Answer:
the surplus of food allowed people to take on new jobs.
Explanation:
what was/were the requirement(s) of sankin kotai? group of answer choices wives of every daimyo lived every other year in edo. every daimyo lived permanently in edo. heirs of every daimyo lived permanently in edo. every daimyo lived every other year in edo. heirs of every daimyo lived every other year in edo. wives of every daimyo lived permanently in edo.
The requirement of sankin kotai was that every daimyo had to live every other year permanently in Edo with their wives and heirs.
The requirement of sankin kotai was that every daimyo lived every other year in Edo. This system aimed to maintain control over the daimyos and prevent any potential uprising. The sankin kotaisystem required the daimyoin to go to and maintain estates in Edo, which used up a significant portion of their revenue. This placed a heavy financial strain on them. However, the system's implementation led to a significant amount of political and cultural homogeneity over all of Japan. The custom originally got its start unofficially during the Toyotomi Hideyoshi era (1585–1598), but Tokugawa Iemitsu codified it into law in 1635. Actually, the tozama or "outside" daimyo were the only ones to whom the first sankin-kotai law applied. This arrangement mandated that daimyo spend alternate years in their home provinces and in Edo, the Tokugawa government's capital.
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Since the drafting of the Constitution, both the executive branch and Congress have managed to expand their powers. Which power is often cited as an example of Congress exerting too much power over states' rights?
A: the amendment prohibiting the sale of alcohol
B: Congress's control over international tariffs
C: the amendment requiring Congress to maintain a standing army
D: congressional regulation of interstate commerce
The most commonly cited example of Congress exerting too much power over states' rights is the regulation of interstate commerce.
The correct option is D.
This power is granted to Congress under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, which gives Congress the ability to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes."
This power has been used to pass a wide variety of laws, such as the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Civil Rights Act, that have been seen as overreaching and infringing on the power of the states. By regulating interstate commerce, Congress has been able to pass laws that may conflict with the laws of individual states, thus limiting the autonomy of the states in certain areas.
The correct option is D.
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What happened to African American slaves of Loyalists after they fought in the American Revolution? (2 points)
Became doctors
Ran for political office
Started schools for slave children
Were reclaimed by their owners
How have we used resistance to live up to our ideal
freedom, equality and democracy ?
Answer:
hm
Explanation:
Resistance has been a powerful tool for people and groups to fight for and uphold the ideals of freedom, equality, and democracy. Here are a few examples:
1. The Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and their allies in the United States used nonviolent resistance, civil disobedience, and other tactics to fight against segregation, discrimination, and voter suppression. The movement led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which significantly expanded the freedoms and rights of African Americans.
2. Women's Suffrage: Women fought for their right to vote and be treated equally to men through resistance tactics such as picketing, hunger strikes, and civil disobedience. The 19th Amendment to the US Constitution, which granted women the right to vote, was ratified in 1920.
3. LGBTQ+ Rights: Members of the LGBTQ+ community have used resistance tactics such as protests, direct action, and legal challenges to fight against discrimination and advocate for equality. These efforts have led to significant gains in recent decades, including the legalization of same-sex marriage in many countries.
4. Environmentalism: Environmental activists have used resistance tactics such as protests, sit-ins, and civil disobedience to advocate for conservation, sustainability, and climate justice. These efforts have led to the creation of environmental regulations and protections, and increased awareness of the need for action to address climate change.
In each of these examples, resistance has been used as a means to challenge existing power structures and push for change, leading to progress toward greater freedom, equality, and democracy.
Instances of united resistance to challenge oppressive governments, asserting the right to freedom, equality and democracy, have been present since the beginning of recorded history.
Throughout human history, oppressed populations have used a diverse range of tactics to resist their oppressors. These have ranged from peaceful protests and conversations to civil disobedience and armed revolt.'
Throughout history, resistance has been one of the most powerful tools utilized by groups striving for freedom, equality and democracy.
Examples of resistance include peaceful protest and civil disobedience, legal challenges, strikes and boycotts, and direct action. By engaging in collective acts of resistance, individuals can stand up for their rights and demand justice.
