Lewis-Williams bases his argument on several lines of evidence. First, he notes that many of the images in rock art are highly abstract & difficult to interpret.
However, when viewed in the context of shamanic practices, they often become more understandable. Second, Lewis-Williams argues that many of the images in rock art depict animals and humans in unusual or distorted poses.
He suggests that these images may represent the shaman's experiences of shape-shifting or spirit possession during altered states of consciousness.
Third, Lewis-Williams notes that many of the images in rock art are found in caves or other underground spaces, which he believes are particularly conducive to shamanic practices.
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Lewis-Williams has argued that much of the world's rock art is the result of shamanism, based on his extensive study of rock art across different cultures and time periods.
He has noted recurring patterns and themes in the imagery depicted in rock art, such as geometric shapes, animals, and human figures in altered states of consciousness.
These patterns, he argues, are consistent with the experiences and beliefs of shamanic practitioners who used altered states of consciousness to communicate with spirits and access other realms of reality. Additionally, Lewis-Williams has studied the cultural and historical context of the rock art and found evidence that supports the shamanic interpretation, such as the presence of shamanic artifacts and rituals in the cultures that produced the rock art. Overall, his argument is based on a combination of visual analysis, cross-cultural comparison, and historical research.
Lewis-Williams' argument for the association between rock art and shamanism is based on the similarities between the imagery in the rock art and the experiences of shamans during altered states of consciousness. He posits that the artists were shamans themselves, or were influenced by shamanic practices, and the art represents their visions during trances or rituals. This connection suggests that rock art served a significant role in the spiritual and social aspects of prehistoric communities.
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Read the quotation by Adam smith
According to this quote, what motivates most indidviduals
Answer:
According to Adam Smith, the thing that motivates most individuals is D. sense of self interest.
What is self interest?
It should be noted that self interest simply means engaging in things that will be beneficial to one.
In this case, acccording to Adam Smith, the thing that motivates most individuals is a sense of self interest.
Joseph II timeline of important events
what is the amarna period? explain what do you know about it and how it was started.
The Amarna period was a time in ancient Egypt that lasted from around 1353 to 1336 BC during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten.
It was characterized by a significant change in the country's religious and cultural practices, as Akhenaten attempted to shift Egypt from polytheism to a monotheistic belief system centered around the worship of one god, Aten.
Akhenaten's motivation for this religious revolution is still somewhat debated by historians, but it is thought to have been influenced by his own personal beliefs and perhaps a desire to consolidate his power. He moved the capital city from Thebes to a new city he built called Akhetaten (now known as Amarna), where he and his followers could worship Aten without the influence of the traditional religious establishment.
During the Amarna period, art and architecture also underwent a significant shift, with a greater focus on realism and naturalism. Akhenaten himself is often depicted with exaggerated features such as a long, narrow face and elongated fingers.
Overall, the Amarna period was a brief but significant period of cultural and religious change in ancient Egypt.
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the sources often cited for art nouveau are diffuse and wide-ranging. they include ______________ book illustration, Celtic ornament, the rococo style, the Arts and Crafts movement. Pre-Raphaelite painting, Japanese decorative design, and especially ukiyo-e woodblock prints.
The sources often cited for Art Nouveau are diverse and encompass various artistic influences. These include book illustrations, Celtic ornamentation, the Rococo style, the Arts and Crafts movement, Pre-Raphaelite painting, Japanese decorative design, and notably, ukiyo-e woodblock prints.
Art Nouveau, which emerged in the late 19th century, was characterized by its use of sinuous, organic forms, as well as its incorporation of decorative elements from a variety of sources. The movement was a reaction against the academic art of the time, which was seen as overly rigid and formulaic. Book illustration, particularly the work of artists such as Aubrey Beardsley and Walter Crane, was a major influence on the development of Art Nouveau. The movement also drew inspiration from Celtic ornament, which was characterized by its use of interlacing patterns and stylized plant forms. The rococo style, with its emphasis on curvilinear forms and ornate decoration, was another important influence on Art Nouveau. The movement also borrowed elements from the Arts and Crafts movement, which emphasized the value of handcrafted goods and rejected the mass production of the Industrial Revolution.
