learning theorists argue that anxiety disorders are conditioned through the process of __________. A) negative reinforcement.
B) positive punishment.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) negative punishment

The belief that they had a superior culture and religion was one of the main reasons that Europeans offered for their imperial policies. Hence option A is correct.

Many Europeans believed that their civilization was more advanced and sophisticated than other societies around the world, and that it was their duty to "civilize" and "Christianize"religion the peoples of other lands.

This belief in cultural and religious superiority was often used to justify the colonization of other countries and the imposition of European political, economic,religion and social systems on these lands.

This mindset was prevalent during the era of European colonialism and imperialism, and had a significant impact on the political and social religion structures of the colonized societies.

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The term coined for the idea that children learn how to behave with others based on the relationship they have with their primary caregiver is attachment theory.

Attachment theory was first proposed by psychologist John Bowlby in the 1950s, and later expanded upon by psychologist Mary Ainsworth and psychiatrist Jerome Kagan. According to attachment theory, children form an emotional bond with their primary caregiver, usually their mother, and this bond influences how they behave and interact with others in different situations throughout their lives.

Theorist Inge Bretherton believes that the drive for children to behave in certain ways in different situations is motivated by their desire to maintain a secure attachment relationship with their caregiver. Bretherton's theory of attachment classification emphasizes the importance of the caregiver-child relationship in shaping children's behavior, emotional regulation, and social interactions. She argues that children classify their relationships with their caregivers as either secure or insecure, depending on the availability and responsiveness of the caregiver.

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The mechanism for changing organizational culture that addresses only the level of basic underlying assumptions of culture is called "unfreezing."

Unfreezing is a process of identifying and acknowledging the current underlying assumptions and beliefs of an organization, questioning their validity, and creating a sense of discomfort or dissatisfaction with the current culture. This process is necessary before any attempt can be made to change the culture, as it helps to break down resistance to change and open up the possibility for new assumptions and beliefs to take hold.

Other mechanisms for changing organizational culture include "cultural audits" which assess the current culture and identify areas for improvement, "culture workshops" which educate employees on the desired culture and facilitate behavior change, and "culture champions" who lead by example and promote cultural change.

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False. It is incorrect to say that listening is easier to avoid because it is psychological.

Hearing is indeed a physiological process that occurs when sound waves are detected by the ears and transmitted to the brain. it is a sensory ability that we possess involuntarily, and it is difficult to completely avoid unless one has a hearing impairment.

on the other hand, listening is an active and intentional process that involves paying attention, interpreting, and comprehending the meaning of what is being heard. unlike hearing, listening is a cognitive and psychological activity that can be influenced by various factors, such as distractions, preconceived notions, or lack of interest.

while it is possible for individuals to choose not to listen or to engage in selective listening, actively avoiding all forms of listening is challenging, especially in social and interactive situations where communication is essential.

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The classification of developmental delay that affects most of the population classified in this fashion is:

Intellectual disability.

Intellectual disability is a developmental delay characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. It is a condition that is present from childhood and affects individuals throughout their lifespan. Intellectual disability can impact various aspects of cognitive functioning, including reasoning, problem-solving, learning, and general intellectual functioning.

Intellectual disability is a relatively common classification of developmental delay, with prevalence rates varying across populations and studies. However, it is important to note that the exact prevalence can vary depending on the specific criteria used for diagnosis and the population being studied.

It is essential to provide appropriate support, intervention, and accommodations to individuals with intellectual disabilities to help them lead fulfilling lives and reach their fullest potential.

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c. they can read quickly but are unable to process the information at the same pace

This is not a typical trait of poor readers. Poor readers typically struggle with various aspects of reading, but reading quickly while being unable to process the information at the same pace is not a common characteristic. Poor readers often have difficulty with comprehension, memory processing, and strategic behavior to restore meaning when comprehension breaks down. They may struggle with automatic monitoring of comprehension and may have challenges in efficiently processing and retaining information.

The correct answer is c. they can read quickly but are unable to process the information at the same pace.

Poor readers typically have difficulties in various aspects of reading, including comprehension monitoring, memory processing, and strategic behavior. However, the ability to read quickly but not process the information at the same pace is not a typical trait of poor readers. Poor readers often struggle with both reading speed and comprehension, as their reading speed is typically slower than average due to difficulties in decoding and understanding the text.

The trait mentioned in option c is not typically associated with poor readers.

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Attitude is NOT one of the dimensions that Chambliss focuses upon when discussing qualitative differentiation.

Qualitative differentiation refers to the process of distinguishing oneself from others based on subjective or intangible qualities, rather than measurable attributes. William J. Chambliss developed a framework for understanding qualitative differentiation, which includes four dimensions: discipline, talent, technique, and style. Discipline refers to the ability to follow a rigorous training program and maintain a high level of commitment and dedication. Talent is the innate abilities and potential that a person possesses. Technique refers to the learned skills and strategies that are developed through practice and experience. Finally, style is the unique expression of one's personality, values, and preferences that sets them apart from others. Attitude, while important in many contexts, is not considered a separate dimension in Chambliss's framework for qualitative differentiation.

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The psychodynamic theories of personality that consider social competence instead of sexuality and pleasure as the major motivation for human behavior.

Psychodynamic theories of personality that focus on social competence instead of sexuality and pleasure as the major motivation for human behavior are often referred to as ego psychology or object relations theories. These theories emphasize the importance of social relationships and interpersonal interactions in shaping an individual's personality development, rather than focusing solely on the role of sexual and pleasure-seeking drives. They suggest that our social competence and ability to form meaningful connections with others are crucial factors in our overall well-being and psychological health.

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The true statement about stratification is that social stratification is a trait of society. This means that in all societies, there are social hierarchies and inequalities based on factors such as wealth, power, and social status.

Social stratification can be seen in the way that different groups of people are treated, the opportunities available to them, and the resources they have access to. While there may be some variation in the specific forms of stratification across societies, the existence of social inequality is a universal feature of human societies. In contrast, the other statements are not true about stratification. There is often significant persistence of social positions across generations, meaning that children tend to inherit their parents' social status. Additionally, social stratification is not just supported by economics, but also by cultural and social beliefs and values. Finally, while economics can play a role in shaping stratification, it is not the only or even the primary driver of social inequality. In summary, social stratification is a universal and persistent feature of human societies, shaped by a complex interplay of economic, cultural, and social factors.

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According to psychoanalytic theory, anxieties and phobias are seen as defenses against unconscious conflicts rooted in a child's early upbringing.

psychoanalytic theory primarily developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the importance of childhood experiences and the unconscious mind in shaping an individual's personality, behaviors, and emotional responses.

In this context, anxieties and phobias are viewed as protective mechanisms that the mind employs to prevent the individual from confronting painful or threatening memories and emotions from their early years. These defenses help to maintain psychological balance and prevent the individual from becoming overwhelmed by unresolved conflicts.

For example, a child who has experienced a traumatic event, such as a car accident, might develop a phobia of driving or being in vehicles. This phobia serves as a defense mechanism to keep the individual away from situations that might trigger the re-emergence of the traumatic memory and the associated emotions.

Treatment approaches, such as psychoanalysis or psychodynamic therapy, focus on helping the individual to explore and resolve these unconscious conflicts through techniques like free association, dream analysis, and transference. By bringing these issues to consciousness and working through them, the individual may experience a reduction in their anxieties and phobias, ultimately improving their overall emotional well-being.

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In their study, Simmons, vom Kolke, and Shimizu (1986) found that romantic love was valued more in the United States and Germany than in Japan.

These researchers suggested that cultural factors such as individualism and emphasis on personal autonomy in the United States and Germany might contribute to the higher value placed on romantic love. In contrast, Japan, with its collectivist cultural orientation and emphasis on group harmony, may prioritize other factors such as family duty, societal expectations, and practical considerations in relationships. This cultural difference can shape people's attitudes and expectations regarding love and relationships, leading to variations in the importance placed on romantic love across different societies.

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The ability to abandon justified resentment and adopt positive, forward-looking approaches in response to harm or damage is known as forgiveness.

Forgiveness is a process through which an individual overcomes feelings of anger, bitterness, or vengeance towards someone who has caused them harm or damage. This process allows the person to release these negative emotions and focus on fostering understanding, empathy, and compassion for the offender. Forgiveness does not necessarily mean forgetting or condoning the harmful action, but rather, it signifies the choice to move forward and heal.

By practicing forgiveness, individuals can experience personal growth, healthier relationships, and improved emotional well-being. It is essential to recognize that forgiveness is a personal journey, and the steps and time needed for forgiveness may vary from person to person.

It can have a positive impact on mental and physical health, as well as improve relationships with others. Learning to forgive can be a difficult process, but it can ultimately lead to greater peace and happiness in one's life.

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Schools in the United States have been criticized for denying sex education programs, which can leave students uninformed about sexual health and safety.

The lack of sex education can also contribute to high rates of teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. While schools have not typically been criticized for promoting and advocating feminism, some critics argue that they can perpetuate the class system by providing better educational opportunities to students from wealthy families, who can afford to live in areas with good schools and pay for private education.

Finally, while some schools do provide vocational training to lower-income students, others have been criticized for failing to adequately prepare students for the workforce, particularly in fields with high demand for skilled workers.

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The given statement "after congress passes a law or the president issues an executive order, the bureaucracy has no role in putting it into effect" is False because After congress passes a law or the president issues an executive order, the bureaucracy plays a crucial role in putting the law or order into effect.

The bureaucracy is responsible for developing regulations that help to define the law or order and for implementing them. This includes things such as creating forms, providing guidance to agencies, and ensuring that all relevant departments and agencies are following the law or order.

Additionally, the bureaucracy is responsible for monitoring and evaluating how well the law or order is working, making changes and adjustments as needed. This is why it is important for the bureaucracy to be knowledgeable about the law or order and be able to effectively communicate it to those responsible for administering it.

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A restaurant chain that assembles meals at a centralized facility is using a C. A service factory approach. A service factory is a production system where services are produced in a centralized location, often with standardized processes and resources.

In the context of a restaurant chain, using a centralized facility to assemble meals means that the food preparation and assembly processes are consolidated in one location rather than being performed at each individual restaurant location. This approach allows for greater control, consistency, and efficiency in the production of meals. By centralizing the food preparation and assembly, the restaurant chain can streamline operations, ensure standardized quality, and potentially achieve cost savings through economies of scale. It also allows for easier monitoring and coordination of resources, such asent ingredients, equipment, and staff, in one location.

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Dr. Pratt is using psychodynamic therapy in treating the patient's depression. The Option A is correct.

Psychodynamic therapy emphasizes role of unconscious conflicts from childhood experiences in shaping person's behavior and emotions. In this type of therapy, therapist works with patient to explore unresolved conflicts and emotional issues from the past.

By gaining insight into unconscious processes, the patients can understand the source of their depression and develop coping strategies to manage their symptoms.

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Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy. The correct option is D.

Peripartum onset depression, also known as postpartum depression, is a type of depression that affects women during or after pregnancy. It is a serious mental health condition that can have significant effects on both the mother and her baby.

Symptoms of peripartum onset depression may include sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, sleep disturbances, appetite changes, and thoughts of suic ide. It is important for women who experience these symptoms to seek professional help as soon as possible to receive appropriate treatment and support.

The correct option is D.

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The government's justification for involvement in leisure activities lies in its responsibility to promote individual well-being, provide equal access to leisure opportunities, maintain public spaces and amenities, and support economic development.

The justification for government involvement in leisure activities stems from several key factors. Firstly, leisure is an essential component of individual well-being and quality of life. By engaging in recreational pursuits, individuals can relax, rejuvenate, and maintain a healthy work-life balance.

However, leisure activities can be influenced by various external factors, such as accessibility, affordability, and safety. Government intervention is warranted to ensure equitable access to leisure opportunities, particularly for marginalized or economically disadvantaged populations who may face barriers to participation.

Through policies and initiatives, the government can promote inclusive and accessible leisure options, fostering social cohesion and enhancing overall societal well-being.

Secondly, government involvement in leisure activities is crucial for the preservation and maintenance of public spaces and amenities. Parks, recreational facilities, and cultural institutions are often publicly owned and managed, requiring government support for their development and upkeep.

These spaces serve as communal gathering spots and promote community engagement, contributing to the social fabric of neighborhoods and cities. The government's role in maintaining and investing in these facilities helps ensure their availability and usability for citizens.

Furthermore, government intervention in leisure can have economic implications. The leisure industry encompasses various sectors, including tourism, hospitality, sports, and entertainment. These industries generate significant revenue, contribute to employment opportunities, and stimulate local economies.

By supporting and regulating leisure activities, governments can facilitate economic growth, attract visitors, and create jobs. Additionally, government involvement can help protect consumers by enforcing regulations, ensuring safety standards, and preventing exploitative practices within the leisure industry.

In summary, the government's justification for involvement in leisure activities lies in its responsibility to promote individual well-being, provide equal access to leisure opportunities, maintain public spaces and amenities, and support economic development.

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Revision is an important part of the learning process, as it helps to reinforce concepts and consolidate knowledge. When asked to revise, it is generally a good idea to follow the given instructions or guidelines.

However, there could be a few reasons why someone might not revise when asked, such as:

1. Lack of motivation: It's possible that the person may not feel motivated to revise or may not understand the importance of revision in their learning process.

2. Time constraints: Sometimes, people may have other commitments or obligations that prevent them from dedicating time to revision.

3. Difficulty in understanding: If the person finds the material difficult or confusing, they might feel overwhelmed or hesitant to revise.

4. Limited resources: In some cases, individuals might not have access to the necessary resources, like textbooks or online materials, to support their revision process.

To address these issues, it's essential to communicate with teachers or peers, seek guidance and support, and prioritize time management. Creating a structured revision plan and setting realistic goals can also contribute to a more effective and successful revision experience.

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External demands that pose a challenge or threat to an organism are known as distresses, while the positive effects that these demands can have on an organism are called eustress.

Distressors are external factors that can lead to negative effects on an organism, including physical, emotional, and mental strain. These may include things like financial problems, relationship issues, or work-related stress. Eustress, on the other hand, refers to the positive effects that can result from facing and overcoming these challenges. These may include increased motivation, improved performance, and a sense of accomplishment. It is important to note that while both distresses and eustress can be challenging, the latter can have a more positive impact on an organism's overall well-being.

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A strong predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people is known as the "halo effect." This cognitive bias occurs when we assume that attractive individuals possess more positive personality traits and abilities than their less attractive counterparts.

The halo effect can influence our perceptions and judgments in various contexts, such as in the workplace, social situations, and even in the legal system. People may unconsciously favor those they find physically appealing, leading to potential unfair treatment or false impressions. This bias can be harmful as it may perpetuate stereotypes and result in decisions based on appearance rather than merit or evidence. It is essential to be aware of the halo effect and strive to evaluate individuals objectively, considering all relevant factors and qualities.

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According to Baumrind's (1971) seminal parenting styles framework, the correct answer is authoritarian parents.

Baumrind proposed three main parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. Each style is characterized by different levels of demandingness and responsiveness.

Authoritarian parents expect unquestioned obedience from their children and enforce strict rules and discipline.

They often view the child as needing to be controlled and tend to be less responsive to the child's individual needs and emotions. These parents typically have high expectations and use punishment as a means of control.

On the other hand, authoritative parents have high expectations for their children but also provide warmth, support, and open communication.

They establish clear rules and boundaries but are also responsive to their child's needs, opinions, and emotions.

Permissive parents have low demands and are lenient with discipline. They tend to be highly responsive to their child's desires and rarely enforce rules or boundaries.

There is no mention of submissive parents in Baumrind's framework.

In conclusion, Baumrind's (1971) research suggests that authoritarian parents expect unquestioned obedience and view the child as needing to be controlled, making them different from authoritative, permissive, and submissive parenting styles.

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Casey who has an optimistic thinking style and a resilient personality is most likely to enjoy a successful adaptation to college life. The right answer is a.

Both optimism and pessimism are states of mind, or ways of perceiving the world. Optimists focus on the advantages of situations. They anticipate positive outcomes. They are confident in their capacity to influence favourable outcomes. They'll have more opportunities as a result of this.

People that are resilient are conscious of their surroundings, their feelings, and the actions of those around them. They can keep things under control and come up with fresh solutions to issues by staying alert. After such challenges, resilient people frequently grow stronger.

The correct answer is option a.

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The question seems incomplete. The complete question is:

Compared to the other individuals, which student is most likely to enjoy a successful adaptation to college life?

Casey who has an optimistic thinking style and a resilient personality

Lilly who has a negative approach and is a introvert personality.

Anne who has a optimistic thinking style and a stubborn personality

Colin will perform well due to social facilitation while lionel will perform poorly due to the presence of other people.

The term "social facilitation" describes an increase in performance brought on by the actual, suggested, or fictitious presence of others. Social facilitation is the tendency for the existence of others to improve someone's performance on an activity. Although this phrase might seem easy to understand it is ultimately a very complex concept with many adverse effects.

The following are illustration of social facilitation. A musician, actor, or other performer who is inspired by an audience gives a greater performance. Seeing that you do better on assignments if you visit a library than if you study at home. A weightlifter who can lift more weight when performing in front of several people than when doing alone.

Option A is the correct answer.

The complete question is, "colin has been learning to play chess for the past three months. colin's friend, lionel, has been playing chess for seven years. when colin and lionel participate in a chess competition at their state university, each chess match is played in front of a large group of people. how well is colin likely to perform compared to lionel?

A. colin will perform well due to social facilitation while lionel will perform poorly due to the presence of other people.

B. colin will perform poorly due to the presence of other people while lionel will perform well due to social facilitation.

C. colin will perform well due to social striving while lionel will perform well due to social loafing.

D. colin will perform poorly due to the presence of other people while lionel will perform well due to social loafing"

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The correct answer is B. workforce readiness. Acquiring reading and writing skills and a good attitude are all aspects of workforce readiness.

Acquiring reading and writing skills and having a good attitude are both important aspects of workforce readiness. Workforce readiness refers to the preparation and development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary for individuals to enter and succeed in the workforce. It encompasses a range of abilities and qualities that enable individuals to meet the demands and expectations of employers and contribute effectively in a work environment.

Reading and writing skills are fundamental communication skills that are crucial in most workplaces. They enable individuals to understand written instructions, documents, and emails, as well as effectively convey their ideas and information through written communication.

Having a good attitude, which includes positive work ethics, professionalism, and a willingness to learn and adapt, is also an essential aspect of workforce readiness. Employers value employees who exhibit a positive attitude, as it contributes to a productive and harmonious work environment and promotes teamwork and collaboration.

While career maturity, self-knowledge, and values clarification are important in career development and decision-making processes, they are not specifically focused on the readiness for the workforce as a whole. Workforce readiness encompasses a broader range of skills and attitudes necessary for success in various job settings.

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If a large number of individuals choose to be free riders in a city, the city may decide to charge a higher price for the public good.

This is because the city may need to increase the price to cover the cost of providing the public good, especially if there are not enough paying riders. The city may also have to reduce the amount of the public good available if there are not enough paying riders, which could affect the quality of life in the city.

Alternatively, the city may never provide public goods if there is not enough funding, or may let the public goods be quickly privatized if there is no demand for them.

If a large number of individuals choose to be free riders in a city, it means they are enjoying the benefits of the public good without paying for it. This can lead to a decrease in the revenue collected by the city to provide the public good, making it difficult to sustain the provision of the public good.

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The correct response to the question is option b. Max Weber, a prominent sociologist, identified various characteristics of bureaucracies, which he considered as an idealized framework for understanding and analysing organizations.

These characteristics, while not universally true, serve as a useful conceptual model for assessing bureaucratic structures and their functioning. Weber's bureaucratic model comprises several key features such as a hierarchical structure, division of labour, written rules and regulations, impersonality, and merit-based employment. These characteristics contribute to efficiency, predictability, and stability within organizations. However, they may not always be present in all bureaucracies, or to the same extent, making the model idealized rather than universally true.
It is essential to note that Weber's concept of bureaucracies is not solely based on imagination or pure conjecture. While the model is idealized, it is firmly rooted in Weber's empirical observations of organizations in his time. The characteristics he identified are still relevant and can be observed in many contemporary bureaucratic organizations.
However, the assertion that Weber's model is outdated may not be entirely accurate. Although modern organizations have evolved significantly, many bureaucratic features outlined by Weber still hold true today. As a result, Weber's idealized model of bureaucracy remains a valuable analytical tool for understanding and evaluating the structure and function of organizations, despite its limitations.

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One example of a two-person zero-sum game having no pure Nash equilibrium such that all the entries of the payoff matrix are different is the matching pennies game.

In the matching pennies game, Player A chooses either heads or tails of a coin, while Player B chooses either heads or tails of another coin. If the coins match (either both heads or both tails), Player A wins and receives a payoff of 1, and Player B loses and receives a payoff of -1. If the coins do not match, Player B wins and receives a payoff of 1, and Player A loses and receives a payoff of -1. It can be seen that there is no pure Nash equilibrium in this game, as neither player has a dominant strategy that they can use to guarantee a win regardless of the other player's choice. If Player A chooses heads, Player B can choose tails to win, and vice versa.

Thus, the players may choose to use mixed strategies, such as choosing each option with equal probability, to obtain an expected payoff of 0.

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C) liquid of all assets requires no conversion.

M1 refers to the most liquid components of the money supply, which includes cash, coins, and checking deposits. As a medium of exchange, M1 assets can be readily used to purchase goods and services without the need for any conversion. They are easily accessible and can be spent immediately, making them highly liquid.

Illiquid assets, on the other hand, are assets that cannot be easily converted into cash without significant loss of value or time. For example, real estate and long-term investments are illiquid assets because they cannot be easily sold or converted into cash without significant transaction costs or delays.

Insolvent assets are assets that have a negative value, meaning that the liabilities associated with the asset exceed its value. For example, a company that has more debt than assets is considered insolvent.

In summary, M1 is considered the most liquid of all assets because it can be readily used as a medium of exchange without the need for conversion.

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Answer:

Thomas Jefferson

Explanation:

Helped the revolutionary cause, as well as drafted the Dec. of Independence.

Answer:

Explanation:

he was valuable to the revolutionary cause. In 1776 he drafted the declaration of Independence which justified Americans independence from Britain