Additionally, resistance can be used to resist oppressive systems, particularly those that perpetuate inequality and injustice—by challenging oppressive laws, challenging unjust policies, and engaging in street protests and other forms of activism. Ultimately, through resistance, people can exercise their rights to freedom and justice, and fight for a fairer and more democratic society.
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the policy most favored by white westerners during the early 1800s was to *
Answer:
acquire the land occupied by Indian tribes and move the Indians west.
Explanation:
How did the Japanese Empire use war to advance their goals in the 1930s
In the 1930s, the Japanese Empire used war as a tool to advance their imperialistic goals and expand their influence in Asia. The Japanese government believed in the idea of "Asia for the Asians," and sought to establish a sphere of influence in East Asia to counter the domination of the Western powers.
president eisenhower did which of the following to social security during his presidency
The pension plan was the social security that was offered by President Eisenhower. Thus, option C is correct.
It gives an additional 10,000,000 Americans a chance to enrol in the pension plan and Survivors Insurance Programme, giving them the chance to build a strong foundation of financial security on behalf of themselves and their family.
Social Security offers a source of money for retirement or in the event of infirmity. Additionally, it might offer benefits to your surviving legal descendant was enabled by Eisenhower.
Therefore, option C is correct.
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The question is incomplete, Complete question probably will be:
Air defense
Environment
Pension plan
Water defense
The Founders of the United States wanted to establish a government based on the consent
of the governed, but they did not believe in democracy. How did they address this paradox
in the way that they structured the government of the United States? What possibly
unintended consequences have resulted from their institutional design choices?
Answer: Hi! Read the explanation below:
Brainliest?
Explanation:
The Founders of the United States did indeed want to establish a government based on the consent of the governed, but they were wary of direct democracy, which they saw as prone to the tyranny of the majority. To address this paradox, they designed a system of representative democracy that limited the power of the majority through a complex system of checks and balances.
The US government is divided into three branches - the legislative, executive, and judicial branches - each with its own set of powers and responsibilities. The legislative branch, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, is responsible for making laws. The executive branch, headed by the President, is responsible for enforcing laws, while the judicial branch, headed by the Supreme Court, is responsible for interpreting laws and determining their constitutionality.
The Founders also designed the Constitution to limit the power of the federal government and protect the rights of individuals and states. They established a system of federalism, where powers are divided between the federal government and the states, and created a Bill of Rights to protect individual freedoms such as freedom of speech and religion.
However, unintended consequences have resulted from these institutional design choices. One consequence is the gridlock and inefficiency that can occur when the branches of government are unable to cooperate and compromise. Another consequence is the tension that can arise between the federal government and the states, as each seeks to assert its own power and authority.
Furthermore, some argue that the design of the US government perpetuates inequalities and perpetuates the influence of the wealthy and powerful. For example, the Electoral College system can result in a candidate winning the presidency without winning the popular vote, as happened in the 2000 and 2016 elections. Additionally, some argue that the Supreme Court, with its unelected justices, wields too much power and is unaccountable to the people.
Overall, while the institutional design choices made by the Founders have helped to establish a stable and enduring democratic system, they have also led to unintended consequences and ongoing debates about the fairness and effectiveness of the US government.
Which of the following best describes Roosevelt’s leadership approach?
a. He was direct and decisive
b. He avoided conflict
c. He made promises he couldn’t keep
d. He was slow to suggest change
54
On the fourth day at sea, the
three friends sat on the deck. They
were doing homework. Suddenly, thunder
boomed. Rain pounded onto the deck. High
waves began to rock the ship. The friends hurried
indoors. They struggled to walk steadily.
At last the three reached Juan and Ted's cabin.
"Whew!" said Ted. "How could a storm come up
that fast?"
Juan smiled. He knew the answer! "A warm front
and a cold front came together," he said. "It was on
the weather map we studied earlier."
"Cool!" said Kim. "We get to live what we're
learning."
READ & RESPOND
"Our scienc
For the
laughing
learned a
Mom
have to.
going to
by Ping Copery
Figurative Languag
What examples of onomatopoeia do you see on this page? How do they help you
picture what is happening in the story?
