Alcohol primarily interferes with the ability to form new long–term memories, leaving intact previously established long–term memories and the ability to keep new information active in memory for brief periods. As the amount of alcohol consumed increases, so does the magnitude of the memory impairments. Large amounts of alcohol, particularly if consumed rapidly, can produce partial (i.e., fragmentary) or complete (i.e., en bloc) blackouts, which are periods of memory loss for events that transpired while a person was drinking. Blackouts are much more common among social drinkers—including college drinkers—than was previously assumed, and have been found to encompass events ranging from conversations to intercourse. Mechanisms underlying alcohol–induced memory impairments include disruption of activity in the hippocampus, a brain region that plays a central role in the formation of new auotbiographical memories. Key words: alcoholic blackout; memory interference; AOD (alcohol and other drug) intoxication; AODE (alcohol and other drug effects); AODR (alcohol and other drug related) mental disorder; long–term memory; short–term memory; state–dependent memory; BAC level; social AOD use; drug interaction; disease susceptibility; hippocampus; frontal cortex; neuroimaging; long–term potentiation
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON MEMORY
To evaluate the effects of alcohol, or any other drug, on memory, one must first identify a model of memory formation and storage to use as a reference. One classic, often–cited model, initially proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), posits that memory formation and storage take place in several stages, proceeding from sensory memory (which lasts up to a few seconds) to short–term memory (which lasts from seconds to minutes depending upon whether the information is rehearsed) to long–term storage. This model often is referred to as the modal model of memory, as it captures key elements of several other major models. Indeed, elements of this model still can be seen in virtually all models of memory formation. Variability in the use of terms, particularly in operational definitions of short–term memory, makes it difficult to formulate a simple synopsis of the literature on alcohol–induced memory impairments. As Mello (1973) stated three decades ago with regard to the memory literature in general, “The inconsistent use of descriptive terms has been a recurrent source of confusion in the ‘short–term’ memory literature and ‘short–term’ memory has been variously defined as 5 seconds, 5 minutes, and 30 minutes” (p. 333). In spite of this inconsistency, several conclusions can be drawn from research on alcohol–induced memory impairments. One conclusion is that the impact of alcohol on the formation of new long–term “explicit” memories—that is, memories of facts (e.g., names and phone numbers) and events—is far greater than the drug’s impact on the ability to recall previously established memories or to hold new information in short–term memory (Lister et al. 1991). (See figure 1 for a diagram depicting the stages of memory and where alcohol interferes with memory.) Intoxicated subjects are typically able to repeat new information immediately after its presentation and often can keep it active in short–term storage for up to a few minutes if they are not distracted (for an early review, see Ryback 1971), though this is not always the case (Nordby et al. 1999). Similarly, subjects normally are capable of retrieving information placed in long–term storage prior to acute intoxication. In contrast, alcohol impairs the ability to store information across delays longer than a few seconds if subjects are distracted between the time they are given the new information and the time they are tested. In a classic study, Parker and colleagues (1976) reported that when intoxicated subjects were presented with “paired associates”—for example, the letter “B” paired with the month “January”—they were impaired when asked to recall the items after delays of a minute or more. However, subjects could recall paired associates that they had learned before becoming intoxicated.
Answer the following questions.
What events (if any), such as floods, hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, or blizzards, have you experienced?
What worries or concerns you about a particular natural disaster or terrorist act that might occur?
What type of preparation or information about this sort of event do you think would make you feel safer?
Answer:
I have been in severe thunderstorms windows have been broken glass have been shattered trees have fallen
I was worried we might lose our home
Stay away from low-lying and flood prone areas.
Always stay indoors during a hurricane, because strong winds will blow things around.
Leave mobile homes and to go to a shelter.
If your home isn't on higher ground, go to a shelter.
If emergency managers say to evacuate, then do so immediately.
Please give brainliest if I got this right
Explanation:
Betsy and Charles are trying to take a collaborative approach to resolve their
conflict. So far, they've established a goal. What is the next step they should
take?
A. Agree to a solution and start working towards it.
B. Discuss each other's perspectives while trying to remain objective.
C. Review a proposed agreement from a third-party.
D. Balance each other's ideas and come up with a solution.
SUBMIT
Answer:
Explanation:
B. Discuss each other's perspectives while trying to remain objective.
Answer:
B. Discuss each other's perspectives while trying to remain objective.
Explanation: took the test on A P E X
What is the component called and what does it mean ?
John recently had his visual acuity measured using the Snellen Eye Chart. His results indicated that his vision is 20/15 in both eyes. Which answer best describes what 20/15 vision means? *
Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
Snellen Eye Chart was developed in 1862 by Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen, to determine if humans have a normal vision which is rated at 20/20
However, in the case of John, a 20/15 vision means John can see a line in the eye chart at 20 feet away that the average person can only see when they are 15 feet away.
