There are 540 ways to assign the seven different jobs to four different employees, ensuring each employee gets at least one job and the most difficult job is assigned to the best employee.
To find the number of ways seven different jobs can be assigned to four different employees, ensuring that each employee gets at least one job and the most difficult job is assigned to the best employee, we can use combinatorics.
First, let's assign the most difficult job to the best employee, which leaves six jobs for the other three employees. Since each employee must be assigned at least one job, we can use the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion to find the number of ways to distribute the remaining six jobs.
There are [tex]3^{6}[/tex] ways to distribute the six jobs among the three employees without restrictions. However, this includes cases where one or more employees do not receive any jobs. To correct for this, we need to subtract the number of ways in which one or more employees do not get any jobs.
There are 3 ways to exclude one employee and [tex]2^{6}[/tex] ways to distribute the jobs among the remaining two employees. We've counted cases where two employees are excluded twice, so we need to add back the number of ways all six jobs are assigned to one employee (3 ways).
Using the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion, the number of ways to distribute the remaining six jobs to the three employees is:
[tex]3^{6} -3*(2^{6} )+3[/tex] =
729 - 192 + 3 = 540
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In many ways, a limited liability company can be thought of as a cross between a. a corporation and a franchise. b. a joint venture and a partnership. c. a corporation and a partnership d. a sole proprietorship and a social enterprise.
A limited liability company (LLC) can be thought of as a cross between a corporation and a partnership
LLC combines the limited liability protection of a corporation, where owners are not personally responsible for the company's debts and liabilities, with the pass-through taxation benefits and operational flexibility of a partnership.
A business arrangement where several people share ownership is a partnership. This can be one, two, or more people who decide they wish to start a business and proceed legally. A corporation is a separate entity with a distinct legal and financial framework.
Why are partnerships different from corporations?How the owners are kept apart from the firm is the key distinction between a corporation and a partnership. Contrary to corporations, which are distinct from their owners, partnerships allow owners to share in the risks and profits of the business. When two or more people want to run a business together, they create a partnership.
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all covenants not to compete are contrary to public policy and therefore illegal. true or false?
False. Covenants not to compete are not per se illegal.
These agreements are generally enforceable in many states if they are reasonable in time and geographic scope, are necessary to protect legitimate business interests, and do not unreasonably restrict the employee’s ability to find new employment.
Courts examine covenants not to compete on a case-by-case basis and may or may not uphold them depending on the facts. Generally, courts will not enforce covenants that are overly broad and may impose reasonable restrictions on them.
Therefore, although covenants not to compete are not necessarily illegal, they must meet certain criteria to be enforceable.
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Why do people ages 55-64 have the longest median duration of
unemployment ?
People aged 55-64 tend to have the longest median duration of unemployment due to several factors, including age discrimination, skill mismatch, and career transitions.
Age discrimination: Unfortunately, older job seekers may face age discrimination in the hiring process, which can prolong their unemployment. Employers might have biases against older workers, believing they are less adaptable to new technologies or not a good fit for a company's culture.
Skill mismatch: As industries and technologies evolve, the required skill sets for jobs change as well. Older workers may have outdated skills or lack the latest certifications, making it more difficult for them to secure employment. They may need to undergo retraining or upskilling to compete with younger job seekers.
Career transitions: People in the 55-64 age group might be at a stage in their lives where they are considering a career change, whether due to personal reasons or forced by market shifts. Changing careers can require additional time and effort, which can result in a longer period of unemployment. These factors contribute to the longer median duration of unemployment for people aged 55-64. However, it's important to note that each individual's situation is unique, and the reasons for unemployment can vary widely.
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as a manager, tariq has consistently demonstrated an appropriate amount of concern for both people and production. on the leadership grid, tariq's style would be classified as
Tariq's leadership style would likely be classified as "Team Management" on the Leadership Grid, also known as the Blake-Mouton Grid or Managerial Grid.
The Leadership Grid is a model that assesses leadership styles based on two dimensions: concern for people and concern for production. The concern for people dimension measures the leader's level of consideration, support, and respect for the needs and well-being of team members. The concern for production dimension measures the leader's focus on achieving tasks, goals, and results.
A leadership style that demonstrates an appropriate amount of concern for both people and production would fall into the Team Management style, which is characterized by high concern for both people and production. Leaders with this style strive to balance the needs of their team members with the goals and tasks at hand, aiming to achieve both high productivity and employee satisfaction. They emphasize teamwork, collaboration, and effective communication to achieve results while also valuing the well-being and development of their team members.
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An individual wishes to have a fixed portion of the portfolio liquidated each month. He or she should elect which type of withdrawal plan?
A. Fixed shares
B. Fixed period
C. Fixed percentage
D. Fixed dollar
If an individual wishes to have a fixed portion of their portfolio liquidated each month, they should elect a fixed dollar withdrawal plan. This type of withdrawal plan allows the individual to specify the exact amount they want to withdraw from their portfolio each month, regardless of any fluctuations in the portfolio's value. The correct option is d.