The examples of onomatopoeia in the passage are "thunder boomed," and "rain pounded". These words create auditory imagery for the reader, helping them to imagine the loud and intense storm that the characters are experiencing.
What is an onomatopoeia?Is a figure of speech in which words are used to imitate or suggest the sounds that are associated with the objects or actions they refer to. In other words, it's a word that phonetically imitates the sound of the thing it describes. Examples of onomatopoeic words include "buzz," "clang," "sizzle," "murmur," "hiss," "crunch," "splash," and "thud."
Therefore, the use of onomatopoeia can add vividness, rhythm, and humor to language, and can help to create a more engaging sensory experience for the reader or listener.
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Write Short Response Paragraph 6 of the passage states, "By 1937, the unemployment rate had fallen to about 14 percent." Define the phrase unemployment rate. Support your definition with at least one context clue from the passage.
I can understand what the phrase "unemployment rate" means thanks to the context clues "25% of Americans were jobless" and "nearly 8 million Americans still did not have jobs." The percentage of workers without jobs is most commonly meant by the term "unemployment rate."
What si unemployment rate?In the United States, the unemployment rate ranged from a record high of 14.70 percent in April 2020 to a record low of 2.50 percent in May 1953. From 1948 to 2023, it averaged 5.73 percent, with the highest rate ever being that month. When expressed as a proportion of the labour force, the unemployment rate shows how many individuals are unemployed. (the labor force is the sum of the employed and unemployed). By multiplying (Unemployed Labor Force) by 100, one may find the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate for any area is calculated by dividing the total number of area residents who are employed by the number of area inhabitants who are unemployed and actively seeking employment.To learn more about unemployment rate, refer to:
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Which was an effect of the Emancipación Proclamation on the course of the Civil War?
Answer:
Emancipation would redefine the Civil War, turning it from a struggle to preserve the Union to one focused on ending slavery
Explanation:
which statement correctly matches the person with the role he played during the vietnam war? responses
Lyndon B. Johnson was the U.S. President who escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War, and General William Westmoreland was the commander of U.S. forces during the conflict.
John McCain was a Navy pilot who served in the Vietnam War. Military service of John McCain, From Navy Brat to POW. He was a distinguished, if occasionally careless, fighter pilot who made nearly twenty bombing sorties in Vietnam before being shot down, taken prisoner, and subjected to torture. John Sidney McCain III, an American Navy lieutenant and future senator, in the early 1960s. On August 29, 1936, John Sidney McCain III was born at Coco Solo, close to Colón, in the Panama Canal Zone. His father and grandpa both served in the navy and were U.S. Naval Academy graduates. These two great individuals formed and impacted John III's whole naval career.
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Roosevelt's Four Freedoms Speech: Summary & Analysis - Quiz & WorksheetRoosevelt's Four Freedoms speech was meant to help reassure Americans that the nation needed to take a larger role in which conflict?a. World War Ib. World War IIc. The Vietnam Ward. The Cold War
Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech was delivered on January 6, 1941, and was meant to prepare Americans for the possibility of the nation's entry into World War II.
In the speech, Roosevelt outlined his vision for a world founded on four essential freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. He argued that these freedoms were not only fundamental human rights but also essential to the survival and prosperity of democratic societies. By emphasizing the importance of these freedoms, Roosevelt hoped to rally public support for the war effort and reassure Americans that their sacrifices would be justified by a better future for themselves and for the world. The speech has since become one of the most famous and influential speeches in American history, and its legacy can still be seen in modern discussions of human rights, democracy, and international relations.
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Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech was meant to help reassure Americans that the nation needed to take a larger role in World War II. The correct answer is B-World War II.
Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech was delivered in 1941 during World War II. The speech outlined four basic freedoms that people should enjoy, including freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. The speech was intended to rally Americans behind the war effort and to remind them of the values that the country was fighting for.
At the time, the United States had not yet entered the war, but Roosevelt was aware of the growing threat posed by Nazi Germany and wanted to prepare the nation for the possibility of war. He argued that the United States had a responsibility to defend these four freedoms not only at home but also around the world.
