Answer:
4800 watts
Explanation:
Power is the product of voltage and current:
P = VI = (240 V)(20 A) = 4800 W
The wattage is 4800 watts.
A work cell is currently operated 2000 hr/yr by a human worker who is paid an hourly rate of $23.00, which includes applicable overhead costs. One work unit is produced in a cycle time of 4.8 min. Management would like to increase output to meet increasing demand and a robot cell is being considered as a replacement for the present manual cell. The cycle time of the proposed cell would be reduced to 4.0 min. The installed cost of the robot plus supporting equipment is $120,000. Power and other utilities to operate the robot will be $0.30/hr, and annual maintenance costs are $2500. Determine:
a. the number of parts produced annually by the manually operated cell.
b. cost per part produced.
c. how does the cost per part of the robot cell compare with your answer in part (b), given a 4-year service life, 10% rate of return, and no salvage value.
Answer:
a) 25000 pcs/yr
b) cost per part produced is $ 1.84 per pc
c) Cpc = $ 1.365 per pcs
Explanation:
a)
the relation to calculate the number of parts produced annually by manual process is;
Q = Hw / Tc
Hw is the hourly rate ( 2000hr/yr) and Tc is the cycle time ( 4.8 min)
so we substitute
Q = (2000 × 60) / 4.8
= 120000 / 4.8
= 25000 pcs/yr
b)
cost per part produced
the relation to calculate the cost per part produced is expressed as;
Cpc = $23(Hw) / Q
Cpc is the cost per part produced
so we substitute
Cpc = $23(2000) / 25000
= 46000 / 25000
= $ 1.8 per pc
therefore cost per part produced is $ 1.84 per pc
c)
for the robot cell, at a service life of 4 years and a 10% rate of return , the factor is expressed as;
f = [r(1 + r)^t] / [((1 + r)^t ) - 1 ]
our rate r = 10% = 0.1 and our t = 4
so we substitute
f = [0.1 (1 + 0.1)^4] / [((1 + 0.1)^4 ) - 1 ]
f = 0.14641 / 0.4641
f = 0.3155
now we find the total cost
TC = 120000(0.3155) + 2000(0.3) + 2500
TC = $ 40,960
next we find the parts produced annually
Q = (2000 × 60) / 4
Q = 120,000 / 4
Q = 30000 pcs/yr
finally we find the cost per part produced;
Cpc = TC / Q
we substitute
Cpc = 40,960 / 30000
Cpc = $ 1.365 per pcs
technician A says that in any circuit, electrical current takes the path of least resistance. technician B says that while this is true in a series circuit, it's not entirely true in a parallel circuit. who is correct?
Answer:
technician A is correct
Explanation:
Technician B has circuit topologies confused. In a series circuit, there is only one path for electrical current to take. In a parallel circuit, the current will divide between paths in proportion to the inverse of their resistance. The least resistance path will have the most current.
Technician A is mostly correct.
which one of these reduce fraction?
Question #9
Multiple Choice
Which statement characterizes how the creation of LIMBS benefits developing countries?
O Using nanotechnology, a new material is created to benefit many other products
Using only natural materials, there is little chemical production, thus reducing the pollution in these countries
Using regional materials creates a sustainable program that breaks countries dependencies on other nations
Using fabricated materials, no natural resources are overfarmed, keeping the environment intact.
© 2014 Glynlyon, Inc.
Answer:
Using regional materials creates a sustainable program that breaks countries’ dependencies on other nations.
Explanation:
i did the assignment
Answer:
Using regional materials creates a sustainable program that breaks countries’ dependencies on other nations.
Explanation:
C
Chad is working on a design that uses the pressure of steam to control a valve in order to increase water pressure in showers. Which statement describes what his design is dealing with? viscosity, the resistance to flow that fluids exhibit elasticity, the indicator of how easily a fluid will return to its original volume after a force is removed from the fluid compressibility, the property that describes the amount of volume that decreases when pressure is applied to a fluid hydraulics, the use and study of liquid fluids and their motions, behaviors, and interactions
Answer:
C: Viscosity, the resistance to flow that fluids exhibit
Explanation:
Did it on Edge :)
Answer:
C: Viscosity, the resistance to flow that fluids exhibit
Explanation:
4. Which of these is typically NOT a function of the flywheel?
OA. Power transfer to the transmission
OB. Engage the Starter
OC. Smooth out power pulses
OD. Balance the crankshaft
Answer:D
Explanation:
Option D is correct. Balancing the crankshaft is NOT one of the functions of a flywheel.
