Looking at natural processes in terms of systems is useful in science because It helps organize the way we make observations.
What is the scientific method?The scientific method has a lot to do with making observations which lead to hypothesis and controlled experiments. They ultimately lead us to logical conclusions.
As such, looking at natural processes in terms of systems is useful in science because It helps organize the way we make observations. Observations helps us to appreciate the universe and guides our quest for knowledge in science.
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Which are mechanisms of antigenic variation? 1. siderophoric switching 2. mutation 3. recombination 4. gene switching
The mechanisms of antigenic variation are:-
1. mutation 2. recombination 3. gene switching
One of the methods of antigenic escape, antigenic variation or antigenic alteration refers to the process by which an infectious agent, such as a protozoan, bacterium, or virus, modifies the proteins or carbohydrates on its surface and evades a host immune response. It has to do with a phase shift. The pathogen can re-infect previously infected animals thanks to antigenic diversity, which also helps it dodge the immune response in its present host. Recognition of the antigens carried by the virus, which are "remembered" by the acquired immune response, provides the basis for immunity to re-infection. If the pathogen's main antigen can be changed, the acquired immune system of the host can be circumvented.
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WRITE ABOUT A THEME: EVOLUTION. In a short essay (100-150 words), discuss Darwin's view of how natural selection resulted in both unity and diversity of life on Earth. Include in your discussion some of his evidence. (See a suggested grading rubric and tips for writing good essays in the Study Area of Mastering Biology under "Write About a Theme.")
A brief description of how Darwin's view of natural selection resulted in both the unity and diversity of life on Earth with some of his evidence is:
Darwin was the first person to come up with the theory of natural selection, where he assumed that organisms adapt based on their environment.He discovered an interesting thing about the finches he found when he found that every finch that ate the best food had better beaks for eating seeds.In addition, if they found insects as food, they adapted to use shorter beaks to catch and eat the insects.Finches must constantly adapt to each new environment in order to survive and thrive, like all organisms.To learn more about natural selection, refer to:
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Which statement describes carbon's unique bonding ability?
O Carbon can easily form 2 covalent bonds with other atoms.
O Carbon can only bond with other carbon atoms.
O Carbon can bond with all other atoms.
O Carbon can easily form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
Answer:
the answer is the last option.
carbon has a valency of 4. as such, it can combine with other elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen to form new compounds by sharing electrons in a covalent bond.
________ between amide protons and carbonyl oxygens is necessary to stabilize a regular folding of protein secondary structure.
Hydrogen bonds between amide protons and carbonyl oxygens is necessary to stabilize a regular folding of protein secondary structure.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and each one has a specific role to play in the complex three-dimensional structure of these biomolecules. One of the key interactions that helps to stabilize protein structure is the hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen bonds between the amide protons and carbonyl oxygens are essential for proper folding of protein secondary structure. These weak bonds help to keep the protein backbone in place, and without them, the protein would simply collapse.
While other interactions, such as hydrophobic interactions, also play a role in protein stabilization, the hydrogen bond is essential for proper protein folding. Without it, proteins would simply be a jumble of amino acids, unable to perform their many vital functions in the cell.
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What are some of the differences in microclimate be tween an unplanted agricultural field and a nearby stream corridor with trees?
A microclimate is a collection of climatic patterns that have been identified in specific localized regions of the earth's surface. It can also be very fine localized patterns of climatic conditions that are determined on a smaller scale, and it includes abiotic elements like temperature, windspeed, sunlight, and moisture.
In an agricultural field, soil characteristics, rainfall, vegetation, land usage, and water retention all affect the microclimate. The microclimate in an agricultural field is determined by the growth of the flora, the amount of precipitation, and the landscape's characteristics, such as warmth or cold, dryness or wetness.The microclimates along stream corridors with trees are moist and shaded. Trees shield the environment from the sun's heat, keeping it cooler. Additionally, it decreases the temperature of the area by draining moisture from their leaves and branches and cooling the air.This is because microclimates play a significant role in the local interactions between abiotic factors and are influenced by seasonal and day-night conditions. As a result, the nearby stream corridor with trees has a lower temperature and is more shaded than the agricultural field without vegetation.Learn more about the Microclimate with the help of the given link:
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necrosis is characterized by the ghostly outline of cells that have died in place, their architecture preserved.