The speech was well-received by the American public and helped to build support for the war effort. It also served as an important statement of American values and ideals that would shape the country's foreign policy in the post-war years. Overall, Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech was a powerful call to action that helped to galvanize the nation during one of its darkest hours.
Therefore, option -b. World War II is correct.
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18. Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth
century. His travels serve as evidence for the
A unifying influence of Islam
B
excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia
political unity of Africa and Asia
D
widespread use of paper money
Ibn Battuta's travels in the fourteenth century were significant in providing evidence for the unifying influence of Islam. The correct option is A.
During his extensive travels, he encountered people of diverse cultures, languages, and beliefs, yet found that their shared faith in Islam provided a common ground for interaction and exchange.
This is particularly evident in his accounts of his travels to various Muslim societies, such as in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, where he was able to integrate into local communities and find acceptance among fellow Muslims.
His accounts also highlight the spread of Islamic culture, ideas, and practices across different regions, as well as the role of Islamic institutions, such as mosques and madrasas, in promoting education and scholarship.
Overall, Ibn Battuta's travels demonstrate the significance of Islam in shaping and connecting the diverse societies he encountered, and its role as a unifying force in the medieval world.
The correct option is A.
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barrels for wine storage were invented by the . group of answer choices gaels greeks romans egyptians
Answer:
Gauls
Explanation:
13. The newspaper headline on the left describes an event that took place in the
Middle East.
Which course of action did the United States take in response to this
international incident?
A. It refused to give Iraq any additional humanitarian aid.
B. It launched an invasion of Iraq to topple dictator Saddam Hussein.
C. It organized a military alliance that forced the Iraqis out of Kuwait.
D. It seized the staff of the Iraqi Embassy in Washington, D.C., as hostages.
The course of action that was taken is that : It launched an invasion of Iraq to topple dictator Saddam Hussein.
Why did the US topple Saddam Hussein?The reasons behind the US decision to topple Saddam Hussein, the former President of Iraq, are complex and multifaceted. There were several stated reasons, including:
WMDs: The US claimed that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and that he was a threat to global security. However, after the invasion, no evidence of WMDs was found.
Terrorism: The US also claimed that Saddam Hussein had links to terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda, and that he supported and sponsored terrorism.
Human Rights: The US and its allies accused Saddam Hussein of committing human rights abuses against his own people, including mass killings, torture, and other atrocities.
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the strike tactic used by general motors employees in 1937 would later be used in alexandria, virginia where a group of young black me did the same in ______________________________.
The strike tactic used by General Motors employees in 1937 is known as the sit-down strike, which involves workers occupying their workplace to protest and demand better working conditions, higher wages, or other grievances.
This tactic proved to be successful in securing workers' rights, and it inspired other groups to follow suit.In 1939, a group of young black men in Alexandria, Virginia, organized a sit-in strike at the segregated Alexandria Library to protest against racial segregation and discrimination. The strike lasted for several months and gained national attention, leading to changes in the library's policies and the desegregation of public libraries in Alexandria.This sit-in strike in Alexandria was one of the earliest examples of the civil rights movement in the United States, and it demonstrated the power of peaceful protests and civil disobedience in effecting change. The tactics used by these young men were later adopted by other civil rights activists, including the famous sit-ins at Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960.
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what accounts for teh differences in the way that industriaslizationn affected britain, the us, russia and latin america
Answer:
The way that industrialization affected Britain, the US, Russia, and Latin America can be attributed to a variety of factors, including:
Timing: The timing of industrialization varied across these regions, with Britain and the US experiencing early industrialization in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, while Russia and Latin America experienced industrialization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This meant that the economic, social, and political conditions surrounding industrialization were different in each region.Natural resources: The availability of natural resources played a significant role in the way that industrialization affected these regions. Britain and the US had abundant supplies of coal and iron, which were essential for industrialization, while Russia and Latin America had different resources, such as oil, timber, and minerals.Political and social structures: The political and social structures of these regions also varied, with Britain and the US having more stable political and social systems that were conducive to industrialization, while Russia and Latin America experienced political instability and social upheaval that often hindered industrialization.Access to markets: The ability to access markets for goods and capital was also an important factor in the way that industrialization affected these regions. Britain and the US were able to access global markets early on, while Russia and Latin America faced more barriers to trade and investment.Colonialism and imperialism: The impact of colonialism and imperialism was another factor that contributed to differences in the way that industrialization affected these regions. Britain and the US were both colonial powers that were able to extract resources from their colonies to fuel industrialization, while Russia and Latin America were often exploited by foreign powers for their resources.Overall, the differences in the way that industrialization affected Britain, the US, Russia, and Latin America can be attributed to a complex interplay of factors, including timing, natural resources, political and social structures, access to markets, and colonialism and imperialism.
