In addition to its role in spinal reflex activity, the spinal cord also contains sensory and motor tracts traveling to and from higher nervous centers.
What part of the spinal cord is involved in reflex action?The spinal cord recognises the impulse and immediately produces a reaction. When reflex actions occur, an instantaneous response is required. The spinal nerves regulate the many regions of the body's reflexes.
The head has to be stabilised by two reflexes. The cervicalocollic reflex and the vestibulocollic reflex control how the neck muscles contract in response to vestibular input and stretch receptors, respectively.
It ties your brain and lower back together. Your spinal cord relays nerve messages back and forth from your brain to your body. You can experience feelings and move your body thanks to these nerve transmissions.
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Although pus is often seen simply as a sign of infection, it is also an indicator of immune defenses in action. Explain.
Pus shows an active and at least partially successful inflammatory response against invasive pathogens since pus contains WBCs, fluid, and cell debris.
What causes inflammatory?Pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Effects of chemicals or radiation. External injuries such as scratches or injury from external objects (such as a thorn in your finger).
What are the most prevalent inflammatory diseases?A few prevalent inflammatory illnessesFat in the liver. Poor diet, which can produce an inflammatory response, can lead to fatty liver disease.Endometriosis.Diabetes mellitus type 2Diabetes mellitus type 1IBD, or inflammatory bowel diseaseAsthma.Arthritis rheumatica.Obesity.To know more about Inflammatory visit:
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One study of 781 men and women age 21 found a clear relationship between elevated blood levels of ________ (which correspond to lower brain levels of the chemical) and violence in men.
One study of 781 men and women age 21 found a clear relationship between elevated blood levels of serotonin (which correspond to lower brain levels of the chemical) and violence in men.
Serotonin is a chemical works as a messenger between the body and the brain. It has an important role in the functions like digestion, sleep, mood, wound healing, blood clotting, nausea and sexual desire.
It is also said to be associated with top to bottom neurobiological cycles associated with aggression. Individuals with elevated level of serotonin in the blood are said to be more prone to aggression and violence in men.
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An action potential is an all-or-none event. This on/off signaling is an evolutionary adaptation of animals that must sense and act in a complex environment. It is possible to imagine a nervous system in which the action potentials are graded, with the amplitude depending on the size of the stimulus. What evolutionary advantage might on/off signaling have over a graded (continuously variable) kind of signaling?
The action potential is produced and the nerve impulse propagates to the following neuron if the membrane potential surpasses the threshold level.
What is evolutionary advantage might on/off signaling?Action potential or nerve impulse generation is an all or nothing reaction in this. The interior of the nerve cell is negatively charged.
The cell is polarized, and there are significant amounts of due positive ions present when the cell is at rest.
If the stimulus falls short of the threshold, the membrane potential levels off, and no impulse is produced.
If the stimulus falls short of the threshold, the membrane potential levels off, and no impulse is produced.
Therefore, evolutionary advantage might on/off signaling have over a graded (continuously variable) kind of signaling.
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Sensory input from muscles and organs are sent to ____ whereas sensation one gets from holding a cup of hot coffee is sent to _____.
Sensory input from muscles and organs are sent to cerebellum whereas sensation one gets from holding a cup of hot coffee is sent to somatosensory cortex.
The brain is a complex organ that has various important roles to play in the maintenance of the body. One such role is to identify a stimulus and generate a response.
The cerebellum is the part of the brain that is involved in muscle control, ocular reflexes, motor coordination, maintaining balance etc. Hence, sensory input from muscles and organs will be sent to the cerebellum part of the brain.
As the name suggests, the somatosensory cortex part of the brain is the region that is involved in the maintenance of sensory information. As holding a cup requires touching sensations hence somatosensory cortex part of the brain will be involved in such an action.
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The slopes of the flying and swimming lines are very similar. Based on your answer to question 2 , if the energy cost of a 2 -g swimming animal is 1.2 cal/ kg . m , what is the estimated energy cost of a 2-kg swimming animal?
Estimated energy cost of a 2-kg swimming animal will be 1200cal/kg
Estimated cost = 1.2cal/ kg x 2 kg/2 -g
Estimated cost = 1200cal/kg
What Energy is used in swimming ?Potential energy is present in the muscles that will propel you ahead at the beginning, and kinetic energy is present in your movement through the water. You eventually come to a stop as the water uses up all the energy. Heat is created by the energy.
The occurrence of many mechanisms for energy recycling in the muscle cells during exercise underlies the significance of energy zones in swimming. Non-aerobic metabolism (creatine phosphate), anaerobic metabolism (anaerobic glycolysis), and aerobic metabolism are the three basic mechanisms for energy recycling.Learn more about Swimming here:
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Learning is defined as a change in behavior as a result of experience. In a short essay (100-150 words), describe the role of heritable information in the acquisition of learning, using some examples from imprinting and associative learning.
Learning is the process by which an organism's experience results in a behavioral adaptation.
Behavior of the organism is the environmental component that causes specific alteration.The structure of the nervous system makes learning possible, and each creature has a unique capacity for learning. Imprinting is a sort of learning that fosters species identification. For instance, after hatching, ducks or geese start the process of imprinting. They observe their mother to learn how to swim and get food. It can be learned or it might be innate.A sensitive period is the time when an organism is being imprinted by its adults. But some habits are ingrained; children inherit them from their parents.The kind of learning that comes through experience is known as associative learning. It is not passed on from parents. Associative learning includes, for instance, learning to ride a bike. Bicycle riding skills are not handed down to the next generation.Similar to this, if someone develops an allergy to a certain food, they may come to identify that food with allergies and stop eating it.Every person engages in associative learning on a regular basis when they interact with their environment. The ability to learn, however, may vary amongst species.Learn more about the Associative learning with the help of the given link:
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If any of the traits that mendel worked with were linked genes, his dihybrid crosses would have?
If any of the traits that Mendel worked with were linked genes, his dihybrid crosses would have NOT yielded the phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1.
What are linked genes?Linked genes are genes found in the same chromosomes, which produce a distortion of the law of segregation proposed by Mendel due they may be inherited as a unit.
In conclusion, If any of the traits that Mendel worked with were linked genes, his dihybrid crosses would have NOT yielded the phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1.
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Person who proposed evolution as a scientific theory was
Answer:
Charles Darwin
Explanation:
Answer:The answer is Charles Darwin
Explanation:Please give brainliest if right.
The surface indentation that separates the atria from the ventricles is known as the?
Atrioventricular septum is the surface indentation that separates the atria from the ventricles.
What is an atrioventricular septum?The interatrial and interventricular septal cross the atrioventricular annular plane and merge with the septum tricuspid and anterior mitral leaflet attachment at the septal atrioventricular junction, which is a critical region of the heart.
The tricuspid and mitral valves seem cruciate on a four-chamber view when both septa are converging, earning the term crux of the heart, cardiac crux, or crux cordis.
The atrioventricular septum, a septal component dividing the atria from the left ventricle, is a distinctive anatomic characteristic of the atrioventricular junction.
Therefore, the atrioventricular septum is the indentation that separates the atria from the ventricles.
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When an action potential reaches a nerve terminal, what type of voltage-gated channels are opened and result in the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the cell membrane?
When an action potential reaches a nerve terminal Ca 2+-channels open and result in the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the cell membrane.
What happens when an action potential reaches the nerve terminal ?Neurons communicate with one another via synapses. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, neurotransmitter is released from the neuron into the synaptic cleft, which is a gap of 20-40nm between the presynaptic axon terminal and the postsynaptic dendrite (often a spine).
Why do voltage-gated potassium channels open?K+ efflux is supported by voltage-gated potassium channels (KV), which open in response to membrane depolarization.
What happens to voltage-gated sodium channels at threshold?Depolarization opens more voltage-gated sodium channels at the threshold. This allows additional sodium to enter the cell, causing it to depolarize further and open even more voltage-gated sodium channels. This positive feedback loop causes the action potential to rise.
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a homozygous red-eyed female drosophila mates with a red-eyed male drosophila. what proportion of the female offspring will have white eyes?
Thus, 50% of male and female offspring are red and white eyed. In terms of genetics, being homozygous means having inherited the same alleles (versions) of a genomic marker from both biological parents. A person who possesses two identical copies of a genetic marker is said to be homozygous for that marker.
Both homozygous (two alleles for brown eyes) and heterozygous individuals can have brown eyes (one for brown and one for blue). Contrary to the recessive blue eye allele, this one is dominant. To have blue eyes, you must possess two identical blue eye alleles. Allele pairings are categorized using the terms homozygous and heterozygous.
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____ cells are involved in important human experiences, including memory, alzheimer's disease, pain, and certain psychological disorders.
glial cells are involved in important human experiences, including memory, Alzheimer's disease, pain, and certain psychological disorders.
Glial cells are a general term for a variety of glial cell types, such as microglial, astrocytes, and Schwann cells, each of which has a specific function in the body. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that are found in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. They provide physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication as well as nutrient and waste transport. Each variety of glial cells carries out particular tasks that maintain the brain operating.
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A white rabbit with dark ears sitting in the snow. during the winter, this species of hare has white fur, but in the summer, it has brown fur. what environmental change may have led to this hare's fur color? drought snow cover asteroid impact global warming
Answer:
The environmental change that may have led to this hare's fur coloration is snow cover.
Answer:
b
Explanation:
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How does an increase in the CO₂ concentration in the blood affect the pH of cerebrospinal fluid?
The rate of CO₂ diffusion into the cerebral fluid rises with the increase in the CO₂ content in the bloodstream. The formation of carbonic acid when CO₂ reacts with water lowers the pH of the cerebral fluid.
The breakdown of carbonic acid results in the release of hydrogen ions. The CSF fluid's pH rises as a result of the hydrogen ions. At the cellular level, carbon dioxide is released as a consequence of the metabolic process (glycolysis and citric acid cycle). It is expelled from the body by way of breathing out. The amount of carbon dioxide in the body is crucial for maintaining proper blood pH, internal respiration, and many other processes. Retention of carbon dioxide in the body leads to hypercapnia. There are three basic ways that the bloodstream carries the carbon dioxide from the peripheral tissues to the lungs. These are carbaminohemoglobin, bicarbonates, and dissolved gas.The tissues that encircle the neurological system contain cerebrospinal fluid (brain and spinal cord). This liquid flushes carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste from the brain.Due to the synthesis of carbolic acid at high CO₂ levels, the bloodstream's hydrogen ion concentration increases. Acidosis and a drop of pH are the outcomes. Thus, as blood carbon dioxide levels rise, the cerebrospinal fluid becomes more acidic.Learn more about the cerebrospinal fluid with the help of the given link:
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Scientists often use measures of "higher-order thinking" to assess intelligence in other animals. For example, birds are judged to have sophisticated thought processes because they can use tools and make use of abstract concepts. What problems do you see in defining intelligence in these ways?
Animals with higher intelligence have certain brain features that make them smarter. The neocortex is one of these, and it is necessary for complex cognition. Animals such as birds are less intelligent because they lack these structures..
Briefing:All mammals have a neocortex, albeit the neocortex's dimensions and structural makeup vary widely among mammalian taxa. The neocortex performs cognitive, perceptual, logical, and motor control activities.
Are there neocortex in birds?There is no neocortex in the tiny brains of birds, and they have different structures and connections than primates do. This should not come as a surprise considering that more nearly 200 million years ago, birds diverged from the evolutionary pathway that led to mammals, then to primates, and ultimately to humans.
How do birds manage to be so smart?Birds generally have brains that are larger than their heads. The tactile, as well as olfactory senses, as well as olfactory senses, are only fully realized in a small number of groups, but the auditory and visual senses are quite well developed in the majority of species. As well as calling and singing, birds also use visual cues to communicate.
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Differentiation requires __________ of particular genes to produce cell populations with __________ capabilities that form tissues.
Differentiation requires inactivation of particular genes to produce cell populations with limited capabilities that form tissues.
Differentiation is the process by which the stem cells that are dividing to form new cells become specialized to perform a particular function assigned to them.
It is important to produce the different variety of cells that are required for the functioning of the body.
Inactivation is a condition in which certain genes are shut down during embryo development so that the cells differentiates into a particular type of cell. It enables the developing cell to get accommodated with functioning of only certain types of proteins.
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What is the dependent and independent variable of children who learn to read before kindergarten more likely to attend college after high school
Dependent variable – children who will attend college after high school
Independent variable – children who learn to read before kindergarten
A variable might be the cause of a change in another variable, or it can be the force that produces the change. In experiments, these are referred to as dependent and independent variables, respectively.
Analytical health research frequently uses two distinct types of variables. It is anticipated that independent variables will have an impact on dependent variables. The term dependent variable refers to what happens as an outcome of the independent variable.
The definition is where dependent and independent variables diverge most.
In research, independent variables can be changed or controlled to observe how they affect other variables.
Other factors affect the dependent variable. It is the variable being measured or tested by the researcher.
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An enzyme that is catalyzing a reaction at the maximum rate is said to be ______.
An enzyme that is catalyzing a reaction at the maximum rate is said to be saturated.
An enzyme can be described as a biological catalyst that speeds up a reaction. Optimal conditions should be provided to an enzyme in order for it to work best.
The enzymes have a specific site, known as the active site, where a substrate fits in order to speed up a reaction.
As we keep on increasing the concentration of a substrate, more and more active sites of that particular enzyme get filled. At this point, the catalysis activity is at the maximum rate as there are no more active sites left. At this stage, we say that the enzyme is saturated. The rate of a reaction will be maximum when an enzyme is saturated.
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They eat and drink out of vessels of earth or glass, which make an agreeable appearance, though formed of brittle materials; while they make their chamber-pots and close-stools of gold and silver, and that not only in their public halls but in their private houses. of the same metals they likewise make chains and fetters for their slaves, to some of which, as a badge of infamy, they hang an earring of gold, and make others wear a chain or a coronet of the same metal; and thus they take care by all possible means to render gold and silver of no esteem . . . â€"utopia, thomas more which details develop the central idea by giving examples of ways the utopians make gold and silver less valuable? check all that apply. the utopians drink from glass cups. the utopians make chamber-pots out of gold. the utopians have public halls and private houses the utopians use gold to chain enslaved people. the utopians work hard to make gold and silver seem less valuable.
Answer:
B, and D
The Utopians make chamber-pots out of gold.
The Utopians use gold to chain enslaved people.
Explanation:
Answer:xB and D: The Utopians make chamber-pots out of gold.The Utopians use gold to chain enslaved people.
Explanation:I hope it helps 2023
How do the processes of
light-dependent and light-
independent reactions
helpthe cell conserve
energy and matter?
Answer:
Explanation:
The manner in which processes of light-dependent and light-independent reactions is it helps the cell to conserve both energy and matter is that the outputs of one reaction are used as the inputs of the other reaction.
In some animals, females select males as mates based on their ability to ward off infection as indicated by traits that the males possess. This is an example of ________.
In some animals, females select males as mates based on their ability to ward off infection as indicated by traits that the males possess. This is an example of honest signaling.
When females select males as mates based on their ability to ward off infection as indicated by traits that the male possess is considered signaling. Signaling theory is a corpus of theoretical work that studies communication between individuals, both within and between species, in evolutionary biology.
The key question is whether creatures with competing interests, such as those involved in sexual selection, can be expected to give honest signals instead of deceiving. Mathematical models explain how signaling might support an evolutionary approach that is stable.
Signals are delivered in situations like mate choice by females, which puts selective pressure on the signals of the advertising males. Signals change the behavior of the receiver in favor of the signaller, which causes them to develop. Signals can be honest, providing information that helps the recipient become more fit, or they might be dishonest. A person can lie by sending a deceptive signal.
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Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes? a. a distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns b. clear boundaries between adjacent biomes c. vegetation demonstrating vertical layering d. cold winter months
The characteristic of most terrestrial biomes are vegetation demonstrating vertical layering and cold winter months.
What is terrestrial biomes?A terrestrial biome is a region of land with a similar climate, plant and animal groups, and flora and fauna. Different terrestrial biomes are typically identified by their vegetation, which include trees, shrubs, and grasses.
The most important abiotic element influencing the spread of terrestrial biomes is climate. The growing season and soil quality are determined by climate, which includes temperature and precipitation. It is the single most important factor influencing the number and diversity of plants in terrestrial biomes.
Two characteristics determine a terrestrial biome?Biomes are large-scale habitats differentiated by distinct temperature ranges and precipitation levels. These two factors have an impact on the types of vegetation and animal life that can occur in certain places.
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Mice that experience stress such as a food shortage will sometimes abandon their young. Explain how this behavior might have evolved in the context of reproductive trade-offs and life history.
The animal's fitness may increase if it abandons its current young and survives to generate healthier young at a later time if a parent's survival is significantly damaged by having young during stressful circumstances.
Reproductive trade-offs :A condition known as an evolutionary trade-off occurs when evolution is unable to advance one component of a biological system without causing suffering to a different component.
Given the restricted quantity of resources available, a biological trade-off is typically thought of as a situation where an increase in the performance of one attribute results in a loss in the performance of another (energy, time, space, etc. )
Why does evolutionary trade-off happen ?When organisms develop adapted features for one purpose while doing less well in an unselected trait, genetic trade-offs emerge. Our research demonstrates that under different kinds of selection pressures, viruses frequently suffer evolutionary trade-offs.
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pelvic incidence: a fundamental pelvic parameter for three-dimensional regulation of spinal sagittal curves
In this work, the pelvic incidence is proposed as the primary anatomical criterion for controlling the spinal balance.
The sagittal characteristics of the pelvis and spine were examined in adult participants with normal and scoliotic curves. Statistical analysis was used to assess the relationship between pelvic orientation and spinal sagittal balance. Both normal and scoliotic participants showed a high correlation between the anatomical characteristic of pelvic incidence and the sacral slope, which heavily influences lumbar lordosis.This network of relationships between the pelvis and spine acquires a three-dimensional quality when the Cobb angle and apical vertebral rotation are taken into consideration. A predictive equation of lordosis is postulated. The primary axis of the spine's sagittal equilibrium appears to be the pelvic incidence. It regulates spinal curves in accordance with the other parameters' adaptability.To learn more about spinal sagittal curves visit:
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The contraction of muscle cells requires the chemical breakdown of atp into adp, which releases energy for the cell. what type of molecule lowers the activation energy required to start the breakdown of atp
Catalysts molecule lowers the activation energy required to start the breakdown of ATP.
Activation energy is the minimum quantity of strength that want to be supplied for compounds to result in a chemical response. The activation power of a reaction is measured in joules consistent with mole, kilojoules per mole or kilocalories consistent with mole. The deliver of activation strength is generally warmth, with reactant molecules soaking up thermal power from their surroundings.
Activation energy is the minimal strength required to motive a response to occur. To apprehend activation energy, we have to first don't forget how a chemical response takes place. everyone who has ever lit a hearth ought to have an intuitive know-how of the gadget, despite the fact that they have got now not linked it to chemistry.
The feature of activation energy in a chemical reaction is to start the response by means of using arranging the reactants appropriately and breaking their cutting-edge bonds. Activation energy is the strength had to begin a reaction and is needed in all chemical reactions.
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How does the shape of red blood cells best represent the relationship between structure and function? long, armlike extensions let blood cells transfer oxygen to the body. long, armlike extensions let blood cells transfer oxygen to the body. being expandable allows red blood cells to hold more oxygen. being expandable allows red blood cells to hold more oxygen. the round shape helps encourage clotting by plugging up vessels. the round shape helps encourage clotting by plugging up vessels. the smooth disc shape lets cells flow smoothly through veins and arteries.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
In what way does one activity described for prostaglandins resemble that of a pheromone?
The correct answer is Prostaglandins in semen that induce contractions in the uterus are aiding reproduction as signaling molecules that are transferred from one individual to another of the same species, like pheromones.
A class of lipids called prostaglandins is produced at the sites of injury or infection and is used to treat both disease and injury. They regulate functions like blood flow, blood clot formation, inflammation, and labor induction. Resources for Hormones Glossary of All Hormones.
The production of the inflammatory response is significantly influenced by prostaglandins. Their synthesis is noticeably increased in inflamed tissue, where they contribute to the emergence of the basic symptoms of acute inflammation.
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place each of the labels into the proper category in order to indicate whether they relate to anatomy or physiology.
The correct labeling is given below:
AnatomyStudy of formEach kidney contains approximately 6-10 pyramidsThe human heart is comprised of four chambersThe brachial artery gives rise to the ulnar and radial arteriesThe brain is composed of two hemispheresMitochondria are cellular organelles more numerous in active cellsThe major muscle located at the back of the upper arm has three heads or originsPhysiologyStudy of functionCellular energy requires the body's production of ATPGlucose (a form of simple carbohydrate) is a necessary fuel for the brainHeart cells are capable of contracting on their own because of autorhythmicityThe long-term acid-base balance of the body is controlled by the kidneysThe above labels all show the proper label which they fall under anatomy or physiology.
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Donald macleod of princeton theological seminary tells his seminarians that the maximum time for an effective sermon is?
Donald Macleod of Princeton theological seminary tells his seminarians that the maximum time for an effective sermon is 18 minutes.
Theology is the systematic observe of the character of the divine and, more substantially, of non secular belief. it is taught as an academic situation, generally in universities and seminaries. An instance of theology is the have a look at of God. An organized approach of interpreting non secular works and beliefs into practical shape. The have a look at of God, or a god, or gods, and the truthfulness of religion in widely known.
Theological research is lots more than the examine of a holy text similar to the Bible or the Quran. it's far the systematic have a examine of traditions, observation, and ideas of a specific religion's divine and religious truths. areas of focus may also moreover encompass.
Theology offers the opportunity to attention on the Christian faith in element, through the check of the Bible, the records of Christianity, its key thinkers and its influence on ethical debates and the moves of its believers.
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Wei is experimenting with using gene therapy to silence cancer genes. he hopes to at some point use his discoveries to treat human patients. which model organism should wei use?
The model organism that Wei should use to test the discovery of the experiment of using gene therapy to silence cancer genes is: Mus musculus.
Gene therapy is the technique that involves the treatment of disorders and diseases on the genetic level. It involves the correction of the faulty genes either by addition, substitution or any other possible method. Gene therapy is used to treat various inherited diseases.
Mus musculus is commonly known as the house mice. It is the most widely used model organism for testing various drugs and other experiments that are especially implemented for human benefits. It is the most used model organism because its almost 85 % genome matches with that of the humans.
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