A flywheel is part of an automobile. It is a heavy wheel that is attached to a rotating shaft of an automobile. Since there may be the presence of large forces within an automobile structure, the presence of a flywheel helps to balance the force evenly across it.
Some of the functions of the flywheel are but are not limited to help in transferring power to the transmission, engaging the starter, and smoothing out of power pulses.
Hence based on the explanation above, balancing the crankshaft is NOT one of the function of a flywheel.
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Compute the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour through a 5-mm-thick sheet of palladium having an area of 0.20 m^2 at 500°C. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 1.0 x 10^8 m^2 /s, that the concentrations at the high- and low-pressure sides of the plate are 2.4 and 0.6 kg of hydrogen per cubic meter of palladium, and that steady-state conditions have been attained.
Answer:
The answer is "[tex]\bold{ 259.2 \times 10^{11} }[/tex]".
Explanation:
The amount of kilograms, which travel in a thick sheet of hydrogen:
[tex]M= -DAt \frac{\Delta C}{ \Delta x} \\\\[/tex]
[tex]D =1.0 \times 10^{8} \ \ \ \frac{m^2}{s} \\\\ A = 0.20 \ m^2\\\\t = 1\ \ h = 3600 \ \ sec \\\\[/tex]
calculating the value of [tex]\Delta C:[/tex]
[tex]\Delta C =C_A -C_B[/tex]
[tex]= 2.4 - 0.6 \\\\ = 1.8 \ \ \frac{kg}{m^3}[/tex]
calculating the value of [tex]\Delta X:[/tex]
[tex]\Delta x = x_{A} -x_{B}[/tex]
[tex]= 0 - (5\ mm) \\\\ = - 5 \ \ mm\\\\= - 5 \times 10^{-3} \ m[/tex]
[tex]M = -(1.0 \times 10^{8} \times 0.20 \times 3600 \times (\frac{1.8}{-5 \times 10^{-3}})) \\\\[/tex]
[tex]= -(1.0 \times 10^{8} \times 720 \times (\frac{1.8}{-5 \times 10^{-3}})) \\\\= -(1.0 \times 10^{8} \times \frac{ 1296}{-5 \times 10^{-3}})) \\\\= (1.0 \times 10^{8} \times 259.2 \times 10^3)) \\\\= 259.2 \times 10^{11} \\\\[/tex]
Assignment 1: Structural Design of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Beams for Bending
Perform structural design of a rectangular reinforced concrete beam for bending. The beam is simply supported and has a span L=20 feet. In addition to its own weight the beam should support a superimposed dead load of 0.50 k/ft and a live load of 0.65 k/ft. Use a beam width of 12 inches. The depth of the beam should satisfy the ACI stipulations for minimum depth and be proportioned for economy. Concrete compressive strength f’c = 4,000 psi and yield stress of reinforcing bars fy = 60,000 psi. Size of stirrups should be chosen based on the size of the reinforcing bars. The beam is neither exposed to weather nor in contact with the ground, meaning it is subjected to interior exposure.
• Use the reference on "Practical Considerations for Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Beams"
• Include references to ACI code – see slides from second class
• Include references to Tables from Appendix A
• Draw a sketch of the reinforced concrete beam showing all dimensions, number and size of rebars, including stirrups.
Answer:
Beam of 25" depth and 12" width is sufficient.
I've attached a detailed section of the beam.
Explanation:
We are given;
Beam Span; L = 20 ft
Dead load; DL = 0.50 k/ft
Live load; LL = 0.65 k/ft.