'none of the flyers knew the point of wearing these dark glasses'. why had they been instructed to wear them during an atomic bomb exploded
Answer:
They provided protection when an atomic bomb exploded
Explanation:
The debris can cause eye damage,maybe that's why.I'm not sure really
Which example illustrates a state regulation?
a. providing overtime pay to hourly employees
b. providing unemployment insurance for employees
c. providing health care coverage for employees
d. providing raises and bonuses to employees
providing raises and bonuses to employees
It is option d) providing raises and bonuses to employees is not typically a state regulation, but rather decision made by individual employers.
What is a regulation?Regulation refers to the rules, laws, and policies implemented by governments and other governing bodies to oversee and control various aspects of society. The main goal of regulation is to ensure public safety, protect consumers, and promote fair competition in various industries. Regulations may cover a wide range of areas, including finance, health and safety, environmental protection, labor standards, and more. They can take various forms, such as licensing requirements, quality standards, and reporting obligations. The specific requirements and scope of regulations may vary depending on the industry or sector being regulated, as well as the political and social context in which they are implemented.
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congress rejects american membership in the league of nations the kellogg-briand pact of 1928 the neutrality acts of 1936-37 charles lindbergh and the america first committee which would make the best title for a research paper about these topics?
"The Isolationist Policies of the United States in the Interwar Period: Examining Congress' Rejection of the League of Nations, Kellogg-Briand Pact, Neutrality Acts, and the America First Committee." is an apt title for this research paper.
A foreign policy stance known as isolationism emphasizes a country's independence and lack of participation in international events, especially in military alliances and conflicts. Following the destruction of World War I, many Americans in the interwar era thought that the United States should concentrate on home matters and stay out of foreign conflicts.
Isolationist views were prevalent in the US during this time, as seen by the Neutrality Acts of 1936–1937, the Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928, and the rejection of American inclusion in the League of Nations. After World War I, the League of Nations was established to foster international cooperation and avert future conflicts; however, the United States Congress refused to join the group out of worry over losing authority over foreign policy choices.
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What led to the creation of the first large factories?
options:
the demand for agricultural products
the demand for cars made on an assembly line
the demand for large amounts of cloth products
Answer:
the demand for large amounts of cloth products
Explanation:
How do the prisoners quoted in this reading describe the process of killing at Auschwitz? Who was involved in the killing? Why do you think the Nazis forced other prisoners (the Sonderkommandos) to assist in the murders? Why were Sonderkommandos killed and replaced every few months?
Auschwitz was network of concentration and extermination camps established by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II.
What is extermination?Extermination refers to the deliberate and systematic killing of a particular group, species, or population, often with the intention of completely eradicating it. This can include acts such as genocide, where a specific ethnic or religious group is targeted for elimination, or the extermination of a particular species, often due to human activities such as deforestation or hunting. The term can also be used to describe the intentional killing of pests, such as insects or rodents, in order to control their populations. Extermination is a controversial and often morally charged concept, with many arguing that it is never justified to intentionally wipe out an entire group or species.
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Which factors forced many forest dewellers
There are a variety of factors that have forced many forest dwellers to migrate.
One of the main reasons for this is the increasing pressure on forests due to population growth. This has led to deforestation and the destruction of many natural habitats, which has caused many forest dwellers to lose their homes. In addition, the introduction of commercial logging has also had a detrimental effect on the forests, with reduced resources and decreased biodiversity.