Necrosis which is characterized by the ghostly outline of cells that have died in place, their architecture preserved is known as Coagulative necrosis.
What is Necrosis?Necrosis may be defined as the property that significantly involves the sudden and rapid death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to a specific injury, disease, or negligence of the blood supply.
In coagulative necrosis, the accidental death of cells is primarily caused or provoked by infarction or ischemia. This type of necrosis involves the preservation of architectural dead tissues for at least two or more days.
Therefore, coagulative necrosis is a type of necrosis that is characterized by the ghostly outline of cells that have died in place, their architecture preserved.
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I am in k12 biology help asp if you know this
Parts of a Scientific Process
(Score for Question 2: ___ of 5 points)
2. What was the role of the water test tube in each phase?
Answer:
Answer:
The water was used for comparison or control
Explanation:
in water we know there are no,macro molecules,just water iodine is pretty dark,but elwhen you put it in the solution it will change. Still stuck.
The pattern of divisions that produces cells of the C. elegans intestine is always the same. Is the number of divisions that gives rise to a mature cell always the same?
The hermaphroditic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has a mapped somatic lineage that is mostly invariant, yet during larval and adult stages, germ cells continuously multiply in a stem cell niche.
Early embryonic cell divisions happen quickly and don't have G1 or G2 phases. The G1 phase only appears late in embryogenesis in a small proportion of actively dividing cells, according to the existing evidence, and it is first noticed at gastrulation.
Different DNA replication rates, which are partly explained by the variable activation of the DNA-replication checkpoint, result in differences in the time of early embryonic cell cycles between lineages.
The formation of post-embryonic cell lineages is closely controlled, with cycles of cell division starting and ending at particular times during larval development. Although changes to the heterochronic pathway, which controls the sequence of larval programs, might indirectly change the time of cell divisions, the extrinsic or intrinsic cues that regulate the timing of initial cell-cycle entry remain unknown.
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a new mutation arises in the intron of a gene in a somatic cell. this mutation contributes to in the population by individuals in the next generation.
A somatic mutation contributes to variation in the population it will not be inherited by individuals in the next generation.
What is a neutral mutation?A neutral mutation is any mutation that does not affect the fitness of an organism and they are generally found in non-coding genome regions instead of protein-coding regions.
Nonetheless, it is important to highlight that a mutation in an intron may also have evolutionary significance if it has regulatory roles associated with gene expression.
In conclusion, a new mutation arises in the intron of a gene in a somatic cell, thereby this mutation contributes to variation in the population it will not be inherited by individuals in the next generation.
Complete question:
Fill in the blank. A new mutation arises in the intron of a gene in a somatic cell. This mutation contributes to _____ in the population _____ by individuals in the next generation.
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What does the term phlebotomy actually mean? 1.removal of a vein 2.incision of a vein 3.testing of blood 4.withdrawal of red blood cells
Answer: withdrawal of red blood cells
Explanation:
What is the difference between a mut-driver gene and an epi-driver gene? can driver genes have passenger gene mutations? explain
There are two main types of driver genes: mut-driver genes and epi-driver genes. Mut-driver genes are genes that are mutated in such a way that they cause cancer. Epi-driver genes are genes that are not mutated, but that are overexpressed in cancer cells.
Passenger gene mutations are mutations that are not thought to play a role in causing cancer. However, driver genes can have passenger gene mutations. For example, a driver gene may be mutated in such a way that it causes cancer, but it may also have a passenger gene mutation that does not contribute to the cancer.
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Mention Some poisible solutions to control the spreading
exotic species?
Some possible solutions to control the spreading are Invasive Species :
Get your fishing and hiking gear clean.Never move the firewood.Whenever possible, catch fish with local bait.Join the removal effort as a volunteer.Before moving to a new body of water, clean your boat.When choosing plants for your garden, consult with your neighborhood nursery.What is meant by invasive species?Any non-native species that significantly alters or disrupts the ecosystems it colonizes is referred to as an invasive species, also known as an introduced species, alien species, or exotic species. Such species may migrate naturally to new areas, but they are frequently brought in by the activities of other species.
