Calvin and Benson provided 14CO2 to the chlorella cells in their classical experiments to study the process of carbon fixation in photosynthesis. The radioactive isotope 14C was used to label carbon dioxide because it emits detectable radiation that could be measured to track the fate of carbon in the cell.
The experiment involved exposing the chlorella cells to 14CO2 and then analyzing the radioactivity of different cellular molecules to track the pathway of carbon assimilation. The experiment provided important insights into the mechanism of carbon fixation, leading to the discovery of the Calvin-Benson cycle, a series of chemical reactions that convert CO2 into organic molecules.
Overall, by using 14CO2, Calvin and Benson were able to trace the path of carbon fixation in photosynthesis and gain a better understanding of the fundamental processes of photosynthesis that are essential for life on Earth.
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What 2 things does the North Star tell us about our location? 9th grade integrated science
how is the protective group removed to allow the addition of nucleotides to the probe on the dna chip
The protective group is removed to allow the addition of nucleotides to the probe on the DNA chip by: a process called Deprotection.
This process typically involves the use of a chemical or enzymatic reagent, such as hydrogen bromide, hydrazine, or an acid. The specific reagent used will depend on the type of protective group and will result in the release of the nucleotide from the protective group and the formation of an activated nucleotide ready for use.
Once the protective group has been removed, the nucleotide can be added to the probe on the DNA chip, allowing for the successful detection of the target.
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most applications of biotechnology will come in the fields of a. all of these. b. pharmaceuticals. c. health care. d. agriculture.
Most applications of biotechnology will come in the fields of All of these. The correct option is a.
Biotechnology is a rapidly growing field of science that is used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, health care, and agriculture. Pharmaceuticals use biotechnology to develop drugs to treat diseases, health care relies on biotechnology to diagnose and treat illnesses, and agriculture benefits from biotechnology through genetic engineering, pest control, and improved crop yields.
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Select the correct statement about absorptiona. 30% ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine.b. carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then passively transported into blood capillaries.c. if intact fats are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.d. Amino acid transport is linked to sodium transport.The answer could be one choice or multiple choices
The correct statement(s) about absorption is (D) Amino acid transport is linked to sodium transport.
Amino acids are transported across the villus epithelium in the small intestine, and this process is linked to sodium transport.
Amino acids, not proteins, are absorbed; proteins rely on prior digestion to amino acids. Most absorption of amino acids occurs in the jejunum; there is a lesser contribution from the ileum.
Amino acids are absorbed by a co-transport mechanism with sodium ions. Both sodium ion and amino acid combine with a cell surface protein receptor.
There are different receptors for the groups: neutral amino acids, basic amino acids, acidic amino acids
In addition, certain amino acids may have there own specific transporter e.g. proline. The receptor then conveys both molecules to the inside of the cell.
The energy for this transport is derived from the concentration gradient for sodium across the cell membrane. Na-K ATPase transporters actively and continuously pump sodium ions outwards to maintain the gradient.
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lymph capillary permeability is due to minivalves and protein filaments. lymph capillary permeability is due to minivalves and protein filaments. true false
Lymph capillary permeability is due to mini valves and protein filaments, which are structures that control the passage of molecules across the wall of the capillary. So the statement is True.
The mini valves are pores of small diameter that can open and close to regulate the passage of molecules across the capillary wall, while protein filaments control the size of these pores. The size of these pores depends on the type and concentration of the molecules in the interstitial fluid. Therefore, the size of the pores can be adjusted, allowing the lymph capillary to control the movement of molecules across the capillary wall. This allows the lymphatic system to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the lymphatic capillaries and helps maintain homeostasis in the body.
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think about where proteins are made in the cell. where are almost all amino acids in the cell? g
During translation, the mRNA, which is produced by transcription, is used as a template for the production of a particular protein. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are also found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Translation occurs in the ribosomes, which are made up of ribosomal RNA and a variety of proteins. Most amino acids are created in the cytoplasm from the breakdown of other molecules, such as glucose or fatty acids.
Amino acids are also taken up from the extracellular environment. After they are taken up, they are modified, assembled, and/or stored as necessary. The proteins produced by the ribosomes are then exported out of the cell or incorporated into other cellular structures.
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what is the tidal range if the water measures 2 feet at high tide and -1 foot at low tide
High tide & low tide are separated by the tidal range. A tidal range of 3 feet as a result.
In marine biology, what is tidal range?Definition. A tidal cycle's vertical height difference between successive low and high waters is known as the tide range. Across different places and throughout various time intervals, the tide's range varies (Stembridge, 1982).