Furthermore, many forest dwellers have been displaced by large-scale infrastructure projects, such as dams and roads. Climate change has also had an impact, with irregular rainfall, rising temperatures and increasing drought making it difficult for many forest dwellers to survive. Finally, the spread of disease and the increased risk of exploitation has also forced many to migrate.
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The Question-
Which factors forced many forest dwellers to migrate?
1. what country is located of 30° N latitude and 60° E longitude?
2. what county is located of 22° N latitude and 105° W longitude?
3. what county is located of 30° S latitude and 30° E longitude?
4. what county is located of 0° latitude and 15° W longitude?
5. what county is located of 5° N latitude and 75° W longitude?
Drag the tiles to the correct boxes to complete the pairs.
Match the individuals with the correct descriptions.
Tiles
Jacobo Arbenz
Pairs
Fulgencio Batista
Fidel Castro
communist leader of Cuba from 1959 onward
Socialist leader of Guatemala in the 1950s
Soviet premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis
anti-communist leader who ruled Cuba from 1952 to 1959
Nikita Khrushchev
1000
• Jacobo Arbenz - Socialist leader of Guatemala in the 1950s
• Fulgencio Batista - Anti-communist leader who ruled Cuba from 1952 to 1959
• Fidel Castro - Communist leader of Cuba from 1959 onward
• Nikita Khrushchev - Soviet premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis
Jacobo Arbenz was a socialist leader who served as the President of Guatemala in the 1950s. He implemented agrarian reforms that aimed to distribute land to peasants, which led to tensions with the United States government.
Fulgencio Batista ruled Cuba from 1952 to 1959. He initially came to power through a military coup. Batista's government was overthrown by Fidel Castro's communist revolution in 1959.
Fidel Castro was a communist leader from Cuba. His government nationalized industries and land, leading to tensions with the U.S. government. Castro's regime was in power for over five decades.
Nikita Khrushchev was the Soviet premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. Khrushchev's leadership was marked by a thawing of Soviet relations with the West, known as the "Khrushchev Thaw."
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according to kennan what would happen if the united states continued to make concessions to soviet expansion?
The containment theory was developed by George F. Kennan, who argued that while the US should "contain" Soviet expansionism, it should not use or even threaten to use force to overthrow the communist government.
What was Kennan's recommendation for the US to counter Soviet expansion?In Kennan's article, it was suggested that the United States should confront the Soviet Union and its communist allies whenever and whenever they presented a threat to their ability to wield power.
What steps should the United States take to counter Soviet influence abroad, according to Kennan?Kennan developed the containment strategy for the USSR during President Harry Truman's post-World War II administration. a military tactic to prevent an opponent from spreading. It is most famous for being the Cold War strategy used by the United States and its allies to stop communism from spreading.
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what does the US constitution begin with?
Answer: the constitution begins with the preamble
Explanation: "We the People of the United States"
the two requirements for a successful 42 u.s.c. section 1983 lawsuit are
For a successful 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit, the plaintiff must prove that a state actor violated their federally protected rights.
To successfully bring a 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit, you must meet two key requirements:
1. The alleged violation must involve a person acting "under color of state law." This means that the defendant must be a state actor or someone working on behalf of a government entity, such as a police officer or a public school official.
2. The alleged conduct must have violated the plaintiff's rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or federal laws. In other words, there must be a clear violation of the plaintiff's civil rights as protected by federal law or the U.S. Constitution.
In summary, for a successful 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit, the plaintiff must prove that a state actor violated their federally protected rights.
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A successful 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit requires the plaintiff to demonstrate (1) a violation of their constitutional or federal rights by a defendant acting under color of state law, and (2) a direct causal connection between the defendant's actions and the harm experienced.
A successful 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit has two main requirements. First, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant, acting under "color of state law," violated their constitutional or federal rights. This means that the defendant, usually a state or local government official or employee, exercised their authority in a way that infringed upon the plaintiff's federally protected rights.
Second, the plaintiff must show a direct causal link between the defendant's actions and the alleged violation. In other words, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant's conduct was the primary cause of the harm suffered. Establishing this causation is essential to successfully pursuing a Section 1983 lawsuit.
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