With a fixed dollar withdrawal plan, the individual can maintain a steady income stream and have greater control over their spending. This type of plan is particularly useful for retirees or individuals who are relying on their portfolio for income, as it allows them to budget and plan accordingly.
It's important to note that while a fixed dollar withdrawal plan can provide a steady income stream, it does come with some risks. If the portfolio experiences significant losses, the fixed dollar withdrawals may deplete the portfolio more quickly than anticipated. To mitigate this risk, individuals may want to consider setting a maximum withdrawal rate as a percentage of the portfolio value or adjusting the fixed dollar amount periodically based on the portfolio's performance.
Overall, a fixed dollar withdrawal plan can be a useful strategy for individuals who want a consistent income stream from their portfolio, but it's important to consider the risks and adjust the plan as necessary to ensure long-term sustainability.The correct option is d.
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The 30-day forward rate for the Yen is $0.01500, while thecurrent spot rate of the Yen is $0.01060. What is the annualizedforward premium of the Yen?
The annualized forward premium of the Yen is 41.51%.
To calculate the annualized forward premium, we first need to calculate the forward rate premium, which is the difference between the forward rate and the spot rate.
Forward rate premium = Forward rate - Spot rate
= $0.01500 - $0.01060
= $0.00440
Next, we need to annualize the forward rate premium by dividing it by the spot rate and multiplying by 365/30 (assuming a 360-day year).
Annualized forward premium = (Forward rate premium / Spot rate) x (365/30)
= ($0.00440 / $0.01060) x (365/30)
= 0.4151 or 41.51%
Therefore, the annualized forward premium of the Yen is 41.51%.
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A regional sales manager position has opened up in your company, and the National Sales Director calls you to encourage you to apply for the position. The position would require significant international travel. Since you've recently adopted a child, the idea of international travel isn't appealing. According to _____ theory, you will not be motivated by the National Sales Director's suggestion.
a. the two-factor
b. Maslow's
c. equity
d. Hawthorne's
e. expectancy
According to the expectancy theory, you will not be motivated by the National Sales Director's suggestion to apply for the regional sales manager position that requires significant international travel. The expectancy theory, developed by Victor Vroom, states that an individual's motivation depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
Expectancy is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance. Instrumentality is the belief that better performance will lead to desired outcomes or rewards. Valence is the value an individual place on the rewards or outcomes.
In this scenario, you have recently adopted a child, and the idea of international travel is not appealing to you. This affects the valence factor of the expectancy theory. Since the required international travel is not perceived as a desirable outcome or reward, the overall motivation to apply for the position is reduced.
Thus, according to the expectancy theory, you will not be motivated by the National Sales Director's suggestion to apply for the regional sales manager position.
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1.1 Heating degree-day and cooling degree-day futures contracts make payments based on whether the temperature is abnormally hot or cold. Explain why the following businesses might be interested in such a contract: a. Soft-drink manufacturers. b. Ski-resort operators. c. Electric utilities. d. Amusement park operators. 1.2 Suppose the businesses in the previous problem use futures contracts to hedge their temperature-related risk. Who do you think might accept the opposite risk?
Heating degree-day and cooling degree-day futures contracts help businesses like soft-drink manufacturers, ski-resort operators, electric utilities, and amusement park operators manage temperature-related risks by providing financial protection against abnormally hot or cold weather.
a. Soft-drink manufacturers: High temperatures increase soft-drink consumption, so manufacturers may use cooling degree-day contracts to hedge against abnormally low temperatures that could reduce sales.
b. Ski-resort operators: Low temperatures boost skiing demand, so operators may use heating degree-day contracts to hedge against abnormally high temperatures that could lead to fewer visitors.
c. Electric utilities: High temperatures increase electricity demand for air conditioning, and low temperatures increase heating demand. Utilities may use both types of contracts to hedge against abnormal temperatures affecting their revenue.
d. Amusement park operators: Attendance may decline during extreme temperatures, so operators may use both types of contracts to protect against abnormal weather affecting their business.
For question 1.2, counterparties accepting the opposite risk in futures contracts could be insurance companies, financial institutions, or other businesses with opposite temperature-related exposures, as they may benefit from the opposite temperature deviations.
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which of the following is true regarding price? multiple choice question. it should be based on the value that the customer perceives. it should be as high as legally allowed. it should always be based on competitors' prices. it may result in higher-than-necessary margins and profits if it is too low
The statement which is true regarding price is a. it should be based on the value that the customer perceives.
Setting the appropriate pricing may help firms attract clients, produce revenue, and make a profit. Pricing is a crucial component of marketing strategy. Pricing should be determined by the perceived value that consumers place on the provided goods. This implies that when determining pricing, firms should consider both advantages of their commodities as well as the requirements and preferences of their target clients.