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The sources often cited for Art Nouveau are diffuse and wide-ranging, and they include influence artistic styles and movements comprising book illustration, Celtic ornament, the Rococo style, the Arts and Crafts movement, Pre-Raphaelite painting, Japanese decorative design, and especially ukiyo-e woodblock prints.
These sources comprise book illustration, which showcases intricate and stylized designs; Celtic ornament, known for its interlacing patterns and flowing lines; the Rococo style, characterized by ornate and intricate decorations; and the Arts and Crafts movement, which promotes traditional craftsmanship and simple, elegant forms.
Additionally, Art Nouveau also draws inspiration from Pre-Raphaelite painting, which emphasizes nature, medievalism, and the importance of symbolism; Japanese decorative design, which is distinguished by its organic forms and asymmetry; and especially ukiyo-e woodblock prints, which showcase a unique blend of stylized elements, natural motifs, and linear patterns.
These diverse sources collectively contribute to the distinct visual language of Art Nouveau, which is characterized by its flowing, organic lines, attention to detail, and emphasis on the harmony between form and function.
By combining these various influences, Art Nouveau artists were able to create a new and innovative style that captured the imagination of their contemporaries and continues to inspire designers today.
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Summarize the struggle for racial and gender equality and the extension of civil rights that occurred in the United States in the postwar period after world war 2.
In postwar period after the World War II, United States experienced the significant struggle for the racial and gender equality and extension of civil rights.
What is equality?Equality refers to the state of being equal, where all individuals are treated fairly and have the same rights, opportunities, and resources regardless of their race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or any other distinguishing characteristic. It means that everyone should be judged based on their abilities and merits rather than their external attributes. The concept of equality aims to eliminate discrimination and promote inclusivity and diversity in society. It is a fundamental human right that is enshrined in many national and international laws and treaties. Achieving equality requires continuous effort and commitment from individuals, organizations, and governments to eliminate systemic and structural barriers that hinder equal access to opportunities and resources.
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These people, places, and innovations played a major role in revolutionizing America's
A) communications industry.
B) meat-packing industry.
C) agricultural production.
D) steel and iron industry.
-Andrew Chase
-Gustavus Swift
-Chicago, Illinois
-Refrigerated box car
Gustavus Swift and the refrigerated box car revolutionized the meat-packing industry. Therefore the correct answer is B) meat-packing industry.
Andrew Chase and Gustavus Swift were instrumental in revolutionizing the meat-packing industry by introducing refrigerated rail cars and mechanized processing techniques. Chicago, Illinois became the center of the meat-packing industry due to its location as a major transportation hub. The refrigerated box car was also a crucial innovation that allowed meat to be transported across the country.
What is box car?
A boxcar, also known as a goods wagon or freight car, is a type of railway car or rolling stock that is generally used to carry goods or freight. It is typically enclosed and has a roof and sliding doors on the side for loading and unloading cargo. The invention of the refrigerated boxcar allowed perishable goods, such as meat, to be transported long distances without spoiling.
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he head of the american railway union involved in the pullman strike was group of answer choices william bryan. terence powderly. james duke. eugene debs. james blaine.
The head of the American Railway Union (ARU) involved in the Pullman Strike was Eugene Debs.
The correct option is C.
Debs was a union leader who had been active in the labor movement since the 1870s. He was a leader in the Knights of Labor and was one of the founders of the ARU. He became the leader of the ARU in 1893 and was a leader of the Pullman Strike in 1894.
Debs was an outspoken advocate for the rights of workers and a powerful public speaker. He used the strike to bring attention to the injustices that workers faced, and campaigned for government involvement in improving the lives of working people.
He was eventually arrested for his involvement in the strike, but was pardoned by President Grover Cleveland in 1895. Debs went on to become the leader of the Socialist Party of America, and ran for President five times.
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CONCEPTS
ete sentences.
Why do you think geographic area and population size
influence how a community may be run?
Answer: cause the chikin crosed the roed
Explanation:
Which type of source does this passage best represent?
