animals in reaction to the external environment are melatonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
Environment refers to the physical surroundings, including biotic variables interacting with living things like heat, water, and other natural resources like flora and fauna.The distinct environmental elements that are necessary for life include air, water, and life (the biosphere) (atmosphere). Climate, landforms, vegetation, and soil are a few examples of environmental physical features.Some of the abiotic (wind, temperature, soil composition, temperature, and humidity) and biotic (living things) elements that make up an ecosystem are habitats for animals (living things) that live there (plant matter, predators, and competitors).A multicellular eukaryote's body is made up of specialized tissues that enable the coordination and motion of its nerve and muscle tissue.Transport, nourishment, respiration, growth, reproduction, and excretion are a few examples of the life activities that animals depend on. Leg formation, organizational level, embryological development, body cavities, segmentation, and body symmetry are only a few examples of animal body characteristics.Temperature, growth, and reproduction are the three parameters that a chemical messenger, such as a hormone (an organic molecule released by plant and animal bodies), aids in regulating.Animals respond to changes in their environment in two unique ways: by scattering and adapting as a result of genetic alteration.A natural hormone called melatonin that is released at night to encourage sleep is affected by environmental factors like temperature or climate change; melatonin secretion increases throughout the winter because of the longer nights.In reaction to high breathing rate, stress, and elevated heart rate, adrenaline and norepinephrine are released.
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Some cells lining tubules in the kidney maintain normal cell volume by synthesizing organic solutes. Where in the kidney would you expect to find these cells? Explain.
The synthesizing organic solutes. Where in the kidney would you expect to find these cells are-
The kidney is the body's excretory organ, which aids in eliminating waste products from the body as well as regulating osmolality and preserving the body's water balance.
The glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (descending duct, ascending duct), distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct make up the nephron, which is the kidney's functional unit. Water, glucose, sodium chloride, amino acids, and other beneficial compounds are reabsorbed from the tubule while waste products including urea, creatinine, and uric acid are released out of the body through urine.
The epithelial cells that line the kidney's tubules aid in the maintenance of water and ionic balance, preserving the kidney's cell volume.
Reabsorbed substances from the proximal convoluted tubuleDistal convoluted tubule and collecting duct become permeable to water in the presence of anti-diuretic hormone, causing reabsorption of water and final concentration of urine.
P cells and I cells are the two types of cells found in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, respectively.
The collecting duct's principal (P) cells are in charge of the ADH-induced water reabsorption process.
Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions are handled by intercalated or I cells.
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In a controlled experiment, researchers manipulate one variable at a time. What was the variable manipulated in this study? Why did the researchers use more than one hamster for each procedure? What traits of the individual hamsters would likely have been held constant among the treatment groups?
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is called an independent variable.
What is an independent variable?Any attribute that can have varying values, including height, age, temperature, or diagnostic testing, is referred to be a variable in research. To assess the causality of links, researchers frequently modify or quantify dependent and independent variables in studies.
The cause is the independent variable. Its value is unaffected by other research factors.The effect is the dependent variable. Modifications in the independent variable affect its value.Therefore, the manipulated variable is called an independent variable.
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fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection: experience, protocol, and results
Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection: experience, protocol, and results
Pre-FMT themes included physical (continuous diarrhea and weight loss), mental (depression, wanting to die, and fear), quality of life (unable to perform normal activities), social support, and financial (medication costs) factors. Provider resistance/limited awareness were barriers to FMT. Participants reached a tipping point, experiencing feelings of hopelessness, which led them to pursue FMT.
During FMT, participants commented on lack of a so-called ick factor. During the posttreatment period, participants experienced symptom relief, but had residual fears. Patient activation was present during all phases, including information seeking and empowerment.
During the pre-FMT period, participants experienced extreme discomfort and encountered FMT barriers.
Undergoing FMT was reported as easy but residual fear remained. There were displays of patient activation at all FMT time periods, including the seeking of FMT.
Participants could have benefited from having undergone FMT sooner, demonstrating a need for improvement in provider education and health system barriers regarding FMT.
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Researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlational study be more appropriate than an experiment?.
If researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs then a correlational study is more appropriate than an experiment because individuals cannot be used under experimental conditions.
What is a correlational study?A correlational study is an investigation in which a given sample (e.g.. model animals) is used as a replacement and outcomes are associated with the target group.
In conclusion, if researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses, then a correlational study is more appropriate than an experiment because individuals cannot be used under experimental conditions.
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Pepsin is resistant to the denaturing effect of the low pH environment of the stomach. Thinking about the different digestive processes that occur in the small intestine, describe an adaptation shared by the digestive enzymes in that compartment.
The digestive enzymes in the small intestine must be resistant to enzymatic cleavage other than the cleavage required to activate them since enzymes are proteins and proteins are hydrolyzed there.
Describe protein digestion.Protein digestion begins when you first start chewing. Amylase and lipase are two of the enzymes found in saliva. They mainly break down lipids and carbohydrates.Once a protein source reaches your stomach, hydrochloric acid and proteases enzymes break it down into smaller chains of amino acids. Amino acids are joined by peptides, which are broken down by proteases.Your stomach sends these shorter amino acid chains to your small intestine. At this time, your pancreas also releases a bicarbonate buffer to reduce the acidity of the food being digested as well as enzymes.More enzymes can now continue breaking down long amino acid chains into their constituent amino acids because to the decrease in their workload.Learn more about the protein digestion with the help of the given link:
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Why does one receptor have so many different signal transduction proteins/pathways?
The cell may need to react by undergoing a lot of modifications (short-term and long-term). Different signal transduction proteins guarantee the signal's amplification and the emergence of a variety of responses (if necessary).
What is the function of protein molecules in cell?to make it easier for molecules to be transported into or out of cells passively or actively. Metabotropic receptors that support other cell processes or metabolic cascades.What is protein molecules?These amino acids are arranged in a long chain and joined to one another by covalent peptide bonds to form proteins. Polypeptides are another name for proteins. The sequence of amino acids in every type of protein is distinct and identical from one molecule to the next. There are countless varieties of proteins, each with a unique amino acid sequence.
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You have read about the various revolutions the human race has gone through (hunter gatherer, agricultural revolution, and industrial revolution) . Make a case for which of these social periods of you feel had the most positive impact on the environment and the most negative impact on the environment . (You can choose different periods for each responses) support your answer with facts in 5 sentences
The industrial revolution is the social period that had the most positive and most negative impacts on the environment.
The most positive impact that the industrial revolution had on the environment is the increased production of goods and efficiency. People are now able to produce every type of good they require to ease their living. Lower costs, increased wealth, and availability of a large number of products are some other positive impacts of the industrial revolution.
But as the population increased, demand for natural resources also increased. This leads to the depletion of natural resources. While during the agricultural revolution or during the times of hunter-gatherers, natural resources were prominent as the population was less.
Another negative impact that the industrial revolution had on the environment is degrading the quality of air or the environment. People are now more into using natural resources and polluting them. They are not even able to maintain sustainability in the environment.
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Which of the following statements BEST describes an inorganic compound?
a compound containing carbon that is important to the survival of living systems
a compound containing oxygen that is important to the growth of living systems
a compound without molecules containing carbon
a compound that provides structure and affects the function of a cell
Interpret the Data
A correlation is a way to describe the relationship between two variables. In a positive correlation, as the values of one of the variables increase, the values of the second variable also increase. In a negative correlation, as the values of one of the variables increase, the values of the second variable decrease. Or there may be no correlation between two variables. If researchers know how two variables are correlated, they can make a prediction about one variable based on what they know about the other variable.
(c) Which show(s) no clear relationship?
The variables that are positively correlated with the volume of nectar production are;
Nectar concentrationSeeds per flowerVisits per flowerWhat is a correlation?The correlation is a way that we show the relationship between variables. If we are studying the correlation between variables, we are trying to find out how one variable affects another.
Now, a positive correlation exists between variable leads to an increase in another variable. A negative correlation occur when the increase in one variable leads to a decrease in another variable.
Hence, the variables that are positively correlated with the volume of nectar production are;
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Q.1. What types of substance have pH values less than 7?
Q.2. What types of substance have pH values greater than 7?
Answer:
AcidicAlkalineExplanation:
pH is determined by the H+ concentration, lower the value of pH more acidic the substance is. And higher the value of pH, it inclines towards being alkaline I nature.
an embryo has just passed the sixth week of development. the skin, nails, and hair are developing on a layer of the embryonic disk. which layer is described?
Typically, the ectoderm divides into neural and epithelial components (spinal cord, peripheral nerves and brain). This comprises the enamel of the teeth, as well as the skin, linings of the mouth, anus, nostrils, sweat glands, hair, and nails.
What is ectoderm layer?One of the three basic germ layers created during the early stages of embryonic development is the ectoderm.
It is the top layer and lies close to the endoderm and mesoderm (the middle layer) (the innermost layer). It comes from the outermost layer of germ cells and has that origin.
The embryo develops three “germ layers” in week sixth, from which all tissues and organs will eventually emerge: The development of the nervous system, skin, hair, and nails begins at the ectoderm layer.
Therefore, ectoderm layer in an embryo responsible for development of The skin, nails, and hair.
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an archaeon in a nutrient-poor environment is most likely to use blank for nutrient uptake.
an archaeon in a nutrient-poor environment is most likely to use blank for nutrient uptake facilitated difusion s better technique for nutrion uptake in nutrition poor nvironment.
Nutrient uptake in plants is a very broad topic and it has been necessary to limit our focus to covering the principal processes involved in accessing and absorbing essential nutrients from their environment. This is but one of several layers of nutrient uptake that need to be considered in the context of development of the whole plant. Loading into the xylem and the interplay between xylem and phloem in the redistribution of nutrients, particularly under deficiency conditions, require closer scrutiny, as does the role of the vacuole in temporary and long-term storage of nutrients.facilitating diffusion is better to access nutrient in particularly true of nutrients with low soil mobility such as P and Fe. The relative importance of this aspect of nutrient uptake has yet to be defined.To know more about facilitated difusion visit : https://brainly.com/question/18122054
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Suppose you were studying two groups of obese people with genetic abnormalities in the leptin pathway. In one group, the leptin levels are abnormally high; in the other group, they are abnormally low. How would each group's leptin levels change if they ate a low-calorie diet for an extended period? Explain.
If a group has excessively high levels of leptin, the group will be determined to have poor leptin sensitivity and should turn off leptin synthesis once fat reserves are depleted. Leptin levels will fall regardless of food intake in the other group of people with low levels because they are determined to be faulty in responding to leptin.
How leptin causes obesity?Adipose tissue produces the hormone leptin, which controls body fat percentage and suppresses appetite. Leptin levels drop during fasting as adipose tissue levels drop and appetite levels rise.Leptin regulates energy balance by influencing the satiety center in the hypothalamus, and leptin deficit in the leptin signaling pathway is what leads to obesity. By communicating satiety to the hypothalamus and lowering calorie intake and fat storage, leptin plays a significant role in obesity.When there is weight loss and a decline in the leptin hormone, leptin aids in promoting a ravenous hunger and consumption of dietary food. Leptin suppresses appetite while ghrelin, a hormone released by the stomach wall, promotes appetite.When the body is thin, the level of the hormone leptin, which suppresses appetite, is lower than when the body is fat. It has a more significant impact on how many calories someone burns and how much food they consume, which in turn helps regulate how much fat tissue is stored.Learn more about the Leptin with the help of the given link:
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plants are one of the primary sources of organic carbon, fixed nitrogen, and oxygen. explain the relationship of plants to organisms found in another kingdom (eg.,animalia, fungi, protista, bacteria). are there links between organisms in all the kingdoms? how does this underscore the importance of plants to us?
All other species on Earth are heterotrophic, meaning they rely directly or indirectly on green plants for nourishment. Green Sulphur bacteria are present in autotrophic microorganisms and green plants.
Why are plants important for us?Almost every terrestrial animal and human, including us, depends on plants for nourishment. We either eat plants or animals that eat plants. The atmosphere is preserved by plants. During the process of photosynthesis, they create oxygen and take in carbon dioxide. For all aerobic species, oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration.In biogeochemical cycles, plants recycle matter. For instance, plants transpire large amounts of water from the soil into the atmosphere.Numerous organisms have habitats thanks to plants.to know more about importance of plant please check the link given below:
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How do response mechanisms in target cells differ for water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones?
The majority of hormones produced by the body fall into one of three categories:
lipid-derived hormones, amino acid-derived hormones, or peptide-derived hormones. The hormones generated from lipid are lipid soluble. The hormones generated from peptides and amino acids are soluble in water. A hormone's target cells each have receptors that are unique to that hormone.The target cell can be reached by the lipid-derived hormones, which bind to the receptor protein and control its activity by crossing the plasma membrane. Hormones that are water soluble, however, cannot pass the plasma membrane. These hormones first attach to the receptor on the plasma membrane's surface.
With the aid of intracellular secondary messengers like cyclic AMP, this binding of a hormone with a membrane-bound receptor starts a cascade of secondary mechanisms within the cytoplasm of the cell. These auxiliary messengers deliver and control the signal to the target cell.
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