What kind of tidal ranges exist?The largest tidal range in the world, at 16.3 meters (53.5 feet), is experienced in the Bay of Fundy in Canada. A similar range is also present in Ungava Bay, also in Canada. As in Bristol Channel between Wales and England in the United Kingdom, tidal ranges of up to 15 meters (49 feet) are frequently experienced.
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Coral skeletal structures are built out of calcium carbonate, also known as __________.
Answer:
limestone
Explanation:
.
Coral skeletal structures are built out of calcium carbonate, also known as calcite. Calcium carbonate is a naturally occurring mineral that has various forms like calcite, aragonite, and vaterite.
It is a crystalline solid with no taste or odor, and its unique properties like high melting point, hardness, and water absorption make it useful in various industrial and commercial applications.
Calcium carbonate is abundant in the Earth's crust, found in rocks, limestone, and marble, as well as in the shells of marine creatures such as mollusks and crabs, and coral skeletal structures.
This versatile substance has many uses, including industrial applications like water treatment, cement production, and papermaking, as well as nutritional supplements, ceramics, plastics, and paint production.
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What important events take place during prophrase 1
describe the specific dna changes that produce the abnormal cystic fibrosis protein (the delta f508 mutation).
The Delta F508 mutation in the CFTR gene is the most common cause of cystic fibrosis. This mutation involves a small deletion of three nucleotides (TGG) in the CFTR gene, resulting in a single point mutation. This mutation leads to the deletion of one amino acid, phenylalanine, from the CFTR protein, resulting in an inability to transport chloride ions across the cell membrane.
This deletion results in a change in the CFTR protein structure and ultimately an inability to transport chloride ions across the cell membrane. This abnormality leads to the buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and other organs, as well as other symptoms of cystic fibrosis.
In order to create this Delta F508 mutation, three nucleotides of the DNA must be deleted from the gene. Specifically, a TGG triplet must be removed from the DNA strand, resulting in a single point mutation in the CFTR gene.
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Pollutants only affect specific areas and do not spread through the watershed.truefalse
False. Pollutants can affect specific areas, but they can also spread through the watershed.
Watersheds are interconnected systems where water and pollutants can flow downstream, potentially affecting many areas. Pollutants can be carried by runoff, groundwater, or atmospheric deposition, and can be transported long distances through the watershed. Additionally, some pollutants can accumulate in sediment or biota, leading to the potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the food chain. Therefore, it is important to manage pollutants in watersheds on a holistic basis, taking into account the interconnected nature of these systems and the potential for pollutants to travel and impact downstream areas. Proper management practices such as source control, treatment, and monitoring can help mitigate the spread of pollutants throughout the watershed.
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which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? the temperature solubility in water molecular weight and size of the gas molecule partial pressure gradient
From the given options d.partial pressure gradient determines the direction of respiratory gas movement
The partial pressure gradient of the gases is what drives the flow of respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood as well as between the blood and tissues. The pressure that a gas would apply if it were the only gas in the volume that the other gases are occupying is known as the partial pressure of a gas.
The partial pressure gradient, which applies to respiratory gases, is the variation in the partial pressure of the gas between two places, such as between the blood and the tissues or between the blood and the alveoli of the lungs. Until the partial pressures are equal, respiratory gases always migrate down their partial pressure gradient from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure.
Complete Question:
which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
a. the temperature solubility in water
b. molecular weight
c. size of the gas molecule
d. partial pressure gradient
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the protein in biological organisms inculude 20 different kinds of amino acids. what is the minimum number of different types
There must be at least 20 different tRNA molecules in a cell in order to form proteins. Each of the tRNA molecules has a unique anticodon that pairs with a codon of mRNA and a unique amino acid-binding site that pairs with a particular amino acid. This is necessary for the formation of proteins.
The minimum number of different tRNA molecules that must exist in a cell is 20, as there is one specific tRNA molecule for each of the 20 amino acids. Each tRNA molecule carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome, which is necessary for the formation of proteins.
The structure of tRNA molecules consists of an amino acid-binding site and an anticodon region. The anticodon region of each tRNA molecule is complementary to a codon of mRNA, and the amino acid-binding site is able to interact with an amino acid. The codons of mRNA direct the ribosome to the appropriate tRNA molecule that corresponds to a particular amino acid.
Therefore, since there are 20 amino acids, 20 different tRNA molecules must exist in a cell in order to pair with each of the codons of mRNA. This ensures that the correct amino acid is available for the formation of proteins. Without the correct tRNA molecule, the ribosome would not be able to bring the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis.