A detailed grasp of the market, the competitors, and customer behaviour should serve as the foundation for pricing strategies. Pricing decisions can have a detrimental effect on sales and earnings. It may not be the ideal strategy to set pricing based merely on those of rivals or on regulatory restrictions since it may neglect to consider the special value proposition of the item or service being given.
Complete Question:
Which of the following is true regarding price?
a. it should be based on the value that the customer perceives.
b. it should be as high as legally allowed.
c. it should always be based on competitors' prices.
d. it may result in higher-than-necessary margins and profits if it is too low
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The first, and perhaps most important, step in constraint management is to ____________ the most pressing constraint. A. improve B. support C. identify D. elevate E. modify
The first step in constraint management is to identify the most pressing constraint, which is crucial in developing effective strategies to address the issue. The correct option is C.
To create efficient ways to deal with limitations, the first stage in constraint management is essential. It entails determining the most important constraint, which might be a resource shortage, a process bottleneck, or a physical restriction. It is hard to determine where to concentrate efforts and resources to increase performance without understanding the restriction.
When a restriction is recognised, it may be examined and appropriate action can be done to reduce or eliminate it. To guarantee that the organisation can work at its full potential and accomplish its objectives, this is crucial.
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The first step in constraint management is to identify the most pressing constraint, which is crucial in developing effective strategies to address the issue. The correct option is C.
Constraint management is a process of identifying and addressing the factors that limit an organization's ability to achieve its goals. The first step in this process is to identify the most pressing constraint, which is the factor that is currently having the greatest negative impact on the organization's performance. This can involve analyzing data on productivity, quality, customer satisfaction, or other performance indicators, and identifying the bottleneck or bottleneck that is most limiting the organization's success. Once the constraint is identified, the organization can begin to develop strategies for addressing it, such as increasing capacity, reducing waste, or improving processes. By focusing on the most pressing constraint, an organization can make the most effective use of its resources and improve its overall performance.
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Marginal benefit minus price equals: A. consumer surplus. B. economic equity. C. producer surplus. D. economic efficiency.
Marginal benefit minus price equals A. consumer surplus.
What is meant by consumer surplus?
Consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a good or service (i.e., marginal benefit) and the actual price they pay. Therefore, marginal benefit minus price equals consumer surplus.
Marginal benefit represents the additional benefit a consumer receives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service, while price represents the cost of that unit. When you subtract the price from the marginal benefit, you get the consumer surplus. This measures the value that consumers receive from consuming a good or service over and above what they actually paid for it.
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if you were developing an incentive system designed to help drive successful strategy execution, which compensation and reward system would you not consider in your strategy execution effort?
The salary and reward system should be in line with the overall strategy and goals of the firm.
However, in general, any system that incentivizes activities that are inconsistent with the company's principles or that may lead to unethical practices should be avoided. A system that primarily pays salespeople based on the number of sales they generate, for example, may push them to use aggressive or dishonest tactics to complete deals.
As a result, it is critical to carefully analyze the incentive system's design and ensure that it promotes behaviors that support the company's vision and goal.
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Airbus sold an A400 Aircraft to Delta Airlines, a U.S Company,and billed $30 million payable in six months. Airbus is concernedabout the euro proceeds from international sales and would like tocont rol exchange risk. The current spot exchange rate is 1.05 $/euro and the six-month forward rate exchange rate is 1.10 $/euro. Airbus can buy a six-month put option on U.S. dollars with a strike price of 0.95 euro/$ for a premium of .02 euro per U.S. dollar. Currently, the six-month interest rate is 2.5% in the eurozone and 3% in the United States.Compute the guaranteed euro contract proceeds from the American sale if Airbus decides to hedge using a forward contract.
We have that, Airbus sold an A400 plane to Delta Airlines, an American company, and invoiced 30 million dollars payable in six months, then the contract income in guaranteed euros would be the same as using a forward contract: 27.27 million euro.
If Airbus decides to hedge using a forward contract, it would peg the exchange rate to the current six-month exchange rate of $1.10/euro. Therefore, the guaranteed euro contract proceeds from the US sale would be €27.27 million ($30 million divided by $1.10/euro). However, this would not provide any protection against possible fluctuations in the exchange rate.
If Airbus decides to hedge with a put option, it would have the right, but not the obligation, to sell US dollars at the strike price of EUR/$0.95. To calculate the cost of the premium, we first convert the $30 million payable into US dollars using the current spot exchange rate of $1.05/euro. This gives us $31.43 million. The put option premium would be €0.02 per US dollar, so the total cost of the premium would be €628,600 (€0.02 x US$31.43 million).
If the spot exchange rate at the time of payment is below the strike price of EUR/$0.95, Airbus would exercise the put option and sell US dollars at the higher exchange rate. If the spot rate is above the strike price, Airbus would simply allow the option to lapse and use the spot rate to convert US dollars into Euros. Either way, the guaranteed revenue from the contract in euros would be the same as using a forward contract: 27.27 million euros.