Rabbits, foxes, cats, pigs, untrained goats, rodents on islands, red imported fire ants, Psittacine beak and feather disease, and chytrid fungus are a few examples of invasive species key threatening processes that cover individual threats.
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I understand the question you are looking for :
Mention Some possible solutions to control the spreading invasive species ?
1. Find a food chain that connects algae to the alligator. Then find another food chain from the saltmeadow grass to the alligator. Use two pen different colors to highlight the two food chains.
Algae/Saltmeadow grass/shrimp/killifish/muskrat/raccoon/catfish/pelican/bobcat/alligator
The food chain that connects algae to the alligator includes algae, shrimp, killfish, catfish and finally the alligator. Another food chain that connects salt meadow to the alligator includes salt meadow, muskrat, and finally the alligator.
Food chains consist of a sequence in which an organism is consumed by other organisms for their survival. The environment and the survival of species depend on food chains. To survive, each consumer relies on an additional animal or plant. They receive their nutrition from those species.
Six components make up the food chain, however it is not necessary that all of them would be present all together at the same time. They consist of a producer, a primary herbivore consumer, a secondary omnivore consumer, a secondary carnivore, and a decomposer.
Algae is a producer eaten up by the primary herbivore consumer shrimp, which is then eaten up by a secondary omnivore consumer such as killifish, which is further eaten up another secondary omnivore consumer such as catfish, and finally by a secondary carnivore such as an alligator.
Another food chain involves a primary omnivore consumer such as salt meadow, a secondary carnivore such as the muskrat and finally another secondary carnivore, an alligator.
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which statement does not describe an antibiotic mechanism of action, thus enabling the antibiotic to kill bacteria?
The statement "it prevents the formation of phospholipid bilayer" does not describe an antibiotic mechanism of action capable of enabling the antibiotic to kill bacteria.
What is an antibiotic?An antibiotic is a specific medication drug that hampers the growth of infectious bacteria, thereby being used in therapeutics against these pathogenic microorganisms.
The prevention of the formation of the phospholipid bilayer does not raise a therapeutic strategy to eliminate these infectious agents (i.e. bacteria) in the body in order recover the health state.
Antibiotics act for example by inhibiting the cell wall, altering cellular membranes, or inhibiting the synthesis of either DNA or RNA.
In conclusion, the statement "it prevents the formation of phospholipid bilayer" does not describe an antibiotic mechanism of action capable of enabling the antibiotic to kill bacteria.
Complete question:
Which statement does not describe an antibiotic mechanism of action, thus enabling the antibiotic to kill bacteria?
a. It prevent the formation of phospholipid bilayer
b. Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis.
c. Alteration of Cell Membranes.
d. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
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Transgenic plants are generally different from traditional hybrid plants produced hundreds of years ago, because transgenic plants may?
Transgenic plants are generally different from traditional hybrid plants produced hundreds of years ago, because transgenic plants may contain genes from animals or bacteria
What are transgenic plants give example?Transgenic plants are those created by inserting foreign DNA into a cell and then growing a plant from that cell. Transgenic plants include, among others, maize, rice, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflowers, potatoes, and tomatoes. The first transgenic plants with antibiotic resistance, Nicotiana tabacum, were created in tobacco factories in 1982. Traditional hybrid plants created hundreds of years ago are generally distinct from transgenic plants since transgenic plants may incorporate DNA from animals or microbes.The most popular bacteria for GM plants is known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The desired gene is introduced into the bacterium, and the bacterial cells then introduce the new DNA into the plant cells' genome. The successfully incorporated plant cells are then cultivated to produce a new plant.To learn more about Transgenic plants, refer
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The four essential elements for life are _______. a. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen b. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and iron c. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and magnesium d. iron, nitrogen, oxygen and magnesium
Answer:
I think its A
Explanation:
Explain why "editing" is an appropriate metaphor for how natural selection acts on a population's heritable variation.
The term editor is a metaphor for natural selection because natural selection edits the naturally occurring heritable variation by favoring one genotype over another. It causes a change in population gene frequencies because it chooses those who will live and pass on their genes to the next generation.
What do you mean by natural selection?
In natural selection, those variations in the genotype (the entire complex of genes inherited from both parents) that increase the organism's chances of survival and reproduction are preserved and multiplied from generation to generation at the expense of less advantageous variations. Evolution often occurs as a result of this process. Natural selection can arise from differences in survival, fecundity, developmental rate, mating success, or any other aspect of the life cycle. All these differences lead to natural selection to the extent that they affect the number of offspring an organism leaves behind.To learn more about natural selection, refer to:
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Describe the types of cells and the nature of the extracellular matrix that compose blood and lymph
Blood cells are the red blood cells, white blood cells, and the cell fragments called as platelets. Around them is an extracellular matrix, that called as Plasma which nearly contains about 92 percent water, which makes the plasma fluid.
The Blood cells. Blood contains many types of the cells: white blood cells (monocytes, the lymphocytes, the neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and the macrophages), the red blood cells (erythrocytes), and the platelets. teh Blood circulates through the body in the arteries and in the veins. Red blood cells, also referred to as the red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, the erythroid cells or the erythrocytes, are the most common type of the blood cell and the vertebrate's principal that means of delivering the oxygen to the body tissues—via the blood flow through the circulatory system
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(a) Calculate the ratio of urine osmolarity to blood osmolarity for mice with unlimited access to water.
TheThe ratio of urine osmolarity and blood osmolarity would be 1.4 .
Why is osmolarity is important?The concentration of particles is higher when there is less water in your blood. When you are dehydrated ,your blood's osmolarity rises, and when there is too much fluid in your system, it fails. Osmolarity is managed in a special way by your body your body produces antidiuretic hormone in response to rising osmolarity.
Osmolarity of urine will be 4550 mosmol/kgH2O and the osmolarity of blood would be 325 mosmol/kgH2O so the ratio will be 1.4
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How much of 0.5 m glucose (molecular mass 180 ) is needed to provide 100 mg of glucose? a. 1.11 ml
b. 0.11 ml
c. 100 ml
d. 10 ml
Taking into account the definition of molarity and molar mass, the correct answer is option a: 1.11 mL of 0.5 M glucose (molecular mass 180) is needed to provide 100 mg of glucose.
Definition of molarityMolarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution and indicates the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a given volume.
The molarity of a solution is calculated by :
molarity= mass÷ volume
Molarity is expressed in units moles/L.
Definition of molar massThe molar mass of substance is a property defined as the amount of mass that a substance contains in one mole.
Volume in this caseIn this case, you have:
Molarity of the solution= 0.5 Mmass= 100 mg= 0.1 g (being 1 mg= 0.001 g)molar mass of glucose= 180 g/molYou can apply the following rule of three: If by definition of molar mass 180 grams of glucose are contained in 1 mole, 0.1 grams of glucose are contained in how many moles?
amount of moles= (0.1 grams× 1 mole)÷ 180 grams
amount of moles= 5.556×10⁻⁴ moles
Noe, replacing in the definition of molarity:
0.5 M= 5.556×10⁻⁴ moles÷ volume
Solving:
0.5 M× volume= 5.556×10⁻⁴ moles
volume= 5.556×10⁻⁴ moles ÷0.5 M
volume=1.11×10⁻³ L= 1.11 mL (being 1 L= 1000 mL)
Finally, the correct answer is option a: 1.11 mL of 0.5 M glucose (molecular mass 180) is needed to provide 100 mg of glucose.
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the four body systems that interact to allow a person to sneeze?
Answer:
The sneeze centre sends signals to the parts of your body that need to work together to help you sneeze. Your chest muscles, diaphragm, abdominals, vocal cords and the muscles in the back of your throat all work together to help you expel the irritant.
Explanation:
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Cellular Respiration and photosynthesis can be thought of as opposite processes. Energy
flows in opposite directions in the two processes.
Complete the table using the phrases listed below:
Green plant cells
CO,+H,O+ATP
Mitochondria
What Is Its purpose?
What type of cells do this?
What organelle in the cell
does this?
Reactants
Products
2. Which process:
Chloroplast
Glucose + O₂
Capture & Store energy
CO₂ + H₂O + light
1. Write the equation for each process:
a. Photosynthesis:
b. Respiration:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
3. What type of energy:
a. Releases energy for the cell?
b. Stores energy for the cell?
Release energy from food
All cells
Glucose + O₂
RESPIRATION
a. Is used to make food during photosynthesis?
b. Is made during respiration?
4. How do the products of photosynthesis compare to the reactants of respiration?
1) Oxidative phosphorylation, which produces ATP using the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat, is the traditional function of mitochondria. For the majority of biochemical and physiological processes, including growth, mobility, and equilibrium, ATP is used as the main energy source in turn. Almost every eukaryotic organism, including plants and animals, has mitochondria in its cells.
2) a) Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
b) Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
3) a) Mitochondria Release energy for the cell.
b) carbon dioxide and water Is made during respiration.
4) Water and carbon dioxide are changed into oxygen and glucose during photosynthesis. The plant consumes glucose and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Oxygen and glucose are transformed into water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. By-products of the process include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, which are turned into energy.
The main purpose of photosynthesis is to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is then stored for later use. This mechanism primarily provides energy to the planet's life systems. The C3, C4, and CAM pathways are the three basic categories of photosynthetic pathways. They all use the Calvin cycle to convert CO2 into sugars, but each pathway does so in a somewhat different way.
Chloroplasts, which house the chlorophyll in plants, are where photosynthesis occurs. The thylakoid membrane, a third inner membrane that creates long folds inside the chloroplast and is bordered by a double membrane, is present inside chloroplasts.
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how is dna in a prokaryote different from the dna in a eukaryote
Prokaryotic cells are distinct from eukaryotic cells because they are a more primitive type of cell while eukaryotic cells are complex cells with clearly defined organelles.
The DNA of eukaryotes found in the nucleus of the cell , also the other organelles like chloroplast and mitochondria also have nucleus.where as the DNA of prokaryotes are present in cytoplasm and not found inside the organelles.The DNA of eukaryotes are linear with two ends where as the DNA of prokaryotes are circular.The DNA of eukaryotes contains more than one genome where as the DNA of prokaryotes contain only one genome.The DNA of eukaryotes organized into many chromosomes while the DNA of prokaryotes organized into only one chromosomes.The DNA of eukaryotes are packed into histones while the DNA of prokaryotes are not packed into histones.The DNA replication in eukaryotes is slow while the DNA replication in prokaryotes is rapid There is DNA of eukaryotes are different from the DNA of prokaryotes because of complexity of organism.
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What structural feature of the small intestine makes it better suited for absorption of nutrients than the stomach?
Compared to the stomach, the small intestine has a substantially larger surface area.
The lining of the small intestinal mucosa is exceptionally skilled at maximizing digestion and absorption of nutrients. Villi are little finger-like projections formed from the tightly folded lining that increase the surface area to help with absorption. The lining is also the site of specialized cell populations that produce substances that promote digestion as well as hormones that assist in regulating the coordination of the digestive processes of the pancreas, gallbladder, and intestine.Learn more about the human digestive system with the help of the given link:
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(b) T . angustifolia does not grow in salt marshes. Does this appear to be due to salinity or competition? Explain your answer.
An experiment on S. patens and T. angustifolia demonstrates how salinity and competition impact plant dispersal in an estuary.
According to observations made on the ground, Typha angustifolia, or cattail, predominates in freshwater marshes, whereas Spartina patens, or salt marsh hay, is the main plant in salt marshes.S. patens are frequently absent from wild freshwater wetlands because it may flourish at zero salinity in experimental freshwater marshes without competing neighbors but has lower biomass in the presence of neighbors.T. angustifolia cannot grow in naturally occurring salt marshes due to salinity, and it also cannot grow in artificial salt marshes even in the absence of competing species. In a greenhouse with higher saline levels, it cannot grow.Learn more about the halophytes with the help of the given link:
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Suppose the geese following Lorenz were bred to each other. How might their imprinting on Lorenz affect their offspring? Explain.
Imprinting takes place at a 'critical period'; if imprinting does not take place in time, the goslings do not attach themselves to a mother figure.
What was Konrad Lorenz's take on imprinting?Imprinting, initially described by naturalist Konrad Lorenz in the 1930s, happens when an animal creates a connection to the first item it sees after hatching. Lorenz noticed that newly hatched goslings would flock to the first moving item they encountered, which was frequently Lorenz himself.