This shows John has a sharper than average visual acuity.
guys please help.. i just watched the most traumatizing video in my life.. i'm literally so scared. my head hurts so bad and i didn't think it would be that bad but it was so terrifying that i feel so sick. what do i do? i cannot sleep please help i'm only 13 and i'm super scared, advice please!!:(
oh my god. im sorry that happened to you:( are you in good relationship with your parents?if yes please go to them and get a hug from them for comfort. you dont have to tell them what you have saw but just get a comfort from them. if not
dont turn of the light in your room and try to distract your mind from it and put down your phone. you can try to draw or listen to music? or even eat some midnight snacks while you're at it. try watching some movies? im sure you'll not think of it anymore if your mind more focused on the plot of the movie
why is small family is the basis of happiness
Answer:
Hey bestie! So It really depends on the perspective on the person. Not everyone may find hapiness from a small family perhaps because they might like company of a bigger family and they might like the excitment. But some people might liek a small family becuase they might see it as peaceful and calmer than most bigger families. It would also be easier to handle financially wise.
Why is it dangerous to mix alcohol and medication or other's drugs
please
Water helps vitamins and minerals move through the body and
helps the body process the nutrients we consume
provides the body with glucose and, thereby, long-lasting energy
regulates balance in the body and tissues, and encourages muscle growth
benefits strong bones and regulates heartbeat and blood clotting
Answer:
it wash it down
Explanation:
Answer:
the answer is helps the body process the nutrients we consume
Explanation:
I did it and got it right for me this question was on flvs
There are seven bones found in the neck region of
the vertebral column. These are called
o lumbar vertebrae.
o thoracic vertebrae.
o cervical vertebrae.
sacrum vertebrae.
Answer: C.) cervical vertebrae.
Explanation: It consists of seven distinct vertebrae, two of which are given unique names: The first cervical vertebrae (C1) is known as the atlas. The second cervical vertebrae (C2) is known as the axis.
I AM GIVING ALL MY POINTS AWAY IF YALL TEXT ME IN THE COMMENTS
Answer:
yeah ok thx
Explanation:
brainlest plz?
Answer:
Explanation:
ok bro
!!!!PLEASE HELP ME I WILL GIVE OUT BRAINLIEST!!!!
Beyond health concerns, what are some reasons that an elderly person would want to begin an exercise program?
Answer:
Explanation:
Exercise improves your strength, flexibility, and posture, which in turn can help with your balance and coordination, and reduce your risk of falls. Strength training can also help alleviate the symptoms of chronic conditions such as arthritis.
Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have
True
False
starch and disaccharides broken down into ____ for absorption
Where does Ketamine come from? Where was it made?
The fitness training principle for working on certain skills and parts of the body to get results is known as
O overload
progression
O reversibility
O specificity
Answer:
A) its progression fa sho
An example of a learned emotion is
fear
anger
sadness
guilt
Answer:
is anger....i think
Explanation:
helppppppp
Get on all fours on your mat with your head parallel to the floor. Exhale, arch your back and tuck your chin to your chest. Inhale and drop your stomach towards the ground while lifting your head as much as you can, stretching your neck. Describes what stretch? Question 1 options: Cow Caterpillar Cat Camel
Answer:
caterpillar because it is the only one that crawl
It is a type of caterpillar stretch because all the above instructions release you to the position of approximate crawling and this is only performed by a caterpillar. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is Stretching?Stretching may be defined as a type of physical exercise through which a specific muscle or tendon is intentionally flexed or stretched in order to enhance the muscle's felt elasticity and attain pleasant muscle tone.
Once your head remains parallel to the floor, exhale back and then tuck your chin to your chest, and drop your stomach towards the ground while lifting your head and inhaling.
This involves the steps of stretching your complete body including the neck. All such instruction gives you the shape of crawling. Cow, cat, and Camel never crawl as they all walk on four legs.
Therefore, it involves the caterpillar stretch. Thus, the correct option for this question is B.
To learn more about Stretching, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/27356012
#SPJ6
What is most likely the reason that Timothy would immobilize an accident victim's are when administering first aid?
A. The arm is bleeding.
B. The arm is broken.
C. The victim is choking.
D. The victim is seizing.
Answer:
Is this a comprehension if yes we need the passage to answer
Most likely the reason that Timothy would immobilize an accident victim when administering first aid is the arm is broken.
What do you mean by First aid?First aid may be defined as emergency care or remedy given to a sick or injured person before regular medical aid can be obtained.
The need for first aid is only applied when there is any serious damage or injury that has occurred in the body tissues. It is a condition of rapid treatment before a scheduled medication.
Therefore, most likely the reason that Timothy would immobilize an accident victim when administering first aid is the arm is broken.
To learn more about First aid, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/1821245
What goes up but never ever comes down?
Hint* Trick question! (this is the last one)
Answer:
Your age :)
Explanation:
sadly...
Answer:
Age??????
these are easy
Which effects result from handwashing education? Check all that apply.