Beam width; b = 12 inches
From ACI code, ultimate load is given as;
W_u = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
Thus;
W_u = 1.2(0.5) + 1.6(0.65)
W_u = 1.64 k/ft
Now, ultimate moment is given by the formula;
M_u = (W_u × L²)/8
M_u = (1.64 × 20²)/8
M_u = 82 k-ft
Since span is 20 ft, it's a bit larger than the average span beams, thus, let's try a depth of d = 25 inches.
Effective depth of a beam is given by the formula;
d_eff = d - clear cover - stirrup diameter - ½Main bar diameter
Now, let's adopt the following;
Clear cover = 1.5"
Stirrup diameter = 0.5"
Main bar diameter = 1"
Thus;
d_eff = 25" - 1.5" - 0.5" - ½(1")
d_eff = 22.5"
Now, let's find steel ratio(ρ) ;
ρ = Total A_s/(b × d_eff)
Now, A_s = ½ × area of main diameter bar
Thus, A_s = ½ × π × 1² = 0.785 in²
Let's use Nominal number of 3 bars as our main diameter bars.
Thus, total A_s = 3 × 0.785
Total A_s = 2.355 in²
Hence;
ρ = 2.355/(22.5 × 12)
ρ = 0.008722
Design moment Capacity is given;
M_n = Φ * ρ * Fy * b * d²[1 – (0.59ρfy/fc’)]/12
Φ is 0.9
f’c = 4,000 psi = 4 kpsi
fy = 60,000 psi = 60 kpsi
M_n = 0.9 × 0.008722 × 60 × 12 × 22.5²[1 - (0.59 × 0.008722 × 60/4)]/12
M_n = 220.03 k-ft
Thus: M_n > M_u
Thus, the beam of 25" depth and 12" width is sufficient.
La distancia que existe entre las bases de un campo de béisbol es de 28 m. Si la pelota se batea por la línea en dirección a la tercera base con una velocidad de 32 m/s. ¿Con qué rapidez cambia la distancia entre la pelota y la primera base cuando se encuentra a la mitad del camino hacia la tercera base?
Answer: Could you put this in english plz
Explanation:
hi guys can u help me?
Answer:
3. have known
4. wrote
5. not sure
6.have changed, has only
7. answered
8. have missed
9.has never seen
10.never saw
11.became,have changed
12. have changed, have grown
13.was,found
14. was never
am not sure but hope it helps
State whether the following statements are true or false. Provide a brief justification for your answer.
a. Consider a SDOF system with Coulomb damping. When displaced from the equilibrium position and released, the mass may not move at all.
b. Consider a SDOF system with an ideal viscous damper. When displaced from the equilibrium position and released, the mass will always undergo oscillatory motion.
c. The damped natural frequency of a system is always greater than the undamped natural frequency
d. For an undamped system undergoing a harmonic forcing, the amplitude of the response approaches zero as the forcing frequency becomes very high.
e. The amplitude of free response of SDOF system with Coulomb damping decreases
Answer:
[a] False.
[b]. True
[c]. false.
[d]. true.
[e]. true.
Explanation:
NB: SDOF simply means Simple Degree Of Freedom, that is to say it is a system that can be solved by differential equation such as the second order and the single differential equation.
So, the question asked us to determine if each of the scenario is true or false.
a. Consider a SDOF system with Coulomb damping. When displaced from the equilibrium position and released, the mass may not move at all.
ANSWER: FALSE.
REASON: The mass moved a little bit When displaced from the equilibrium position and released.
b. Consider a SDOF system with an ideal viscous damper. When displaced from the equilibrium position and released, the mass will always undergo oscillatory motion.
ANSWER: TRUE
REASON: for an ideal viscous damper. When displaced from the equilibrium position and released, the mass will always undergo oscillatory motion.
c. The damped natural frequency of a system is always greater than the undamped natural frequency
.
ANSWER: FALSE
REASON: The damped natural frequency of a system is always greater than the undamped natural frequency
d. For an undamped system undergoing a harmonic forcing, the amplitude of the response approaches zero as the forcing frequency becomes very high.