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the of a human begins with the production of gametes by and the consecutive growth of the organism because of .
The life cycle of a human begins with the production of gametes by meiosis and the consecutive growth of the organism because of mitosis.
Meiosis is a cell division process that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. It occurs in the reproductive organs of animals, the ovaries in females and the testes in males, and in the reproductive structures of plants. Meiosis is a process that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half in preparation for fertilization.
Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is a fundamental process in the growth and development of multicellular organisms. During mitosis, the cell's nucleus divides, and the chromosomes are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. Mitosis plays a significant role in the growth and development of multicellular organisms.
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b1) did this change in the dna sequence cause any significant change to the protein produced? explain. b2) what is the name of this type of point mutation and why is it referred to by this terminology?
b1) No. b2). Nonsense mutation. It is same amino acid. While mutations always result in a change in the DNA sequence, they do not necessarily have noticeable impact on organism or alter resulting protein.
Since most amino acids can be encoded by two or more distinct codons, this is possible. For instance, the DNA sequences CAA and CAG both code for the amino acid valine. Hence, a valine would still be added to the protein even if the DNA sequence underwent a substitution mutation and changed from CAA to CAG.
A nonsense mutation is a type of point mutation that creates a stop/nonsense codon, thereby shutting down translation. Because doing so would result in the early production of a truncated or ineffective protein.
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middle portion of the small intestine that extends from the duodenum to the ileum.___
The middle portion of the small intestine that extends from the duodenum to the ileum is called the jejunum.
It is approximately 2.5 meters long and is located in the central part of the abdomen, between the duodenum and the ileum. The jejunum is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption in the small intestine, as it contains a large surface area for absorption due to its circular folds and finger-like projections called villi.
The villi contain microvilli, which further increase the surface area for absorption. The jejunum receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues the process of digestion and absorption before passing the remaining waste to the ileum.
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5) Students were asked to relate the rock cycle to dinosaur fossil formation. Which
flowchart best represents the process that formed the dinosaur fossils in Mississippi?
(A) Compaction and cementation of sedimentary rock occurs. Dinosaur remains are
deposited in sediments.
(B) Dinosaur remains are deposited in sediments.
Compaction and cementation of
sedimentary rock occurs.
(C) Heat and pressure convert metamorphic rock to sedimentary rock. Dinosaur
remains are deposited in metamorphic rock.
(D) Dinosaur remains are deposited in metamorphic rock. Heat and pressure convert
metamorphic rock to sedimentary rock.
The flowchart in (B) "Dinosaur remains are deposited in sediments" best illustrates the formation of the dinosaur fossils in Mississippi. Rock made of silt is compacted and cemented.
How are fossilised dinosaurs created?The most typical form of fossilisation takes place soon after an animal dies when it is buried under sediment, like sand or silt. Sedimentary deposits shield its bones from decaying.
What type of granite is home to dinosaur fossils?Sedimentary sediments contain fossils that can be used as a guide to the history of life on Earth. Limestone: Without boulders like me, you people would know so little. After all, sedimentary rocks contain remains of extinct creatures like dinosaurs and woolly mammoths.
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Two plants growing beside one another try to access limited available
sunlight.
What ecological interaction describes the relationship between the two
plants?
Choose 1 answers
B
Competition
Mutualism
Herbivory
Commensalism
Answer:
Competition
Explanation:
They both need sunlight but it is limited so competition rises
which electron microscope technique below is used to image the surfaces of objects ranging in size from a virus to an animals head
The electron microscope technique used to image the surfaces of objects ranging in size from a virus to an animal's head is scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Electron microscopy is a technique for imaging specimens utilizing a beam of electrons instead of visible light.
Electron microscopes can achieve much higher magnification and resolution than conventional optical microscopes because they utilize electrons instead of light.
The Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most commonly utilized types of an electron microscope. SEM is a method of imaging the surfaces of specimens utilizing an electron beam, and it is well-suited for examining a wide range of samples, from single cells ,viruses to an animal's head
It is used to study samples in a variety of scientific fields, including biology, chemistry, and physics, among others.
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the migration of the mormons to utah would be an example of what type of genetic drift? founder effect bottleneck effect
The migration of Mormons to Utah would be an example of what type of founder effect genetic drift
What is a founder effect?Founder Effect refers to a process that occurs when a small subset of the original population becomes geographically isolated from the majority of the population.