However, by using a put option, Airbus can limit its downside risk to the cost of the premium and at the same time benefit from any favorable exchange rate movements. This may be preferable to using a forward contract, which offers no protection against adverse exchange rate movements.
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A US company expects to pay 4,000,000 Japanese yen 30 days from now. It decides to hedge thee position by buying Japanese yen forward. The current spot rate of the yen is $.0089, while the forward rate is $0.0077. The firm expects the spot rate in 30 days to be $.0094. Based on its expectations the company enters into derivative contracts to maximize its profits. How many dollars will the company pay for the 4,000,000 yen 30 days from now?
The company will pay $30,800 for the 4,000,000 yen 30 days from now by using the forward contract.
How company hedge its position by using Japanese yen forward contract?To hedge its position, the company can buy Japanese yen forward contracts at the current forward rate of $0.0077 per yen. Therefore, the cost of buying 4,000,000 yen forward would be:
4,000,000 yen x $0.0077/yen = $30,800
In 30 days, the company will have to convert the 4,000,000 yen into dollars at the prevailing spot rate. Based on its expectations, the company believes that the spot rate in 30 days will be $0.0094 per yen. Therefore, the cost of converting 4,000,000 yen into dollars would be:
4,000,000 yen x $0.0094/yen = $37,600
However, the company has already locked in the forward rate of $0.0077 per yen, so it will pay:
4,000,000 yen x $0.0077/yen = $30,800
by using the forward contract. This represents a savings of:
$37,600 - $30,800 = $6,800.
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which of the following approaches to behavioral strategic control would be the least useful for an organization in which there is a great need for innovation and a high degree of employee autonomy? group of answer choices culture rewards rules incentives
Of the given options, the approach to behavioral strategic control that would be the least useful for an organization in which there is a great need for innovation and a high degree of employee autonomy is rules. Option C.
Rules typically involve strict guidelines and procedures that employees must follow in order to achieve desired outcomes. While rules can be useful in some contexts, they may not be as effective in promoting innovation and employee autonomy because they limit creativity and independent thinking. In a highly innovative and autonomous environment, employees may need more flexibility to experiment, take risks, and explore new ideas without being constrained by rigid rules and procedures.
On the other hand, approaches such as culture, rewards, and incentives can be more effective in promoting innovation and autonomy because they encourage creativity, collaboration, and individual initiative. A strong organizational culture that values innovation and autonomy can create a supportive environment that empowers employees to take ownership of their work and pursue new ideas. Rewards and incentives that recognize and encourage innovation can also motivate employees to think creatively and take risks. Option C.
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Your banker has analyzed your company account and has suggested that her bank has a cash management package for you. She suggests that with a concentration banking system, your float can be reduced by four days on average. You, of course, are delighted (you’re not sure why), but you do know your average daily collections amount to $360,000. Your opportunity cost of funds is 8 percent. The bank provides this service for $58,000 plus a compensating balance in your current account of $80,500.
1. is this package worth it?
2. by how much? (annual saving)
The annual savings ($115,200) is greater than the total cost of the package ($64,440), making it worth considering. The net annual saving is $115,200 - $64,440 = $50,760.
To determine if the concentration banking package is worth it, we need to calculate the annual savings from reduced float and compare it to the total cost of the package.2. With a reduction of 4 days on your float and an average daily collection of $360,000, the total float reduction amounts to $1,440,000 ($360,000 x 4 days). The opportunity cost of funds is 8%, so the annual savings from the reduced float can be calculated as follows: $1,440,000 x 8% = $115,200.Now, let's calculate the total cost of the package.
The service fee is $58,000, and there's a compensating balance requirement of $80,500. The opportunity cost of holding this balance can be calculated as $80,500 x 8% = $6,440. The total cost of the package is $58,000 (service fee) + $6,440 (opportunity cost of compensating balance) = $64,440.The annual savings ($115,200) is greater than the total cost of the package ($64,440), making it worth considering. The net annual saving is $115,200 - $64,440 = $50,760.
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An investor with a 3-year investment horizon is considering purchasing a 10-year coupon bond with a par value of $1,000. The annual coupon rate is 10% and the price is $1,000. The investor expects that she can reinvest the coupon payments at an annual interest rate of 10% and that at the end of the 3-year investment horizon 7-year bonds will be selling to offer a yield to maturity of 15%. What is the total return for this bond?
The total return for this bond over the 3-year investment horizon is 2.7% when the yield to maturity is 15%.
To calculate the total return for the bond, we need to take into account the coupon payments, reinvestment income, and capital gain or loss.
First, let's calculate the annual coupon payment. The coupon rate is 10%, so the annual coupon payment is:
$1,000 x 10% = $100
The bond has a 10-year maturity, but the investor only plans to hold it for 3 years. At the end of the third year, there will be 7 years left until maturity.
Next, let's calculate the total coupon payments over the 3-year investment horizon, assuming the investor reinvests them at 10% annually.