ANSWER: TRUE
REASON: the amplitude of the response approaches zero as the forcing frequency becomes very high for undamped system undergoing a harmonic forcing
e. The amplitude of free response of SDOF system with Coulomb damping decreases
ANSWER: TRUE
REASON: amplitude of free response of SDOF system with Coulomb damping decreases
What must be done before you change the polarity on a welding machine?
ur answer
Answer:
Usually it can be changed by flipping a switch. If your machine does not have one, then you just need to exchange the cables to the electrode holder and ground clamp.
Explanation:
The things that must be done before you change the polarity on a welding machine are coarse and fine adjustment.
What is a welding machine?The heated tool assembly, with two exposed surfaces, and two fixtures for holding the component parts to be welded. The tooling is for bringing the component parts into contact with the heated tool and bringing the molten joint surfaces together to form the weld. And displacement stops on the platen and holding fixtures make up a heated tool welding machine.
Polarity refers to the fact that the electrical circuit formed when you turn on the welder contains a negative and a positive pole. When welding, polarity is crucial, since the weld's strength and quality are affected by the choice of polarity.
Therefore, before changing the polarity of welding equipment, coarse and fine adjustments must be made.
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Type your response in the box. Most novels include at least one important symbol. Identify at least one symbol in the novel you just finished. In 125 to 150 words, identify the symbol. State the type of symbol it is (universal or contextual), and describe its meaning. Be sure to include specific details from the story to support your answer.
Answer:
Symbols in The Secret Garden:
The secret garden: The garden seems to be a symbol for Mary’s transformation. She changes from a sickly child to a healthy one. It is a contextual symbol.
The robin: The robin symbolizes the kindness and compassion of nature. The robin is a contextual symbol.
Spring: The spring season is a symbol for change and new life. It represents these ideas in each of the characters at the end of the story. It is a universal symbol.
Symbols in The Hunger Games:
Katniss’s mockingjay pin: It might stand for rebellion and resistance against the Capitol. It is a contextual symbol.
The mockingjay: The bird itself is a symbol for resistance against the Capitol. It is a contextual symbol.
Bread: It is a symbol for the connection between Katniss and Peeta. It is a contextual symbol.
Symbols in Hatchet:
The hatchet: The hatchet symbolizes survival and self-reliance. The hatchet is a contextual symbol.
The moose and the tornado: Both symbolize confusion and the power nature has over people. They are contextual symbols. However, a tornado can also be a universal symbol for destruction.
The plane: The plane symbolizes the changes in Brian’s life. It represents how Brian moves from one stage of his life to another. It is a contextual symbol.
Symbols in The Red Badge of Courage:
The dead soldier: The dead soldier symbolizes how all things will eventually end. It expresses the idea that accomplishments may mean very little. It is a universal symbol for an end.
Henry’s wound: For Henry, a wound symbolizes a soldier’s bravery at war. It is a contextual symbol.
Flag: A flag symbolizes the values and identity of a state or nation. It also represents the reason why two opposing sides of a war are fighting. A flag is a universal symbol.
Explanation:
These are the answers for Plato, these are the answers from each novel.
I hope this helps you!
Select all the correct answers. What are two reasons why the terrestrial planets formed closer to the sun after a supernova event that initiated the formation of the solar system?
Which courses might a mechanical engineer take in college
Answer:
Fluid dynamics.
Materials science.
Robotics.
Manufacturing processes.
Thermodynamics and heat transfer.
Environmental science.
Explanation:
What kind of job does mike have? Mike’s job is to study blueprints, evaluate product stability, and to examine the safety of products. Mike’s works as a/n blank engineer with a manufacturing company.
Answer: a drafting engineer
Explanation:
Complete the sentence using the correct term.
are made without yeast and are often savory or sweet.
Answer:
Quick Breads
Explanation:
I think this is correct. I am not for sure i just looked it up and it says word for word that this is the answer.
Answer:
Quick Breads
Explanation:
I got it right on my Plato test
Which phase involves research to determine exactly what the client expects?
brainstorming
identifying the need
preventive maintenance
building a model
The phase identifying the need involves research to determine exactly what the client expects. The correct option is B.
What is research?
