If a DNA sequence is TTA, what would be the anticodon the tRNA would bring to the ribosome?

Answer:

So the central dogma of molecular biology describes the journey from DNA to protein product:

DNA --transcription--> mRNA --translation--> Protein

Assuming the DNA sequence provided is the template strand (rather than the complimentary coding strand), we start by transcribing the sequence into mRNA starting on the 3' end of the DNA towards the 5' end (which would build the mRNA 5' to 3'). This process involves the enzyme "RNA polymerase," which can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the mRNA, just like how DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. The RNA polymerase will bind to the template DNA strand and synthesize the complimentary mRNA, substituting uracil for thymine (since RNA does not contain thymine like DNA).

In terms of transcribing the sequence given to you, we'll have to work backwards + flip it around to get the 5' to 3' mRNA since the DNA is given 5' to 3' rather than 3' to 5'. Due to the length and the fact that we'll have to use triplets in translation anyways, it can help to break the sequence into triplet codons now.

5’-AAG | TTA | ATG | AGA | AAT | CGA | CAT | GGG | GCG | CCG | AAA | GTA | TAA | CCG | TCT | TAG | AAT | AGC-3’

We can then cross out each codon as we transcribe it and flip the sequence to be 5'-3' mRNA:

mRNA: 5'- GCU | AUU | CUA | AGA | CGG | UUA | UAC | UUU | CGG | CGC | CCC | AUG | UCG | AUU | UCU | CAU | UAA | CUU -3'

Normally, mRNA sequences start with "AUG" which is the start codon (and codes for Methionine), but I'll assume this is just for practice translating + transcribing in general. There's also a stop codon before the end but I'll assume the same again.

Translation involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the translation ribosome assembling around the mRNA starting at the 5' end start codon, and tRNA carrying an amino acid binding to the complimentary section of the mRNA. As each tRNA attaches and the ribosome moves along the mRNA, the amino acids on each tRNA are bonded into a longer and longer peptide chain and the now amino acid-less tRNA are ejected (elongation). Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, the ribosome will end elongation and help fold the protein into its final structure.

To translate the mRNA sequence here we'll need an amino acid/mRNA codon chart. I don't believe I can attach an image here, but looking up those exact words should yield the right results in images.

5'- GCU | AUU | CUA | AGA | CGG | UUA | UAC | UUU | CGG | CGC | CCC | AUG | UCG | AUU | UCU | CAU | UAA | CUU -3'

Ala - Ile - Leu - Arg - Arg - Leu - Tyr - Phe - Arg - Arg - Pro - Met - Ser - Ile - Ser - His - STOP - Leu

Amino acids are often abbreviated into three letters (Ala = alanine, Met = methionine, etc), and sometimes are abbreviated as single letters, though I've only seen that for sequencing databases.

In terms of locations for each of these processes, transcription occurs in the nucleus for eukaryotes and translation in the ribosomes/cytoplasm.

If the sequence of DNA is TTA, the matching mRNA sequence is UUA (since RNA uses uracil rather than thymine).

mRNA (messenger RNA) is an instance of RNA molecule that transports genetic data from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasmic ribosomes, where it serves as a template for the synthesis of proteins. The mRNA sequence is a straight line of nucleotides (A, U, G, C) that matches to the DNA template strand's sequencing of codons (triplets of nucleotides).

So, for the codon of the mRNA, UUA, the complementary anticodon on the tRNA would have to be AAA, because adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with uracil in RNA. As a result, the anticodon AAA would be present in the tRNA molecule that would transport amino acids to the ribosome in response to the mRNA codon UUA.

Thus, if the sequence of DNA is TTA, the matching mRNA sequence is UUA (since RNA uses uracil rather than thymine).

Learn more about mRNA sequence, here:

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