In the formation of ionic compound, atoms of different elements that have obtained a nonneutral electrical charge (either due to losing or gaining electrons, creating a charge imbalance between the negatively-charged electrons and the positively-charged protons) are attracted in such a way that their interaction would result in electrical neutrality. Group 4A elements (the "carbon group") are a sort of dividing line: Elements in groups to the left of group 4A (the metallic elements) tend to have atoms that lose electrons during ionization, thus becoming more positive; elements in groups to the right of group 4A (the nonmetallic elements) tend to have atoms that gain electrons during ionization, thus becoming more negative. This is, of course, a broad generalization, but it should suffice in helping to get a big-picture idea of how to approach binary ionic compounds such as Al2X3.
Al, or aluminum, is a metallic element in group 3A, which is to the left of group 4A. A neutral aluminum atom has three valence electrons in its outermost shell. When an aluminum atom loses these three valence electrons (thus gaining a stable, noble gas electron configuration), it becomes a positively-charged aluminum ion, Al³⁺.
Now, let's consider how this aluminum cation (a positively-charged ion) could interact with anions (negatively-charged ions) to form an electrically-neutral compound. The most straightforward interaction would be an ionic bond between Al³⁺ and X³⁻. Why? Because the charges between the one Al³⁺ cation and the one X³⁻ anion are opposite and equal in magnitude; they would thus bond in a 1:1 unit ratio to form an ionic compound with the formula AlX.
But that's not what we have here! In our ionic compound, the Al has a subscript of 2, and the X has a subscript of 3. Here's the trick with ionic compounds: Assuming that our subscripts are all simplified to the lowest whole number, an ion's charge is equivalent in magnitude to the counterion's subscript (the counterion is simply the oppositely-charged ion in a binary ionic compound). The sign of the charge will be positive for the metal ion (which conventionally comes first in the formula unit) and negative for the nonmetal ion. The subscript of X is 3 in Al₂X₃, so the charge number on the Al ion is 3. Al, a metal, forms a positively-charged ion; thus, the Al ion has a 3+ charge.
Let's do the same for X. Al has a subscript of 2, so when the X atom ionizes, its charge must have a number of 2 and be negative, i.e., a 2- charge. Conveniently, the charge on an ion of a main-group and non-transition metal element tells us which group that ion's element is in. That's because the group number of elements in the s- and p-blocks is equal to the number of valence electrons in a neutral atom in that group. A group 1A element's atom has one valence electron; a group 2A element's atom has two valence electrons; and a group 3A element's atom (like an Al atom) has three valence electrons; and so forth.
An ion gains or loses electrons so that its outermost (valence) shell is completely filled. If element X's ion exists in the X²⁻ state, then that means it takes the addition of two electrons to give the X atom a full octet (eight electrons in the valence shell). We can then conclude that a neutral atom of X must have six valence electrons since 8 - 2 = 6. Thus, X is an element in group 6A (or group 16 on the extended periodic table), the chalcogens or "oxygen family."
Indeed, the most common form of the compound aluminum oxide has the formula Al₂O₃. Aluminum also forms an ionic compound with sulfur—another group 6A element—which has the formula Al₂S₃.
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For XCO3, we must keep in mind that CO₃ as a whole is the counterion to X. The 3 is not the subscript for the CO₃ ion. CO₃, or carbonate, has a 2- charge: it can be written as (CO₃)²⁻. Here, the CO₃ ion as a group has no subscript, which might lead one to think that X must be an element from group 1A. Not so fast! It's critical to know beforehand that the carbonate ion has a 2- charge; if X were indeed a group 1A element, X would have a subscript of 2. But X has no subscript (a subscript of 1). Since the subscripts of ionic compounds are simplified to their lowest whole number ratios, that means that X must have a subscript of 2. Only then would both the subscripts of X and CO₃ be simplified to 1, as we have here. If CO₃ has a subscript of 2, that means that X is an element in group 2A (or group 2), the alkaline earth metals.
Indeed, the group 2A elemental ions magnesium (Mg²⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) both ionically bond with the carbonate ion to form magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate, respectively; their respective formulae are MgCO3 and CaCO3, the same form as XCO3.
The activation energy Ea for a particular reaction is 50.0 kJ/mol. How
much faster is the reaction at 322 K than at 310.0 K? (R = 8.314 J/mol
•K)
Answer:
About two times faster.
Explanation:
Hello!
In this case, since we need a k2/k1 ratio to figure out the increase in the reaction rate for a chemical process, we need to use the following version of the Arrhenius equation:
[tex]ln(\frac{k_2}{k_1} )=-\frac{Ea}{R}(\frac{1}{T_2} -\frac{1}{T_1} )[/tex]
Thus, we plug in Ea, R and the temperatures to obtain:
[tex]ln(\frac{k_2}{k_1} )=-\frac{50,000J/mol}{8.314J/mol*K}(\frac{1}{322K} -\frac{1}{310.0K} ) \\\\ln(\frac{k_2}{k_1} )=0.723[/tex]
Now, we use exponential to obtain:
[tex]\frac{k_2}{k_1} =exp(0.723)\\\\\frac{k_2}{k_1}=2.1[/tex]
Thus, we infer that the reaction is about two times faster.
Best regards!
We have that at temperature of 325k reaction will be 2.45 times faster than at 310k.
Speed of reactionQuestion Parameters:
Generally the Arrhenius equation is mathematically given as
[tex]log\frac{k^2}{k^1}=\frac{Ea}{2.303R}(\frac{1/t1}{1/t2})\\\\Therefore\\\\log\frac{k^2}{k^1}=\frac{50e3}{2.3038.314}(\frac{1/310}{1/325})1/k\\\\log\frac{k^2}{k^1}=\frac{2611.35*15}{310*325}\\\\K2=2.45*k1\\\\[/tex]
Therefore, we infer that
At Temperature of 325k reaction will be 2.45 times faster than at 310k.
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What does the phrase gravitational pull mean as it is used in the text?
Because meteors are so small, they often get pulled into planetary orbits, while asteroids and comets are large enough that they stay within the gravitational pull of the sun.
1. A force that pushes one thing away from another
2. Something that makes an object stay on the ground
3. Something that pulls an object strongly downward
4. The force of one thing pulling another thing closer
15 15. Which two elements will form a covalent bond?
a. K & C c. Na & Ar
b. Ag & O d. C & Br
Answer:
K and Cl
Explanation:
What is the double bond?
Answer:
a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
Write the following reaction as a chemical equation:
Sodium carbonate + calcium phosphate → sodium phosphate + calcium carbonate
Answer:
NaCO3 + CaPO2>>>>>NaPO2+CaCO3
Hydrogen gas + chlorine gas yields hydrogen chloride
Answer:
[tex]H_{2} + Cl_{2} --> 2HCl[/tex]
Explanation:
Hydrogen and chlorine are both diatomic, which means they occur in molecular pairs as gases. This means you will have two atoms of each on the left in the reactants, so you will need to add a coefficient of 2 to have 2 atoms of each on the right in the products.
Different measurements are expressed in different units. Choose the correct Sl units for the following types of measurement 3 The SI units for measuring the velocity of the car: The SI units for measuring the acceleration of the car: The SI units for measuring force: The SI units for measuring mass: <
Answer:
The SI base units of length, mass, and time are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively. SI units are a metric system of units, meaning values can be calculated by factors of 10. Metric prefixes may be used with metric units to scale the base units to sizes appropriate for almost any application
Answer: 1. Meters per second
2.meters per second squared
3.newtons
4. Kilo
Explanation:
How does adaptation help an organism
1 - it helps the organism change color
2- it improves its ability to survive and reproduce
3 - it improves its ability to change species
4- it helps the organism become fossil
Answer:
2- it improves its ability to survive and reproduce
Which solution has the lowest boiling point at standard pressure?
(a) 0.40 M KCl(aq)
(b) 0.20 M K2SO4(aq)
(c) 0.10 M K3PO4(aq)
(d) pure water
Answer:
(d) pure water
Explanation:
A colligative property of solvents as water is the elevation of boiling point that describes how the presence of solutes in a solvent produce the increase in boiling point regard to the boiling point of the pure solvent.
In the problem, there are 3 solution that contains an amount of solute dissolved that will increase the boiling point of this solution but there is a solution that is just pure water. As the presence of solutes increases the boiling point, the pure water is the solution that has the lowest boiling point:
(d) pure waterANSWERED
Graph the number of A particles versus the time and the number of B particles versus the time. Plot both data sets on the same graph.
Platinum is less reactive than tin. Suggest why steel cans are coated with tin rather than platinum.
Explanation:
Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because zinc is above the tin in reactivity series means more reactive than tin and can react with food elements preserved in it.
If I have 21L of gas held at a pressure
of 78atm and a temperature of 900K,
what will be the temperature of the gas
if I decrease the pressure to 45.2atm and
increase the volume to 30.0L?
Answer:
T2 = 745 K
Explanation:
This is an ideal gas law problem. We can use this formula to find our answer:
(P1*V1)/T1 = (P2*V2)/T2
So we have these given in the problem:
P1 = 78 atm P2 = 45.2 atm
V1 = 21 L V2 = 30.0 L
T1 = 900 K T2 = ?
So we put all of this stuff into the equation and solve for the unknown T2:
[(78 atm)*(21 L)]/(900 K) = [(45.2 atm)*(30.0 L)]/T2
(1638 atm*L)/900 K = (1356 atm*L)/T2
1.82 atm*L/K = (1356 atm*L)/T2
[flip around to put T2 on the numerator and alone]
T2 = (1356 atm*L)/1.82 atm*L/K
[atm*L cancel out to leave us with K]
T2 = 745.0549451
T2 = 745 K
True or False: A liquid's volume does not change no matter what the shape of its container.
Answer:
true
Explanation: becuase if you add the same liquid to a small container and then add it to a big container its going to have the same liquid amount it started with
Which of these metals will displace Iron from Iron Oxide ?
-Copper
-Magnesium
-Silver
-Tin
Answer:
Magnesium
Explanation:
Magnesium is above iron in the reactivity series, which means that Mg can take oxygen from iron as it is a more reactive metal.
how many atoms of N are in 5.6g of N?
Answer:
ᵐʸ friend ʰᵉʳᵉ ʲᵘˢᵗⁱⁿ ʰᵉˢ already taken ᵃⁿᵈ hes ᶜʳᵃᶜᵏᵉᵈ ᵃᵗ ᶠᵒʳᵗⁿⁱᵗᵉ my guy Uhhh
Explanation:
On a scale of 1️⃣ to , you’re a 9️⃣. I’m the 1️⃣ you need.
what is full from of DTP
Answer:
Hellloooo
ur answer is
Desktop Publishing.
Explanation:
thanks hope it helps
which type of blood vessel has a pulse
Answer:
The arteries should be your answer!
Explanation:
list five careers in science
Answer:
- Psychologist
- Anthropologist
- Biochemist
- Archaeologist
- Industrial Psychologist
-Epidemiologist Scientist
-Laboratory technician
-Psychologist: A person who specializes in the study of mind and behavior or in the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
-Anthropologist: A person engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropology is the study of aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms and values of societies.
-Biochemist: An expert in or student of the branch of science concerning the chemical processes occurring within living organisms.
-Archaeologist: A person who studies human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
-Industrial Psychologist: A person who studies human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
-Epidemiologist Scientist: They search for the cause of disease, identify people who are at risk, determine how to control or stop the spread or prevent it from happening again.
-Laboratory technician: A medical professional who conducts lab tests on specimens and records and reports the results.
which energy transformation took place?
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The battery is chemical energy. When it is used in the flashlight, it produces light and thermal energy
PLZ MARK BRAINLIEST :)
A shoe has a length of 11 inches. Which unit conversion fraction should you
use to find the length in centimeters?
A.
1 in
2.54 cm
ОВ.
1 in
1 cm
C.
2.54 cm
1 in
D.
1 cm
2.54 in
The element Osmium has _ neutrons in its nucleus
Answer:
114
Explanation:
no
Which one of the following compounds is insoluble in water?
A) Ba(OH)2
B) Ca3(PO4)2
C) NH4S04
D) Rb2CO3
Answer:
Ca3(PO4)2
Explanation:
Ca3(PO4)2 or calcium phosphate is insoluble in water.
Give a reason for each of the following laboratory practices:
I. KMnO4 solution is not acidified with HNO3 before titration
II.FeSO4 solution is usually prepared fresh when needed
III. Alkali are not stored in glass stoped reagent bottles
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
The acid commonly used to acidify KMnO4 is H2SO4. The reason why HNO3 is not used is because HNO3 is itself a strong oxidizing agent. HCl is not used because it can react with KMnO4.
FeSO4 solution is usually prepared fresh when needed because if the solution is prepared and left to stand for sometime, FeSO4 is oxidized to Fe2(SO4)3 by air. Fe III does not give the brown ring test.
Alkali are not stored in glass stopped reagent bottles because very strong alkali can cause the stopper to corrode and fuse to the neck of the bottle making it very difficult to open the reagent bottle.
a. Which reactant is the limiting reagent?
b. How much product is formed? (calculate for both if 2)
c. How much of the excess reagent remains?
1) 47.2 g of zinc metal react with 122 g of bromine in a closed container,
Final answers
la.
1b.
1c.
Answer:
a. Zinc is the limiting reactant.
b. [tex]m_{ZnBr_2}^{by\ Zn}=162.61gZnBr_2[/tex]
c. [tex]m_{Br_2}^{leftover}=6.6g[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello there!
a. In this case, when zinc metal reacts with bromine, the following chemical reaction takes place:
[tex]Zn+Br_2\rightarrow ZnBr_2[/tex]
Thus, since zinc and bromine react in a 1:1 mole ratio, we can compute their reacting moles to identify the limiting reactant:
[tex]n_{Zn}=47.2g*\frac{1mol}{65.38g} =0.722molZn\\\\n_{Br_2}=122g*\frac{1mol}{159.8g} =0.763molBr_2[/tex]
Thus, since zinc has the fewest moles we infer it is the limiting reactant.
b. Here, we compute the grams of zinc bromide via both reactants:
[tex]m_{ZnBr_2}^{by\ Zn}=0.722molZn*\frac{1molZnBr_3}{1molZn} *\frac{225.22gZnBr_2}{1molZnBr_2} =162.61gZnBr_2\\\\m_{ZnBr_2}^{by\ Br_2}=0.763molBr_2*\frac{1molZnBr_3}{1molBr_2} *\frac{225.22gZnBr_2}{1molZnBr_2} =171.95gZnBr_2[/tex]
That is why zinc is the limiting reactant, as it yields the fewest moles of zinc bromide product.
c. Here, since just 0.722 mol of bromine would react, we compute the corresponding mass:
[tex]m_{Br_2}^{reacted}=0.722molBr_2*\frac{159.8gBr_2}{1molBr_2} =115.4gBr_2[/tex]
Thus, the leftover of bromine is:
[tex]m_{Br_2}^{leftover}=122g-115.4g\\\\m_{Br_2}^{leftover}=6.6g[/tex]
Best regards!
A student dissolves of sodium hydroxide in of water in a well-insulated open cup. He then observes the temperature of the water rise from to over the course of minutes. Use this data, and any information you need from the ALEKS Data resource, to answer the questions below about this reaction: ()()() You can make any reasonable assumptions about the physical properties of the solution. Be sure answers you calculate using measured data are rounded to the correct number of significant digits. Note for advanced students: it's possible the student did not do the experiment carefully, and the values you calculate may not be the same as the known and published values for this reaction.
Is this reaction exothermic, endothermic, or neither?
a. exothermic
b. endothermic
c. neither
Answer: a. exothermic
Explanation:
An Endothermic reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed from the surrounding. The temperature of the surrounding decreases.
An Exothermic reaction is a type of of chemical reaction in which energy is released into the surrounding. The temperature of the surrounding increases.
When sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, the temperature of water rise which means the heat has been released during dissolution of sodium hydroxide, thus the reaction is exothermic.
3.2
Differentiate between a Merger and Alliance
(
EXPLANATION:
Alliance is an approach in which two or more companies agree to pool their resources together to form a combined force in the marketplace. Unlike a merger, an alliance does not involve the emergence of a new combined entity. ... The joint venture is a very popular form of an alliance.
Answer:
Alliance is an approach in which two or more companies agree to pool their resources together to form a combined force in the marketplace. Unlike a merger, an alliance does not involve the emergence of a new combined entity. ... The joint venture is a very popular form of an alliance.
What happens inside a can of spoiled food as gas is produced?
A. The pressure decreases.
B. The temperature increases.
C. The volume decreases.
D. The pressure increases.
Answer:D the pressure increases
Explanation:
Answer: D
Explanation:
the pressure increases
Which of the following is true about the efficiency of energy transfer in an ecosystem?
a The more energy the organism requires, the more efficient the energy transfer.
b. All energy transfers have the same efficiencies.
C. The less energy the organism requires, the more efficient the energy transfer.
d. The most efficient energy transfers are in large, warm-blooded animals.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
ОООО
C
D
Mark this and return
Save and Exit
Next
Submit
Answer:
C. The less energy the organism requires, the more efficient the energy transfer.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Trust the process
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WILL GIVE THE BRAIN THING-
Complete the following single replacement reaction.
Al(s) + HNO3(aq)
What are the products before balancing
Answer:
The products are Al(NO₃)₃(aq) and H₂(g).
Al(s) + 3 HNO₃(aq) ⇒ Al(NO₃)₃(aq) + 1.5 H₂(g)
Explanation:
Let's consider the reaction between aluminum and nitric acid. This is a single replacement reaction, in which Al replaces H in HNO₃ to form aluminum nitrate. The unbalanced reaction is:
Al(s) + HNO₃(aq) ⇒ Al(NO₃)₃(aq) + H₂(g)
We start balancing N atoms by multiplying HNO₃ by 3.
Al(s) + 3 HNO₃(aq) ⇒ Al(NO₃)₃(aq) + H₂(g)
Finally, we get the balanced equation multiplying H₂ by 1.5.
Al(s) + 3 HNO₃(aq) ⇒ Al(NO₃)₃(aq) + 1.5 H₂(g)
What is the full name of the molecule ATP?
Answer:
I hope this helps
Explanation:
Adenosine TriPhospahte