Research is a systematic inquiry process that includes data gathering, documentation of important information, analysis, and interpretation of that data and information.
These all are in accordance with appropriate procedures established by particular academic and professional disciplines.
Action-informing research is its goal. As a result, your study should attempt to place its findings in the perspective of the wider body of knowledge. In order to develop knowledge that is usable outside of the research setting, research must constantly be of the highest calibre.
Research is done during the step of determining the need to ascertain the precise expectations of the client.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Do you consider the letter of Andres Bonifacio an eyewitness account of a firsthand account of the Philippine Revolution?
Pls help I will mark brainlesst
Answer:
Ribosomes 1
Explanation
Ribosomes are small structures where proteins are made. Although they are not enclosed within a membrane, they are frequently considered organelles. Each ribosome is formed of two subunits, like the one pictured at the top of this section. Both subunits consist of proteins and RNA
The recommended time weighted average air concentration for occupational exposure to water soluble hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) is 0.05 mg · m−3. This concentration is based on an assumption that the individual is generally healthy and is exposed for 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, 50 weeks per year, over a working lifetime (that is from age 18 to 65 years). Assuming a body weight of 78 kg and inhalation rate of 15.2 m3 · d−1 over the working life of the individual, what is the lifetime (75 years) CDI?
Answer: the lifetime (75 years) CDI is 0.001393 mg/kg.day
Explanation:
Given that;
CA = Contaminant Concentration = 0.05 mg/m³
IR = Inhalation Rate = 15.2m³per day = 15.2 / 24 = 0.6333 m³/hr
ET = Exposure Time = 8 hour per day
ED = Exposure Duration = (65 - 18 years) = 47
EF = Exposure Frequency = 5 day/week * 50 week/ year = 250 days/year
BW = Body Weight = 78 Kg
AT = Averaging Time = 75 years = (75 * 365 days) = 27375 days
Now to find the CDI (Chronic Daily Intake)' we say;
CDI = (CA×IR×ET×EF×ED) / ( BW×AT)
so we substitute;
CDI = (0.05 × 0.6333 × 8 ×250 × 47) / (78 × 27375)
CDI = 2976.51 / 2135250
CDI = 0.001393 mg/kg.day
therefore the lifetime (75 years) CDI is 0.001393 mg/kg.day
The site earthwork in Phase III of Four Hills Landfill project included a 3.0 ft deep cut across an entire 2.5-acre site. Soil was excavated from within the proposed Phase III footprint. The average unit weight of this soil is 118 lb/ft3, and the average moisture content is 9.6%. It also has a maximum dry unit weight of 122 lb/ft3 and an optimum moisture content of 11.1%, based on the modified Proctor test. The excavated soil will be placed on a nearby site and compacted to an average relative compaction of 93%. Compute the volume of fill that will be produced and express your answer in cubic yards.
Answer: 11470.4 cubic yards
Explanation:
first we calculate the volume of the site;
V1 = Area × depth
V1 = 2.5 acre × (43560 ft² / 1 acre )×3ft
V1 = 326700 ft
next we is the relative compaction
RC = [γd(field) / γdmax(laboratory)] × 100
so we substitute
93 = [γd(field) / 122 lb/ft³)] × 100
γd(field) = 113.46 lb/ft³
then the dry unit weight of the site
γday1 = γavg / ( 1 + w)
= 118 lb/ft³ / ( 1 + (9.6/100))
= 118 lb/ft³ /1.096
= 107.664 lb/ft³
finally we find the fill volume of the site
V2/V1 = γd / γd(field)
we substitute
V2/326700 = 107.664 / 113.46
V2 = 310010.83 ft³
we convert to cubic yards
= 310010.83 ft³ × (0.037 cubic yard / 1 ft³)
= 11470.4 cubic yards
A DC servomotor has a torque constant of 0.075 N-m/A and a voltage constant of 0.12 V/(rad/sec). The armature resistance is 2.5 Ohm. A terminal voltage of 24 V is used to operate the motor. Determine:
a) the starting torque generated by the motor just as the voltage is applied.
b) the maximum speed at a torque of zero.
c) the operating point of the motor when it is connected to a load whose torque characteristic is proportional to speed with a constant of proportionality = 0.0125 N-m/(rad/sec).
Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
Given that:
[tex]k_t=torque\ constant=0.075\ Nm/A\\\\k_v=voltage\ constant=0.12\ V/(rad/sec)\\\\R_a=armature \ resistance=2.5 \Omega\\\\V_t=terminal\ voltage=24\ V\\\\a)The \ starting\ current\ I_a\ is\ given \ as:\\\\I_a=\frac{V_t}{R_a} =\frac{24}{2.5} =9.6\ A\\\\The \ starting\ torque(T)\ is:\\\\T=k_tI_a=0.075*9.6=0.72\ N.m[/tex]
b) The maximum speed occurs when the terminal voltage and back emf are equal to each other i.e.
[tex]V_t=e_b=k_v\omega\\\\\omega=\frac{V_t}{k_v}=\frac{24}{0.12} =200\ rad/s[/tex]
c) The load torque is given as:
[tex]T_L=0.0125\Omega\\\\The\ motor\ torque \ is:\\\\T=k_t(\frac{V_t-k_v\omega}{R_a} )\\\\but\ T = T_L,hence:\\\\0.0125\omega=0.075(\frac{24-0.12\omega}{2.5} )\\\\0.03125\omega=1.8-0.009\omega\\\\0.04025\omega=1.8\\\\\omega=44.72\ rad/sec\\\\N=\frac{60\omega}{2\pi} =\frac{60*44.72}{2\pi} =427\ rpm[/tex]
What are the 3 common ladder materials?
Answer:
Aluminium, Timber, Fibreglass
Explanation:
Most ladders are made of aluminium to have resistance against oxidisation and avoid rust; aluminium also doesnt spark either and is non magnetic. Some ladders are made out of timber like Douglas Fir, Oak, and Hickory. Some ladders are made out of fibreglass because it is strong and sturdy. They are also very to carry and are electrically resistant and heat tolerant.
A compressible fluid flows through a compressor that increases the density from 1 kg/m3 to 5 kg/m3. The cross-sectional area of the inlet pipe is 3 m2 and that of the discharge pipe is 1 m2. The relation between the discharge volume flow rate and the inlet volume flow rate is
Answer:
The relation between the discharge volume flow rate and the inlet volume flow rate is [tex]\frac{1}{5}[/tex].
Explanation:
No matter if fluid is compressible or not, mass throughout compressor, a device that works at steady state, must be conserved according to Principle of Mass Conservation:
[tex]\dot m_{in}-\dot m_{out} = 0[/tex] (Eq. 1)
Where [tex]\dot m_{in}[/tex] and [tex]\dot m_{out}[/tex] are mass flows at inlet and outlet, measured in kilograms per second.
After applying Dimensional analysis, we expand the equation above as follows:
[tex]\rho_{in}\cdot \dot V_{in} - \rho_{out}\cdot \dot V_{out} = 0[/tex] (Eq. 2)
Where:
[tex]\rho_{in}[/tex], [tex]\rho_{out}[/tex] - Fluid densities at inlet and outlet, measured in kilograms per cubic meter.
[tex]\dot V_{in}[/tex], [tex]\dot V_{out}[/tex] - Volume flow rates at inlet and outlet, measured in cubic meters per second.
After some algebraic handling, we find the following relationship:
[tex]\rho_{out}\cdot \dot V_{out} = \rho_{in}\cdot \dot V_{in}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{\dot V_{out}}{V_{in}} = \frac{\rho_{in}}{\rho_{out}}[/tex] (Eq. 3)
If we know that [tex]\rho_{in} = 1\,\frac{kg}{m^{3}}[/tex] and [tex]\rho_{out} = 5\,\frac{kg}{m^{3}}[/tex], then the relation between the discharge volume flow rate and the inlet volume flow rate is:
[tex]\frac{\dot V_{out}}{\dot V_{in}} = \frac{1\,\frac{kg}{m^{2}} }{5\,\frac{kg}{m^{3}} }[/tex]
[tex]\frac{\dot V_{out}}{\dot V_{in}} = \frac{1}{5}[/tex]
The relation between the discharge volume flow rate and the inlet volume flow rate is [tex]\frac{1}{5}[/tex].