Due to their geographic distance from the rest of the population, this subset of people breeds only among themselves, causing the frequency of certain genetic traits to be more common in this isolated population than in the larger population as a whole.In the case of the Mormon migration to Utah, the founder effect is observed.
When the Mormons first migrated to Utah, they were a small group that settled in a new area. They had limited interaction with the rest of the population, which means that genetic traits that were more common among Mormons were more common in Utah's population over time.
This is known as the founder effect.The bottleneck effect is a situation in which a significant portion of a population is destroyed, resulting in a decrease in the genetic variability of the population. In contrast, founder effect is caused by the isolation of a small group of people from the larger population.
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what modification occurs to retinoblastoma that will push the cell through the restriction checkpoint?
Answer:
The modification that occurs to retinoblastoma that will push the cell through the restriction checkpoint is its phosphorylation. This allows the cell to move from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle.
What is Retinoblastoma?
Retinoblastoma is a type of cancer that grows in the retina of the eye. This cancer is one of the rarest forms of cancer and mostly affects children. The condition starts in the cells that develop into retina cells. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye.
Modification of Retinoblastoma:
The retinoblastoma protein, or pRB, regulates the progression of the cell cycle from G1 phase to S phase by binding to the transcription factor E2F. When pRB is hypophosphorylated, it prevents E2F from binding to the promoter regions of genes required for DNA replication, resulting in a G1 cell cycle arrest or checkpoint.
The phosphorylation of the RB protein enables the cell to cross the restriction checkpoint and progress from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. This phosphorylation is carried out by the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which phosphorylate several different sites on the RB protein.
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why are trees found in areas of high precipitation rather than grasses? why are grasses found in drier areas?
Trees require more moisture than grasses, which is why they are found in areas of high precipitation rather than grasses. Trees are better at storing and utilizing water than grasses, so they can survive in areas with more water. Additionally, trees are able to access water deeper in the soil, allowing them to survive longer periods of drought.
Grasses, on the other hand, can survive in drier areas due to their shallow root systems. Grasses also have specialized leaves that are designed to reduce water loss, and their waxy cuticles help keep moisture in. This allows them to survive in arid environments.
In conclusion, trees require more moisture than grasses, making them better suited to areas of high precipitation, while grasses are adapted to drier climates.
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Use the codon wheel To figure out which amino acids these codon code for.
Answer:
see below
Explanation:
AUG - methionineUCC - serine CAC - histidine ACA - threonine GUU - valine UGG - tryptophan CCC - prolineGGG - glycine_______________________________________
Related information:-
Features of genetic code:-
The code is degenerate as some of the amino acids are coded by more than one codon.The code is universal, like in every organism UCC will code for serine .AUG is the start codon, it acts as initiator .UAG , UGA , UAA do not code for any amino acids thus acts as stop codon .So , in total 61 codons code for amino acids and 3 act as stop codon.________________________________________
true or false: most aids-related deaths are not a direct result of hiv, but of other infections that would not normally harm a host with a healthy immune system.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a chronic disease that is caused by the HIV virus. When the immune system is severely damaged, HIV infection can lead to AIDS. AIDS patients are at a high risk of infections that do not normally affect people with healthy immune systems due to the virus's impact on the immune system. Most of the deaths caused by AIDS are a result of other infections that would not harm people with healthy immune systems. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a type of fungal infection, and tuberculosis are two of the most common AIDS-related illnesses. The body's immune system is responsible for keeping us healthy. The immune system is responsible for identifying and fighting off infections, viruses, and other foreign substances that enter the body. When HIV infection progresses to AIDS, the body's immune system is severely weakened, making it difficult to fight off infections. Therefore, the majority of deaths from AIDS are caused by infections that would not typically be fatal to someone with a healthy immune system.
Hence, the statement "most AIDS-related deaths are not a direct result of HIV, but of other infections that would not normally harm a host with a healthy immune system" is True.
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the epicardium is . group of answer choices also known as the parietal pericardium a layer of cardiac muscle the visceral pericardium lining the heart chambers
The epicardium is also known as the visceral pericardium. It is a layer of the heart that covers the outer surface and protects the heart muscle.
The heart and the roots of the great arteries are contained within the pericardium, also known as the pericardial sac. It consists of two layers: a serous membrane-covered interior layer and a fibrous pericardium-covered outer layer. (serous pericardium). It outlines the middle mediastinum and encloses the pericardial cavity, which is filled with pericardial fluid. It keeps the heart free from interference from other organs, shields it from illness and trauma, and lubricates the beats of the heart.
A robust fibroelastic sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart on all sides, with the exception of the bottom and the cardiac root, where the great vessels connect the heart. (where only the serous pericardium exists to cover the upper surface of the central tendon of diaphragm). While the serous pericardium is quite flexible, the fibrous pericardium is somewhat stiff. The epicardium, a continuous serous membrane invaginated onto itself as two opposite surfaces, is a covering for the heart made of the same mesothelium that makes up the serous pericardium. (over the fibrous pericardium and over the heart).
As a result, a pouch-like potential area known as the pericardial space or pericardial cavity is created around the heart, sandwiched between the two opposing serosal surfaces.
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which sequence of metabolic paths could a carbon atom take to go from a molecule of glucose to a molecule of dna?
The conversion of glucose to DNA involves several metabolic pathways. A carbon atom from a molecule of glucose can take the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, the citric acid cycle, aconitase, and thymidine synthetase to reach a molecule of DNA.
A carbon atom from a molecule of glucose can take a few different metabolic pathways to reach a molecule of DNA. First, it would have to be converted to pyruvate, a three-carbon molecule, by glycolysis. This would then be converted to Acetyl-CoA by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle, in which it combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, a six-carbon molecule. Finally, citrate is converted to a five-carbon molecule, alpha-ketoglutarate, by the enzyme aconitase. Alpha-ketoglutarate is then converted to the four-carbon molecule succinyl-CoA, which is then converted to a molecule of DNA by the enzyme thymidine synthetase.
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a common way for cells to capture the energy released during the breakdown of large molecules is to add electrons to smaller, specialized molecules that can accept them. this process of electron acceptance is known as
This process of electron acceptance is known as oxidation-reduction (or redox) reactions.
Oxidation-reduction (or redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between two different molecules. The molecule which accepts the electrons is known as the oxidizing agent, and the molecule which donates the electrons is known as the reducing agent.
During redox reactions, energy is released in the form of heat, light, and sound, and this energy is captured by cells to produce ATP, the molecule which provides energy to the cell. Redox reactions involve the breaking of chemical bonds and formation of new ones, resulting in the creation of new molecules. This process is essential for the production of energy and is used by cells to fuel all of their metabolic processes.
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how does the body decrease the blood vessel radius? how does the body decrease the blood vessel radius? vasodilation vasoconstriction cardiac muscle contraction valve closure
The body decreases the blood vessel radius by vasoconstriction.
A blood vessel is a tubular structure that transports blood throughout the body. Blood vessels are divided into three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
The heart pumps blood into the arteries, which then branch off into smaller arterioles that supply the capillaries.
Vasoconstriction is the process by which blood vessels constrict or narrow their diameter, increasing vascular resistance and decreasing blood flow.
It helps to control blood pressure and redirect blood flow to areas of the body that require it more urgently than other areas.
Blood vessels can constrict to various degrees, depending on the needs of the body. Vasoconstriction can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormones, drugs, and neurotransmitters.
For example, the hormone norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction by activating alpha-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels.
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what are the advantages of having transcription factors to help control transcription, rather than rna polymerase alone?
Transcription is the process in which an RNA is synthesized from a strand of DNA. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA in promoter regions near genes and regulate transcription by activating or repressing RNA polymerase activity.
One of the main advantages of having transcription factors is that they allow more precise regulation of gene expression. Another advantage of having transcription factors is that they allow a rapid response to environmental stimuli or cellular signals.Transcription factors are essential for precise and adaptive regulation of transcription. By enabling a rapid response to changes in the environment and cell signaling, they help ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right place, and in the right amounts.
In conclusion, the presence of transcription factors allows for fine regulation of gene expression and rapid response to changing conditions in the environment and within the cell.
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which of the following events in a cell would require atp? a.splitting a lipid molecule into smaller parts b.breaking a carbohydrate into individual sugar subunits c.passive movement of molecules through the cell membrane d.linking together amino acids to form a protein
D. Linking together amino acids to form a protein would require ATP.
ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is the primary energy currency in cells. It is produced during cellular respiration and provides energy for cellular processes that require energy.
What is ATP?
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, which is a molecule that serves as the primary energy source for many cellular processes.
When ATP is hydrolyzed, or broken down, by the enzyme ATPase, it releases energy that can be used by cells to power various processes. This hydrolysis reaction breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate groups in ATP, releasing a phosphate group and forming adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Linking together amino acids to form a protein requires energy, which is provided by ATP. This process is called protein synthesis or translation, and it occurs on ribosomes in the cell. ATP is needed to supply the energy required for the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
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