- Year 1: $100 coupon payment, reinvested at 10%, gives $110 at the end of the year
- Year 2: $100 coupon payment, reinvested at 10%, gives $121 at the end of the year
- Year 3: $100 coupon payment, reinvested at 10%, gives $133.10 at the end of the year
So the total reinvestment income at the end of the 3-year horizon is $110 + $121 + $133.10 = $364.10
Next, let's calculate the capital gain or loss when the investor sells the bond at the end of the third year. The bond will have 7 years left until maturity, and bonds with 7-year maturities are expected to offer a yield to maturity of 15%.
Using a bond calculator, we can find that the price of a 7-year bond with a 15% yield to maturity and a par value of $1,000 is:
PV = $1,000 / (1 + 0.15) = $386.48
So if the investor sells the bond at the end of the third year, they will receive $386.48.
Since the investor bought the bond for $1,000, the capital loss is:
Capital loss = $1,000 - $386.48 = $613.52
Finally, let's calculate the total return:
Total return = reinvestment income + captal gain or loss / initial investment
Total return = $364.10 + ($613.52) / $1,000 = 0.027 = 2.7%
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A 20-year corporate bond with a par value of $1,000.00 paying an annual coupon of 5% costs $1,135.90. The next coupon will be paid in 1 year. A 3-year forward contract on this bond exists at a strike price of $1,100.00. A) What is the market interest rate? b) What should be the correct forward price for this contract? c) What do you do at t = 1 year?
a) The market interest rate is 3.8%. b) The correct forward price for this contract should be $1,113.28. and c) At t=1 year, if the market interest rate has not changed, we do nothing.
a) To find the market interest rate, we need to use the bond pricing formula and solve for the interest rate.
Given the bond price of $1,135.90, a par value of $1,000.00, an annual coupon payment of 5%, and a time to maturity of 20 years, the market interest rate is found to be 3.8%.
b) To find the correct forward price for this contract, we first need to calculate the future value of the bond in 3 years, assuming that the market interest rate remains constant at 3.8%.
This gives us a future value of $1,166.10. We can then discount this future value back to the present using the market interest rate of 3.8% to get a forward price of $1,113.28.
c) At t=1 year, if the market interest rate has not changed, we do nothing because the next coupon payment will be received as expected, and the bond will continue to be worth $1,135.90.
If the market interest rate has changed, the value of the bond may change, and we may need to adjust our investment strategy accordingly.
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(Individual or component costs of capital) Compute the cost of the following:
a. A bond that has $1,000 par value (face value) and a contract or coupon interest rate of 8 percent. A new issue would have a floatation cost of 9 percent of the $1,145market value. The bonds mature in 7 years. The firm's average tax rate is 30 percent and its marginal tax rate is 37 percent. What is the firm's after-tax cost of debt on the bond?_____%
b. A new common stock issue that paid a $1.70 dividend last year. The par value of the stock is $15, and earnings per share have grown at a rate of 11percent per year. This growth rate is expected to continue into the foreseeable future. The company maintains a constant dividend-earnings ratio of 30 percent. The price of this stock is now $31, but 8percent flotation costs are anticipated. What is the cost of external commonequity? ______%
c. Internal common equity when the current market price of the common stock is $46. The expected dividend this coming year should be $3.30, increasing thereafter at an annual growth rate of 12 percent. The corporation's tax rate is 37 percent. What is the cost of internal common equity? _______%
d. A preferred stock paying a dividend of 9 percent on a $100 par value. If a new issue is offered, flotation costs will be 13 percent of the current price of $169. What is the cost of capital for the preferred stock? ______%
e. A bond selling to yield 14 percent after flotation costs, but before adjusting for the marginal corporate tax rate of 37percent. In other words, 14 percent is the rate that equates the net proceeds from the bond with the present value of the future cash flows (principal and interest). What is the after-tax cost of debt on the bond? ______%
a. The after-tax cost of debt on the bond is 5.27%.
b. The cost of external common equity is 15.95%.
c. The cost of internal common equity is 19.05%.
d. The cost of capital for the preferred stock is 5.26%.
e. The after-tax cost of debt on the bond is 8.82%.
a. The calculation for after-tax cost of debt on the bond is as follows:
First, we need to calculate the current market value of the bond:
Market value = Par value + (Par value x Coupon rate x (1-Flotation cost))
Market value = $1,000 + ($1,000 x 8% x (1-9%))
Market value = $928.00
Next, we need to calculate the after-tax cost of debt:
After-tax cost of debt = Coupon rate x (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 8% x (1 - 30%)
After-tax cost of debt = 5.60%
Finally, we adjust for flotation costs:
After-tax cost of debt = [(Coupon payment x (1 - Tax rate)) / Net proceeds] + Flotation cost
After-tax cost of debt = [(80 x 70%) / $928] + 9%
After-tax cost of debt = 5.27%
b. The calculation for cost of external common equity is as follows:
First, we need to calculate the expected dividend for next year:
Dividend = Dividend per share x (1 + Growth rate)
Dividend = $1.70 x (1 + 11%)
Dividend = $1.89
Next, we need to calculate the cost of external common equity:
Cost of external common equity = (Dividend / Net proceeds) + Growth rate + Flotation cost
Cost of external common equity = ($1.89 / $31) + 11% + 8%
Cost of external common equity = 15.95%
c. The calculation for cost of internal common equity is as follows:
First, we need to calculate the expected dividend for next year:
Dividend = Dividend per share x (1 + Growth rate)
Dividend = $3.30 x (1 + 12%)
Dividend = $3.70
Next, we need to calculate the cost of internal common equity:
Cost of internal common equity = (Dividend / Current stock price) + Growth rate
Cost of internal common equity = ($3.70 / $46) + 12%
Cost of internal common equity = 19.05%
d. The calculation for cost of capital for the preferred stock is as follows:
First, we need to calculate the current market value of the preferred stock:
Market value = Par value / Current price
Market value = $100 / $169
Market value = $0.59
Next, we adjust for flotation costs:
Cost of capital for preferred stock = (Dividend / Net proceeds) + Flotation cost
Cost of capital for preferred stock = (9% x $100 x (1 - 37%)) / ($169 x (1 - 13%)) + 13%
Cost of capital for preferred stock = 5.26%
e. The calculation for after-tax cost of debt on the bond is as follows:
First, we need to adjust for the marginal corporate tax rate:
After-tax cost of debt = Pre-tax cost x (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 14% x (1 - 37%)
After-tax cost of debt = 8.82%
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On May 22, 2020, T. Albinoni Inc. issued a 4.15% coupon bond with a $100 face value, and incurred 2.00% of the face value as a transaction cost. The bond's issue price was $86.34 per share, and its maturity date is September 30, 2029. The firm's corporate tax rate is 21%. a) Calculate the firm's "pre-tax" cost of debt. (2 points) b) Calculate the firm's "after-tax" cost of debt.
The firm's "after-tax" cost of debt is 3.76%.
a) The "pre-tax" cost of debt is the yield to maturity (YTM) of the bond, which is the rate of return that an investor would earn if they purchased the bond at the current market price and held it until maturity. To calculate the YTM, we need to use the bond's current price, face value, coupon rate, and time to maturity.
The bond's current price is $86.34, its face value is $100, and its coupon rate is 4.15%. The bond pays interest semi-annually, so it has 19 coupon payments left until maturity. The time to maturity is 9.38 years (calculated as the number of months until maturity divided by 12).
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, we can calculate the YTM as follows:
N = 19
PV = -86.34
PMT = 4.15 / 2 * 100 = 2.075
FV = 100
I/Y = 4.76%
Therefore, the firm's "pre-tax" cost of debt is 4.76%.
b) The "after-tax" cost of debt is the "pre-tax" cost of debt adjusted for the tax savings that the firm receives from deducting the interest expense on its tax return. The tax savings are equal to the interest expense multiplied by the firm's tax rate.
The interest expense is equal to the coupon rate multiplied by the face value of the bond, which is $4.15 per share ($100 face value * 4.15% coupon rate). The transaction cost is also considered an interest expense, as it is a cost incurred in order to obtain financing. Therefore, the total interest expense is $6.15 per share ($4.15 + $2.00 transaction cost).
The tax savings are equal to the interest expense multiplied by the firm's tax rate, which is 21%. Therefore, the tax savings are $1.29 per share ($6.15 * 21%).
The "after-tax" cost of debt is equal to the "pre-tax" cost of debt minus the tax savings, which is:
After-tax cost of debt = Pre-tax cost of debt * (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 4.76% * (1 - 21%)
After-tax cost of debt = 3.76%.
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the method that permits businesses to recover all the costs, including both fixed and variable costs and direct and indirect costs is called: question 4 options: target costing marginal cost pricing zero cost pricing full cost pricing
The method that permits businesses to recover all the costs, including both fixed and variable costs and direct and indirect costs, is called full cost pricing.
This pricing strategy involves adding up all the expenses incurred during the production process, including materials, labor, overhead costs, and any other expenses, and then adding a profit margin to arrive at a final price for the product or service. Full cost pricing is commonly used in industries where products have long lifecycles and stable demand. It helps businesses ensure that they cover all their costs and generate sufficient profits to remain competitive. However, it may not be suitable for businesses operating in highly competitive markets where price sensitivity is high.
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Alpha Centaur Co (AC) has 100 million shares outstanding with a price per share 5.8€ per share. AC plans to now issue debt for 180 MEUR and investors expect this level of debt to be permanent. Suppose the only market imperfections are corporate taxes at 20% and financial distress costs, and that the price per share with the leveraged recapitalization settles at 6€ per share in the market. What is the implied present value of financial distress costs in MEUR, and the number of shares repurchased with the issued debt?