what is the impact of colloidal particles in water
Answer:
Colloids are very low diameter particles which are responsible for the turbidity or the color of surface water. Because of their very low sedimentation speed the best way to eliminate them is the coagulation-flocculation processes.
could you put your sparkplug in the steering wheel and it still works
A. no
B. yes
C. do not care
D. it really doesn't matter
Answer:
a
Explanation:
Given int variables k and total that have already been declared, use a do...while loop to compute the sum of the squares of the first 50 counting numbers, and store this value in total. Thus your code should put 1*1 + 2*2 + 3*3 +... + 49*49 + 50*50 into total. Use no variables other than k and total.
Answer:
k-1000
Explanation:
Answer:
k = 1;
total = 0;
do {
total = total + (k*k);
k++;
} while (k <= 50);
Explanation:
answer using Java
Estimate the chronic daily intake of toluene from exposure to a city water supply that contains a toluene concentration equal to the drinking water standard of 1 mg · L−1. Assume the exposed individual is an adult female who consumes water at the adult rate for 70 years, that she abhors swimming, and that she takes a long (20 minute) bath every day. Assume that the average air concentration of toluene during the bath is 1 µg · m−3. Assume the dermal uptake from water (PC) is 9.0 × 10−6 m · h−1 and that direct dermal absorption during bathing is no more than 80% of the available toluene because she is not completely submerged. Use the EPA lifetime exposure of 75 years.
Answer: the total chronic daily intake is 0.03296 mg/ kg.d
Explanation:
First of we have to determine the CDI due to ingestion of drinking water
so
CDI = (C x IR x EF x ED) / (BW x AT) let leave this as equation 1
where C is the concentration of the life time risk of drinking water(1.0mg/L)
ED is the risk dying per year((70),
EF is the number of days per year(365 day/year)
BW is the weight of body(65.4)kg
AT is the average tenure time of life(75years)
IR = 2.3 L/days
so we substitute
CDI₁ = (1(mg/L) x 2.3(L/day) x 365 x 70) / (65.4 x 365 x 75)
= 3.29 x 10⁻² mg/kg.d
next we determine the CDI due to dermal contact with water.
find the ingestion rate which is equal to the exposure time in hour/day.
IR = ET
(20 min/day) / (60 min/hour)
= 0.333 h/day
now lets substitute for CD1₂
1.0 mg/L for C , 0.333 h/day for m , 365 day/year for EF, 70 year for ED, 65.4 kg for Bw , and 75 year for AT
0.8 for submergence and 1.69m² for area of skin of adult female in our equation 1
CDI₂ = [(1 mg/1) × (1.69 m²) × (9.0 x 10⁻⁶(m/h)) × 0.333(h/day) x 365 x 70)) / (65.4 x 365 x 75)] × ( 0.8 x 10³ L/m³)
CDI₂ = 5.41 x 10⁻⁵ mg/kg.d
now we find the CDI due to inhalation during bath
we substitute 1.0 mg/L for C, 11.3m³/day for IR , 365 day/year for EF , 70 year for ED. 65.4 kg for BW , and 75 year for AT in our equation 1
CDI₃ = [( 1ug/m³ × 1mg/10³ug) x (11.3m³/day x 1day/24 hr) x 365 x 70)] / (65.4 kg x 365 x 75 )
= 6.71 x 10⁻⁶ mg/kg.d
finally we Calculate the total chronic daily intake value
CDI_total = CDI₁ + CDI₂ + CDI₃
we substitute
CDI_total = 3.29 x 10⁻² + 5.41 x 10⁻⁵ + 6.71 x 10⁻⁶
= 0.03296 mg/kg.d
so the total chronic daily intake is 0.03296 mg/ kg.d
Will give correct answer brainliest!!
Fill in the blank.
_________ are engineers who help to develop products and projects by creating technical drawings
Answer:
Design engineer
Explanation: