Little 3-year-old Sally has decided to throw a temper tantrum and has chosen to hold her breath and stomp her feet. However, it is known that she can only hold her breath for a limited period of time before Sally will involuntarily begin to breathe again. Describe the feedback mechanism and anatomical structure that initiates involuntary breathing. Make sure to include how an increased level of CO2 affects this mechanism.

Answer:

Carbon dioxide builds up in the lungs, forcing you to breath.

Explanation:

UwU

The feedback mechanism that initiates involuntary breathing in Sally is primarily controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata, which is a part of the brainstem. When Sally holds her breath, the level of oxygen in her blood decreases while the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) increases. This increase in CO2 is detected by chemoreceptors in the walls of the blood vessels, which then send signals to the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata.

The respiratory center responds to this signal by stimulating the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, causing an inhalation or inspiration. The increased level of CO2 in the blood triggers the release of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which stimulate the respiratory center to increase the rate and depth of breathing. This increased breathing rate and depth helps to eliminate the excess CO2 and restore the balance of gases in the blood.

In summary, the increase in CO2 levels in the blood serves as the primary feedback mechanism that initiates involuntary breathing. The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata receives signals from chemoreceptors in the blood vessels, which then stimulates the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract and initiate an inhalation.

This feedback mechanism helps to maintain the balance of gases in the blood and ensures that Sally can continue to breathe even when she is holding her breath.

It is important to note that the level of CO2 in the blood is a key factor in regulating breathing rate and depth. In normal conditions, an increase in CO2 will stimulate breathing, while a decrease in CO2 will slow down or inhibit breathing.

This is why people who hyperventilate, or breathe too quickly and deeply, can experience symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting, as they are lowering their blood CO2 levels below normal.

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