Despite being of a different species, Lorenz was able to persuade geese to imprint on him as their mother. Lorenz studied imprinting by observing animals in their natural surroundings. He also used the technique of empathising with animals.
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What is a difference between week 1 and week 3 of the moon’s cycle?(1 point) Week 1 starts with a new moon, while week 3 starts with a quarter moon. Week 1 starts with a new moon, while week 3 starts with a quarter moon. Week 1 starts with a new moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon. Week 1 starts with a new moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon. Week 1 starts with a full moon, while week 3 starts with a new moon. Week 1 starts with a full moon, while week 3 starts with a new moon. Week 1 starts with a quarter moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon.
Week 1 starts with a quarter moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon.
What is the Lunar cycle?The Lunar cycle refers to the processes that the moon passes through every month. The duration of the lunar month is about twenty nine and half days. The phases in the Lunar cycle are; new Moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full Moon, waning gibbous, third quarter and waning crescent.
Now we know that there is a calendar that is based on the Lunar cycle and this is called the Lunar calendar. There are thirteen months of the Lunar year.
In effect, the difference between the first and the third weeks of the Lunar cycle is that; Week 1 starts with a quarter moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon.
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Which of the spiral staircases in the photos is the better analogous representation of a dna molecule?
]The better representation of a DNA molecule will be the one with grooves in staircase.
What a DNA?The DNA ( deoxy ribonucleic acid) can be described as the molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism.
DNA molecules allows information to be passed from one gene to another through the process of hereditary.
The DNA of most organisms are found inside the nucleus of a cell, where it forms the chromosomes.
The structure of the DNA has been found to be two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
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Explain how interspecific competition, predation, and mutualism differ in their effects on the interacting populations of two species.
Both species are negatively impacted by interspecific competition (-/-). Predator populations gain an advantage over prey populations (+/-) in predation. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship that benefits both sides (+/+).
Describe mutualism:Mutualism is an ecological connection between two or more species when each species benefits in some way from the interaction. In a symbiotic relationship known as mutualism, all of the involved species benefit from one another. Despite the fact that mutualism is incredibly complex, it may be roughly classified into two basic types of partnerships.
What are the five types of mutualism and example?Different Mutualisms
Mandatory Mutualism Obligate mutualism is a species-to-species connection in which each are totally reliant on the other.Facultative MutualismTrophic MutualismProtective MutualismDispersive MutualismTo know more about Mutualism visit:
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Achondroplasia is a form of human dwarfism. if two individuals with achondroplasia have children with the following ratio, 2 dwarf to 1 wild type, what is the means of inheritance of this phenotype?
Achondroplasia is an inherited conditions that impedes long bones growth resulting in dwarf phenotype. The mode of inheritance is complete dominance, expressing a phenotypic ratio = 3:1.
What is achondroplasia?
Achondroplasia is a congenic condition genetically determined. Individuals expressing this condition do not have normal bone development. They are short in height, with short extremities and macrocephaly.
A mutation in the gene FGFR-3 is responsible for this condition, affecting mainly long bone growth. Normal parents can have a dwarf son or daughter.
The inheritance pattern of this condition is complete dominance, meaning that an autosomal dominant allele is responsible for achondroplasia expression.
If two individuals with achondroplasia have at least one normal child it means that both parents are heterozygous for the trait, and both of them transmitted the recessive allele to the normal child. Let us see,
We will name,
A ⇒ dominant allele ⇒ codes for achondroplasiaa ⇒ recessive allele ⇒ codes for normal bone developmentCross: two individuals with achondroplasia
Parentals) Aa x Aa
Gametes) A a A a
Punnett square) A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
F1) 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous dominant AA and express achondroplasia
2/4 = 1/2 = 50% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous Aa and express achondroplasia
1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous recessive aa and express the normal phenotype (wild type).
The phentoypic ratio is 3:1.
Now let us talk about the ratios,
4 possible genotypes -------------------- 3 individuals among the progeny
3 dwarf genotypes ------------------------X = (3 x 3) / 4 = 2.25 ≅ 2
1 wild type genotype --------------------- X = (1 x 3) / 4 = 0.75 ≅ 1
The phenotypic ratio of the progeny approximates 3:1.
The phenotypic ratio of 3:1 is typical of complete dominance.
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