(1)census study
(2)government decree
(3)first person account
(4)encyclopedia article
Answer:
first person account the best choice is 3
4. Study this graph. What happened to white American incomes during the
1950s? How did this affect the ability of white American families to live the
"American Dream"? What about African American families? How did their
incomes change during the 1950s? What does this tell us about their ability to
live the "American Dream"? (8 points)
(This is from apex)
The 1950s saw a surge in white American incomes and there was a chase to achieve the American dream.
By enabling them to achieve their own definition of prosperity in an atmosphere whereby upward mobility is accessible for every person, this had an impact on the potential of white American parents to achieve the "American Dream".
There can be growth seen in the average family income of the African American family. But the growth was very slow or low. In the 1950s, there were various upliftments that were present. Which helps them grow. And earn more money. They were living in a community with Americans. They also wanted to have some kind of American dream that they wanted to fulfill.
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held that reporters must repsond to relevent questions in a valid grand jury investigation or criminal trial
Reporters are required to respond to relevant questions during a valid grand jury investigation or criminal trial, as it ensures accurate information is obtained and proper legal procedures are followed.
In regards to your question, it has been legally held that reporters must respond to relevant questions in a valid grand jury investigation or criminal trial.
This means that if a reporter is subpoenaed to provide testimony or evidence in a court case, they cannot refuse to answer questions that are deemed relevant to the case.
However, it is important to note that the validity of the investigation or trial must be established in order for this requirement to apply.
Additionally, there may be certain protections in place for reporters, such as shield laws, that could limit their obligation to provide information in certain circumstances.
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Write a essay explaining What were Stalin’s objectives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe?
Answer:
Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953, had several key objectives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe after World War II. These objectives included expanding Soviet influence and control over the region, promoting the spread of communism, and creating a buffer zone to protect the Soviet Union from potential Western aggression.
One of Stalin's primary objectives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe was to expand Soviet influence and control over the region. After World War II, the Soviet Union emerged as a major power in Europe, and Stalin saw the establishment of Communist governments in Eastern Europe as a way to consolidate Soviet power and influence beyond the Soviet Union's borders. By promoting the spread of communism in Eastern Europe, Stalin hoped to create a sphere of influence that would help to advance Soviet interests and counteract the influence of the United States and other Western powers.
Another key objective of Stalin's support for Communist governments in Eastern Europe was to promote the spread of communism. Stalin saw communism as a superior form of government that would ultimately replace capitalism and imperialist systems around the world. By supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe, Stalin hoped to demonstrate the superiority of communism and encourage other countries to adopt communist systems of government.
Finally, Stalin's support for Communist governments in Eastern Europe was motivated by a desire to create a buffer zone to protect the Soviet Union from potential Western aggression. After World War II, the Soviet Union was surrounded by countries that were hostile to communism and potentially hostile to the Soviet Union itself. Stalin believed that by establishing Communist governments in Eastern Europe, he could create a buffer zone that would protect the Soviet Union from potential Western aggression and allow the Soviet Union to consolidate its power and influence in the region.
In summary, Stalin's objectives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe were to expand Soviet influence and control over the region, promote the spread of communism, and create a buffer zone to protect the Soviet Union from potential Western aggression. While these objectives were motivated by a desire to advance Soviet interests and promote communism, they also had significant geopolitical implications and contributed to the tensions and conflicts of the Cold War era.
the twenty-negro law favored rich southern planters. true false
True. The Twenty-Negro Law was a Confederate law passed during the American Civil War that exempted an owner or overseer of twenty or more slaves from military service.
This exemption favored wealthy plantation owners, who were able to hire poor whites to serve in their place or to hire slaves to work the land. The law was controversial, as it allowed wealthy planters to avoid military service and potentially increased resentment among poor whites, who were forced to fight in the war.
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Why did some Paleolithic people in East Africa migrate to other areas between 100,000 and 75,000 years ago?
A. Rival groups drove them out
B. Farmland became increasingly scarce.
C. The climate became very unstable.
The most likely reason Paleolithic people in East Africa migrated to other areas between 100,000 and 75,000 years ago is because of climate instability.
The correct option is C.
During this time period, the climate of East Africa underwent drastic changes, with increased aridity, frequent droughts, and shifting rain patterns. This instability caused the habitats and resources available to the Paleolithic people to be compromised, making it difficult for them to sustain themselves without migrating to other areas that may have been more hospitable.
Additionally, the migrations of other groups may have further contributed to the necessity of the Paleolithic people to move, as rival groups drove them out or created competition for resources.
The correct option is C.
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the crocodile god sobek was worshiped in a massive temple at the ancient town of tebtunis by:
The crocodile god Sobek was worshiped in a massive temple at the ancient town of Tebtunis by the people of ancient Egypt, who considered Sobek to be a powerful and protective deity.
The crocodile god Sobek was worshiped in a massive temple at the ancient town of Tebtunis by the local population, as well as by visitors and pilgrims from other parts of Egypt. The temple was considered to be one of the most important religious centers in the region, and it was dedicated to Sobek, who was believed to have created the Nile River and to have protected the people from the dangers of the water. The temple complex included a variety of buildings and structures, such as a main temple, a sacred lake, and various administrative and residential buildings for the priests and officials who served the god. The cult of Sobek continued to be important throughout the Pharaonic period and beyond, and his worship spread to other parts of Egypt as well.
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The crocodile god Sobek was worshipped in a massive temple at the ancient town of Tebtunis by the people living in the area during the time of the Egyptian civilization.
Sobek was considered a powerful deity who symbolized strength, protection, and fertility. The temple at Tebtunis was an important religious center for the local community, as it was dedicated to the worship of this revered deity.
As a god associated with water and the life-giving Nile River, Sobek played a crucial role in the daily lives of ancient Egyptians. Worshipping Sobek at the temple of Tebtunis was believed to bring blessings, safety, and prosperity to the people, their crops, and their livestock.
Priests and other religious officials conducted ceremonies, rituals, and offerings in honor of Sobek at the temple. The massive structure, adorned with intricate artwork and inscriptions, showcased the importance of the god in the religious and cultural life of the town. Through their devotion to Sobek, the people of Tebtunis aimed to ensure a harmonious relationship with the natural environment, which was essential for their survival and prosperity.
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what was the outcome of the three governors controversy? a eugene talmadge served as governor of georgia for a third term. b ellis arnall became governor of georgia. c eugene talmadge's son became governor of georgia. d lieutenant governor melvin thompson became governor of georgia.
The outcome of the three governors controversy was that Ellis Arnall became governor of Georgia, Eugene Talmadge's son became governor of Georgia, and Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson became governor of Georgia.
The correct options are C and D.
The Three Governors Controversy was a dispute over the governorship of Georgia in 1946. The issue arose when Governor-elect Eugene Talmadge died before he could take office. The state legislature passed a resolution allowing Talmadge's son, Herman, to serve as governor in his father's place.
However, Lieutenant Governor-elect Melvin Thompson argued that he was the rightful governor and sued. The state Supreme Court ruled in Thompson's favor, and he became the governor of Georgia. Meanwhile, Ellis Arnall, a former governor who had been defeated by Talmadge in the election, was appointed interim governor by the state legislature. Eventually, Herman Talmadge was elected governor in 1948, and he served until 1955.
The correct options are C and D.
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what three late medieval florentines believed that their native tuscan dialect possessed as much beauty and literary potential as any ancient language?
The three late medieval Florentines who believed that their native Tuscan dialect possessed as much beauty and literary potential as any ancient language were Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio.
Together, these writers helped to establish Tuscan as the literary language of Italy, paving the way for the development of modern Italian language and literature. They believed that Tuscan, which was spoken by the people of Tuscany, including Florence, was a rich and expressive language that was capable of conveying complex ideas and emotions in a way that was equal to, or even superior to, the ancient languages of Latin and Greek. Their work helped to elevate the status of vernacular languages and promote a more democratic and accessible form of literary expression that was accessible to a wider audience than the elite circles that had traditionally dominated literary culture in Europe.
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Why was the refrigerated railway car such an important invention ?
A. It changed the American diet
B. It changed how farmers grew their produce
C. It changed prices for pedestrian passengers
D. It changed the way Americans traveled
The refrigerated railway car such an important invention because It changed the American diet. The correct answer is A.
The refrigerated railway car was an important invention because it allowed for the transportation of perishable goods, such as meat and produce, over long distances. Prior to its invention, these goods would spoil before reaching their destination.
With the ability to transport perishable goods, the refrigerated railway car changed the American diet by making fresh food available year-round, regardless of the season or location of production.
This had significant economic implications, as farmers were able to expand their markets beyond their immediate region, and consumers had access to a wider variety of foods at lower prices.
In addition, the refrigerated railway car had a ripple effect on related industries, such as food processing and packaging, and paved the way for the development of new refrigeration technologies that continue to impact the world today.
The correct answer is A.
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Why did Hamilton support the
national bank?
Answer: He supported the national bank because a national bank would facilitate the payment of taxes, revenue for which the federal government was desperate.
Explanation:
What is the most common resource in America
Answer: America has the world's largest reserves of coal. This abundant source of energy helped fuel U.S. growth during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: coal
Explanation: America has the world's largest reserves of coal. This abundant source of energy helped fuel U.S. growth during the Industrial Revolution
How do inflation and deflation affect the US economy and how does the Federal Reserve approach these issues?
Answer:
Inflation and deflation are two economic conditions that can have significant impacts on the US economy, and the Federal Reserve plays a key role in managing these issues.
Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services over time. When inflation is high, the cost of goods and services goes up, and the value of money decreases. This can lead to a decrease in consumer spending and investment, which can slow down economic growth. On the other hand, deflation refers to a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services over time. When deflation occurs, the cost of goods and services goes down, but the value of money increases. This can lead to a decrease in demand for goods and services, which can also slow down economic growth.
The Federal Reserve approaches these issues by using monetary policy tools to influence interest rates and the money supply in the economy. In times of inflation, the Federal Reserve may raise interest rates to reduce spending and borrowing and slow down economic growth. In times of deflation, the Federal Reserve may lower interest rates to encourage spending and investment and boost economic growth. The Federal Reserve also has the ability to adjust the money supply through actions such as open market operations, which involve buying or selling government securities to increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation.
Overall, the Federal Reserve aims to maintain stable prices and promote maximum employment through its management of inflation and deflation. By using monetary policy tools to influence interest rates and the money supply, the Federal Reserve can help to stabilize the economy and promote sustainable economic growth.
in the landmark decision of munn v. illinois (1877), the supreme court group of answer choices declared state railroad regulations unconstitutional. upheld the right of states to regulate public businesses including railroads. established federal guidelines for agricultural production. outlawed segregation in companies engaged in interstate commerce. outlawed child labor.
In the landmark decision of Munn v. Illinois (1877), the Supreme Court upheld the right of states to regulate public businesses including railroads.
Munn v. Illinois was a pivotal Supreme Court case that addressed the question of whether states had the right to regulate businesses that operated in the public interest, such as railroads and grain elevators. The Court ultimately ruled that states did have this right, and that regulations such as price controls and rate-setting were permissible as long as they were reasonable and did not interfere with interstate commerce. This decision marked a significant shift in the Court's approach to economic regulation and helped to establish the idea that businesses that operate in the public interest are subject to government oversight and regulation. The decision did not address the constitutionality of state railroad regulations more broadly, but it did establish an important precedent that has been cited in subsequent cases involving the regulation of industries such as transportation and utilities.
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The labor of enslaved African people helped to:
A. create a community of equality for all who lived there.
B. build a stable and thriving economy in the colonies.
C. build manufacturing industries and factories.
D. create trade relationships with Indigenous peoples of the area.
Unit Test Review
Why was using shading and light important to Renaissance painters?
It helped the subjects show less emotion.
It made religious subjects look more serious.
It helped make subjects look more realistic.
It allowed the subject to appear more dramatic.
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The correct answer is: It helped make subjects look more realistic.
Environmental science deals with the study of atmosphere, land, and ocean.
What is Renaissance painters?
Renaissance painters were artists who lived and worked during the Renaissance period, which was a cultural and artistic movement that emerged in Europe during the 14th to 17th centuries. This period marked a significant shift in art, characterized by a renewed interest in humanism, scientific inquiry, and the revival of classical Greek and Roman artistic techniques and styles.
Shading and light were important techniques used by Renaissance painters to create a sense of depth and three-dimensionality in their paintings. By carefully manipulating light and shade, artists were able to create the illusion of form, volume, and space on a two-dimensional canvas or fresco.
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Answer:
Here i gotchu, jst look at tha bottom it's the whole answer sheet too this quiz ;) ya ya you can thank me later...but quick get yo quiz doneeee slay itt LOL...you got this <3 ALSO HAPPY SUMMERRR
Explanation:
Estimate miles of Cortez route to Tenochtitlán
Historical records suggest that Cortez and his men traveled approximately 250 miles from the Gulf of Mexico to reach Tenochtitlán.
This journey was not an easy one as it took them through thick jungles, across mountainous terrain, and over several rivers. Despite the challenges, Cortez and his men were determined to reach their destination and conquer the Aztec empire, which they ultimately did in 1521.
Overall, estimating the exact distance of Cortez's route to Tenochtitlán may not be possible, but historical show records and knowledge of the geography of the region can provide a general estimation of the distance traveled.
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The complete question is:
Estimate from the historical records, what is the distance (in miles) of the route from Cortez to Tenochtitlán.
What do I put in the boxes ?
Most of the time, a government's public policy is made up of the existing policies, laws, and actions. How often state entities now perform these responsibilities instead of the state itself raises concerns about the changing structure of government.
What is the process of creating public policy?Public policy formulation is the study, creation, and application of laws, regulations, financial priorities, or other actions by a local, state, or federal government on a specific public concern. A number of organizations are involved in the formulation and creation of a policy. In India, public policy is influenced by the Cabinet, the legislature, the opposition political parties, pressure groups and NGOs, bureaucracy, and citizens.
Public policy is often comprised of a government's defined policies, laws, and actions. Concerns about the new form of government draw attention to the fact that state agencies now perform these duties more frequently than the state itself.
What are the ways that public policy benefits society?Public policies at the local level, such as taxes, budgeting, and employment rules, have a significant influence on the economic growth of a local community. Governments and corporate leaders can collaborate successfully to generate economic growth that benefits communities.
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What is the relation between the new lynching memorial and Confederate monuments?
Answer:
The new lynching memorial and Confederate monuments are related in that they both represent different aspects of America's complex and painful history of racial injustice.
The lynching memorial, officially known as the National Memorial for Peace and Justice, is a monument that honors the thousands of African Americans who were lynched in the United States between 1877 and 1950. It is a somber reminder of the brutal and violent ways in which black people were oppressed and terrorized during this period.
Confederate monuments, on the other hand, are statues and other memorials that commemorate the Confederacy, a group of southern states that seceded from the United States and fought a civil war (1861-1865) to preserve slavery. These monuments are controversial because they celebrate figures who fought to uphold a system of racial oppression and slavery.
While the lynching memorial and Confederate monuments may seem to represent opposing sides of the same issue, they both serve as reminders of America's troubled history with race. The lynching memorial acknowledges the violence and terror that black people faced, while Confederate monuments represent a history of white supremacy and oppression. Both monuments are important in their own way, as they help us to remember and learn from the past so that we can work towards a more just and equitable future.
the roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine, enunciated in 1904, altered president monroe's initial intentions in 1823 by
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, enunciated in 1904, altered President Monroe's initial intentions in 1823 by asserting the right of the United States to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries to maintain stability and protect American interests.
The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy statement made by U.S. President James Monroe in 1823. It stated that any efforts by European countries to colonize or interfere in the affairs of the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression and require U.S. intervention. The policy was intended to prevent the establishment of European colonies in the Western Hemisphere and protect the newly independent Latin American nations from European influence. The Roosevelt Corollary, announced by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, built upon the Monroe Doctrine by asserting the right of the United States to act as an "international police power" in the Western Hemisphere. This meant that the United States had the authority to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries to maintain stability and prevent European intervention.
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1. What is the "M" reason for WWI that was part of countries making
sure that they had the strongest war technologies in the war?
In Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914, the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, along with his wife, Sophie. This act served as the catalyst for the start of World War I.
What led various nations to join World War One?The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was the immediate cause of World War I that brought the aforementioned factors into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism). A Serbian nationalist terrorist organization known as the Black Hand deployed teams to kill the Archduke in June 1914.
What was the main topic of discussion in class on the reasons for World War I?The four main causes of World War One are each listed under the abbreviation M-A-I-N, which stands for militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
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Cold War and US Foreign Policy
Write a formal AP exam style long essay on the following topic: Describe the similarities and differences in foreign policy during the
Elsenhower and Kennedy Administrations.
Upload the completed assignment to the Graded Activities Panel at the left-hand side of the screen. Be sure to submit it for grading.
Use the rubric on the previous slide to ensure you meet the expected criteria for the assignment.
Answer:
The Cold War was a period of intense geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, spanning from the end of World War II in 1945 to the early 1990s. During this era, U.S. foreign policy underwent significant changes as different administrations pursued their strategies to contain Soviet influence and advance American interests. Two notable administrations during this period were those of Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy, both of which had similarities and differences in their foreign policy approaches.
The Eisenhower Administration (1953-1961) was characterized by a policy of "massive retaliation" and containment, aimed at containing the spread of communism and deterring Soviet aggression. Eisenhower pursued a policy of military buildup, focusing on nuclear deterrence as a means to prevent war. This policy relied on the threat of overwhelming nuclear retaliation in response to any aggression against the United States or its allies. Eisenhower also sought to reduce defense spending and limit U.S. involvement in costly wars abroad, as evidenced by his cautious approach during the Suez Crisis in 1956.
One of the key similarities in foreign policy between the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations was their shared commitment to containment. Both administrations viewed the spread of communism as a significant threat to U.S. interests and sought to prevent its expansion. They both believed in the need to support friendly governments and resist communist movements around the world. For example, both Eisenhower and Kennedy supported anti-communist governments in South Vietnam and provided military aid to counter the communist insurgency there.
However, there were also notable differences in foreign policy between the two administrations. One key difference was their approach to diplomacy and engagement with the Soviet Union. While Eisenhower pursued a policy of containment through military deterrence, he also sought to engage in diplomatic negotiations with the Soviets, such as the Geneva Summit in 1955 and the U-2 incident in 1960. In contrast, Kennedy's approach was characterized by a more confrontational stance, with a focus on increasing military spending and taking a tougher stance against Soviet aggression. This was evident in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, where Kennedy adopted a strong stance in response to Soviet missiles being installed in Cuba.
Another difference was their emphasis on regional alliances. Eisenhower relied heavily on regional alliances, such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), to contain Soviet expansion in Europe. He also pursued policies aimed at building alliances in Asia, such as the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). Kennedy, on the other hand, sought to build alliances through his Alliance for Progress initiative in Latin America, which aimed at fostering economic development and countering communist influence in the region.
Furthermore, the Kennedy administration placed a greater emphasis on humanitarian and development assistance as part of its foreign policy approach. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress aimed at providing economic assistance and promoting social reforms in Latin American countries, with the goal of preventing the spread of communism by addressing the underlying social and economic grievances that often led to its rise.
In conclusion, while the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations shared similarities in their commitment to containment as a key foreign policy objective, there were also notable differences in their approaches. Eisenhower pursued a policy of "massive retaliation" and sought diplomatic engagement with the Soviet Union, while Kennedy adopted a more confrontational stance and emphasized regional alliances and humanitarian assistance. These differences in foreign policy approaches were shaped by the evolving geopolitical context of the Cold War and the unique priorities and strategies of each administration.
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