The implied present value of financial distress costs in MEUR can be calculated by first finding the value of the company before and after the leveraged recapitalization. Before the recapitalization, the value of AC is:
100 million shares x €5.8 per share = €580 millionAfter the recapitalization, the value of AC is:(100 million shares x €6 per share) + €180 million debt = €780 million The increase in value due to the recapitalization is:€780 million - €580 million = €200 million.
However, this increase in value is not solely due to the recapitalization but also due to the assumption that the level of debt will be permanent. Therefore, we need to adjust for the tax shield benefit from the interest payments on the debt, which is:
(20% x €180 million) / (1 - 20%) = €36 million
The adjusted increase in value due to the recapitalization is:
€200 million - €36 million = €164 million
This €164 million represents the present value of financial distress costs, which is the amount that investors expect AC to pay in the future due to the increased risk of financial distress from the additional debt.
To find the number of shares repurchased with the issued debt, we can divide the €180 million debt by the price per share after the recapitalization:
€180 million / €6 per share = 30 million
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LRW Corporation has a beta of 1.6. The risk-free rate ofinterest is 0.03, and the return on the stock market overall isexpected to be 0.11. What is the required rate of return on LRWstock?
The required rate of return on LRW stock is 15.8%.
To calculate the required rate of return on LRW stock, we can use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) formula. The CAPM formula is:
Required Rate of Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
Given that LRW Corporation has a beta of 1.6, the risk-free rate of interest is 0.03, and the expected return on the stock market overall is 0.11, we can plug in these values into the formula:
Required Rate of Return = 0.03 + 1.6 * (0.11 - 0.03)
Hence,
1. Calculate the difference between the market return and the risk-free rate:
0.11 - 0.03 = 0.08
2. Multiply this difference by LRW's beta:
1.6 * 0.08 = 0.128
3. Add the risk-free rate to the result from step 2:
0.03 + 0.128 = 0.158
So, the required rate of return on LRW stock is 0.158 or 15.8%.
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If I save $100 per year for 30 years, earning 3%, how much will I have at the end of 30 years? If the interest rate is 5%, how long will it take to accumulate the same amount?
How much interest was accumulated in each of the previous two exercises?
If $100 per year is saved for 30 years earning 3% interest rate, at the end of 30 years the accumulated amount would be $4,274.68.
If the interest rate is 5%, it take 22.14 years to accumulate the same amount.
Interest accumulated at 3% interest rate is $1,274.68 and at 5% interest rate is $2,060.68.
To calculate the future value of your savings and the interest accumulated, we will use the future value of a series formula, which is:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r
Where FV is the future value, P is the payment ($100), r is the interest rate (3% or 5%), and n is the number of periods (30 years).
1. If you save $100 per year for 30 years, earning 3%, the future value will be:
FV = 100 * [(1 + 0.03)^30 - 1] / 0.03
FV ≈ $4,274.68
2. To find out how long it will take to accumulate the same amount at a 5% interest rate, we will rearrange the formula:
n = log[(FV * r + P) / P] / log(1 + r)
Using the previous future value of $4,274.68 and a 5% interest rate:
n = log[(4,274.68 * 0.05 + 100) / 100] / log(1 + 0.05)
n ≈ 22.14 years
3. To find the interest accumulated in each case, we will subtract the total amount of money saved without interest from the future value:
Interest accumulated at 3%:
$4,274.68 - ($100 * 30) = $1,274.68
Interest accumulated at 5%:
Total saved in 22.14 years = $100 * 22.14 ≈ $2,214
$4,274.68 - $2,214 = $2,060.68
In summary, if you save $100 per year for 30 years earning 3%, you will have $4,274.68 at the end of 30 years, with an accumulated interest of $1,274.68. If the interest rate is 5%, it will take you approximately 22.14 years to accumulate the same amount, with an accumulated interest of $2,060.68.
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Current Attempt in Progress Wildhorse, Inc., has net income of $11,760,000 on net sales of $367,500,000. The company has total assets of $105,000,000 and stockholders' equity of $50,000,000. Use the extended DuPont identity to find the return on assets and return on equity for the firm. (Round answers to 2 decimal places, e.g. 12.25 or 12.25%.) Profit margin % Total assets turnover times ROA % ROE %
Using the extended DuPont identity, the return on assets (ROA) for Wildhorse, Inc. is 11.20% and the return on equity (ROE) is 23.52%.
To find the return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) for Wildhorse, Inc., using the extended DuPont identity, we need to calculate the profit margin, and total assets turnover, and then apply these values to find ROA and ROE.
1. Profit margin: Profit margin = (Net income / Net sales) x 100
Profit margin = ($11,760,000 / $367,500,000) x 100
Profit margin = 3.20%
2. Total assets turnover: Total assets turnover = Net sales / Total assets
Total assets turnover = $367,500,000 / $105,000,000
Total assets turnover = 3.5 times
3. ROA: ROA = Profit margin x Total assets turnover
ROA = 3.20% x 3.5
ROA = 11.20%
4. ROE: ROE = ROA x (Total assets / Stockholders' equity)
ROE = 11.20% x ($105,000,000 / $50,000,000)
ROE = 11.20% x 2.1
ROE = 23.52%.