Germs are less likely to be transferred from hands to other objects, spreading disease.
Communicable diseases are less likely to spread from person to person.
People are less likely to touch their eyes, nose, and mouth without realizing it.
The number of cases of diarrhea declines by more than 50 percent.
The number of respiratory illnesses declines by about 20 percent.
Explanation:
i did it
Answer:
A,B,E
Explanation:
_____ is/are a low impact activity.
A.) bicycling
B.) jumping jacks
C.) jogging
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Answer:
bicycling
Explanation:
Easy points
How much blood can a average person lose before they die?
Answer:
People can die from losing half to two-thirds of their blood. The average adult has about 4 to 6 liters of blood (9 to 12 US pints) in their body.
Free throw shots
Why is it important to have a routine for when you are shooting free throws?
Why are free throws important in a game?
Answer:
it gives you cash flow
Explanation:
What is the correct definition for protien? Will give 10 points!
Answer:
any of all naturally occurring extremely dificult substances that consist of aminoacid residues joined by the peptide bonds, contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, (usually sulfur), and occasionally other elements (such as phosphorus or iron), and include many essential biological compounds (such as enzymes, hormones, or antibodies) and yeah thats basicly the nerd definition.
some functions,
the proteins in foods allow certain reactions to occur during preparation:hydration, denaturation/coagulation, enzymatic reactions, buffering, and browning. Hydration. the ability of proteins to dissolve in and attract water, a process called hydration, allows them to play several important roles in foods.
SORRY FOR GRAMMER
Hope this helps
What is NOT a good source of protien!
PLEASE HELP!!!!!
Select the correct answer.
What results from the chemical reaction cycle of acetyl-CoA?
OA pyruvate
OB. adenosine triphosphate
OC. glycogen
OD. glucose
Non-essential nutrients can only be found in the body.
A. true
B. false
Answer:
false
Explanation:
can be found in plants roo
For each, identify the parenting style, list the advantages and disadvantages of it in terms of teen outcomes, and suggest at least three things the parent might do differently to improve the relationship and outcomes.
Scenario One: Marlys and Tim are the parents of Mikayla, age fourteen. Mikayla wants to sleep over at her friend Donna's house on Saturday night. Because Marlys and Tim know that Donna's parents will be out of town, they are concerned that the girls might have a party or indulge in drinking or other unsafe behavior. They sit down and talk with Mikayla about their concerns, tell Mikayla that they cannot allow her to stay overnight with Donna, and offer to have Donna stay overnight at their house instead.
Scenario Two: Dion and Daniel are the parents of Robert, age sixteen. Robert decides he wants to take a weekend road trip with his buddies. Because he knows his parents do not care what he does, he simply does it without even asking them or leaving a note. His parents are fine with it and when he comes back just ask him whether he had a good time.
Scenario Three: Dennis is the parent of Miranda, age fifteen. She wants to go to a party at her friend's house after the school football game on Friday night. Dennis does not want her to go and tries to talk her out of it, saying that he does not want her to drink or get into a car with someone who has been drinking. She insists, and he allows her to go the party against his better judgment because he does not want her to be angry or upset with him.
Scenario Four: Mia and Kevin are the parents of Jason and Brian, seventeen-year-old twins. The twins ask if they can skip piano lessons this week in order to attend a friend's orchestra concert. Mia and Kevin forbid Jason and Brian from missing their piano lesson but provide no reason for not allowing them to go to their friend's concert. They simply refuse to discuss it.
Answer:
Scenario one: Authoritative, An advantage is that it will show that they can't get away with everything and that sometimes you need rules. A disadvantage would be that it could make the kid resent rules and not want to listen to anyone. Put up more rules, be less lenient and decide carefully when you need to give rules and when not to give rules.Scenario two: Permissive, An advantage is that the kid will have a lot of fun with life. A disadvantage is that they won't follow rules at all because they don't think they have to. Don't let him leave the house without knowing where he is going, put up more rules, track him so you know where he is.Scenario three: Permissive, An advantage is that the kid will have a lot of fun with life. A disadvantage is that they won't follow rules at all because they don't think they have to. Tell her she can't go to the party, put up more rules, have way less leniency.Scenario four: Authoritarian, An advantage is that they will be safe at all times and they won't have to be worried about 24/7. A disadvantage is that they are going to resent rules and are never going to follow them. Give less rules, give way more leniency and let them go out and have fun.
Explanation:
I did it
Answer:
give the other guy brainliest
Rasheed accidentally bumped his leg on a desk. What is the first thing that happened within Rasheed’s nervous system?
a. He yelled, “Ow!”
b. The nerves in his leg sensed pain.
c. The leg nerves sent a message to the brain.
d. The brain sent a message to the integumentary system.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
because before you can feel pain your nerves have to sense it
The fact that I rather help others on here than finish my school work for today *shaking my head*
FR tho its diffrent when you do this