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The third phase in the SDLC is planning and in this phase the analyst thoroughly studies the organization's current procedures and the information systems used to perform organizational tasks.TRUE/FALSE
TRUE. The third phase in the SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is planning, and during this phase, the analyst thoroughly studies the organization's current procedures and the information systems used to perform organizational tasks.
This is a critical step in the development of a new information system as it helps the analyst to understand the current processes, identify any issues or inefficiencies, and determine the requirements for the new system.
During the planning phase, the analyst works closely with the stakeholders and end-users of the current system to gather information and document the processes. This may involve conducting interviews, surveys, or focus groups to get a better understanding of how the current system is used.
The analyst will also examine any existing documentation, such as user manuals or training materials, to gain insight into the system's functionality and limitations.
By thoroughly studying the current procedures and information systems, the analyst can identify areas for improvement and develop a clear vision for the new system.
This information is used to create a comprehensive plan for the project, including timelines, budget, and resource requirements. Without this critical phase of planning, the development of a new system may be inefficient, ineffective, and fail to meet the needs of the organization.
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the rental income an existing, stabilized property is expected to generate, after allowances for vacancies and collection losses, is called
The rental income an existing, stabilized property is expected to generate, after allowances for vacancies and collection losses, is called Effective Gross Income.
Effective Gross Income (EGI) of a rental property is calculated as Potential Gross Rental Income in addition to other income less vacancy and credit charges. By combining prospective gross rental revenue with other sources of income and deducting vacancy and credit charges from a rental property, effective gross income is computed.
Effective Gross Income is crucial in assessing a rental property's worth and the actual positive cash flow it may provide. EGI is crucial for real estate investors because they need to be sure that the property they are thinking about buying generates enough positive cash flow to pay for monthly operating costs as well as any debts or encumbrance they may have taken on to buy the property.
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Suppose pound sterling is quoted against the dollar at $1.4419-36, and the Swiss franc is quoted at $0.6250-67. What is the cross exchange rate in Zurich in direct terms? A. 2.3020-50 B. 2.3018-88 C. 2.3035-70 D. 2.3008-98
In direct terms, the cross exchange rate in Zurich is 2.3008 to 98. the correct option is d.
To calculate the cross exchange rate in Zurich in direct terms:
1. Identify the bid and ask rates for both currencies:
- Pound sterling: $1.4419 (bid) and $1.4436 (ask)
- Swiss franc: $0.6250 (bid) and $0.6267 (ask)
2. Calculate the bid rate for the cross exchange rate by dividing the bid rate of the pound sterling by the ask rate of the Swiss franc:
- 1.4419 / 0.6267 = 2.3018
3. Calculate the ask rate for the cross exchange rate by dividing the ask rate of the pound sterling by the bid rate of the Swiss franc:
- 1.4436 / 0.6250 = 2.3098
4. Write the cross-exchange rate in direct terms:
- 2.3018-98
The correct answer is D. 2.3008–98.
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What is the Effective Annual Yield of a 135-day T-bill priced at $9,942.00? Recall:
• When using an Effective Annual Yield, you use compounded interest rate, 365 days, and the price as the initial price.
The effective annual yield is determined using the formula (1+r/n)n-1. Where n is the annual interest payment amount and r is the interest rate, sometimes referred to as the coupon rate
What is Effective Annual Yield?
If interest is compounded, the annual percentage yield (APY) is the real rate of return that will be received in a year. Compound interest is accrued on the total investment amount over time, increasing the balance. Each interest payment will be more expensive due to the increased debt.
The phrase "effective annual yield" (sometimes referred to as "the effective rate") describes the simple interest rate that causes an account to have the same amount of money at the end of a year as it would if compound interest were applied at a specific rate.
There is a simple formula that may be used to compute compound interest. It is calculated by multiplying the compound interest rate by the number of compound periods, adding the yearly interest rate, and then deducting one.
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(Preferred stock valuation) What is the value of a preferred stock when the dividend rate is 13 percent on a $75 par value? The appropriate discount rate for a stock of this risk level is 9 percent.
When the dividend rate is 13 percent on a stock with a par value of $75 and the appropriate discount rate for a stock with this level of risk is 9 percent, the value of the preferred stock is $108.33.
To calculate the value of the preferred stock, we need to use the dividend discount model, which is:
Value of preferred stock = Annual dividend / Discount rate
First, we need to calculate the annual dividend by multiplying the dividend rate by the par value of the stock:
Annual dividend = Dividend rate x Par value = 0.13 x $75 = $9.75
Next, we can use the formula to calculate the value of the preferred stock:
Value of preferred stock = $9.75 / 0.09 = $108.33
Therefore, the value of the preferred stock is $108.33 when the dividend rate is 13 percent on a $75 par value, and the appropriate discount rate for a stock of this risk level is 9 percent.
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