of the sun's energy that reaches earth's surface, what percentage is near-infrared light? oceanography

Temperature and salinity are both important factors in controlling the density of water. In general, colder water is denser than warmer water, and saltier water is denser than less salty water. Near the poles, the water is both colder and saltier, which increases its density and causes it to sink to the bottom of the ocean.

In the polar regions, water near the surface is cooled by cold air temperatures and ice formation, leading to the formation of very cold and salty water that sinks to the bottom. This process is known as thermohaline circulation and plays a crucial role in global ocean circulation, which helps to regulate the Earth's climate. Therefore, in this case, a combination of temperature and salinity is more important for controlling the density of water and determining where water sinks to the bottom in the ocean. However, the relative importance of temperature and salinity can vary depending on the location and specific oceanographic conditions. Thermohaline circulation is also influenced by other factors such as wind, tides, and ocean currents, which can cause mixing of water masses and alter their density. Additionally, changes in temperature and salinity can have significant impacts on ocean ecosystems, as they affect the distribution and abundance of marine organisms, as well as ocean chemistry and nutrient cycling.

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The coastal range receives the heaviest precipitation in the continental United States. The range runs along the western edge of the United States, from northern California to southern Alaska, and is known for its wet and rainy climate.

The climate of the coastal range is influenced by several factors, including its proximity to the ocean, prevailing winds, and the topography of the region. The range's location along the Pacific Ocean means that it is exposed to moisture-rich ocean air, which produces a lot of precipitation when it meets the cooler air over the mountains. Prevailing winds also play a role in the range's climate, as they push moist air from the ocean up over the mountains, causing it to cool and condense into rain and snow. The topography of the coastal range also contributes to its heavy precipitation. The range has many peaks and valleys that create different microclimates, some of which are more wet than others. The highest peaks of the coastal range, such as Mount Olympus in Washington state, receive the most precipitation, as they are exposed to more moisture-rich air and experience more uplift and cooling of the air as it rises over the peaks.

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Upwelling zones are areas where water brings nutrients up from depth. Option B is the correct answer.

Upwelling zones are regions in the ocean where the wind-driven movement of surface waters causes deeper, nutrient-rich water to move upward to the surface.

This brings nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from the ocean floor to the surface, which supports the growth of phytoplankton, the base of the ocean food chain.

As phytoplankton grows and reproduces, it becomes a food source for larger organisms such as zooplankton, fish, and other marine animals.

Upwelling zones are important because they support productive fisheries and marine ecosystems.

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Stone extraction from the earth’s surface for building purposes occurs in  quarries.

Quarrying is the process of extracting stones from natural rock surfaces. Quarrying stone is not the same as mining. Quarrying is done on the exposed surface of natural rocks to the sun's light, whereas mining is only done underground. Stone quarrying is often done in hilly places where there is an abundance of stone.

The stone industry is widely defined based on the function of the stone, which includes building, paving blocks, curbstones, blackboards, and monumental usage. The requirement for a certain sort of stone, the intended application, and what we will use the majority of the time will define the site of a quarry. Granitic rocks, limestones, marbles, slates, sandstones, and other materials are among those used.

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True, the dominant direction of longshore transport (littoral drift) is southward on both coasts of the U.S.

The statement "the dominant direction of longshore transport (littoral drift) is southward on both coasts of the U.S." is partially true.

On the east coast of the U.S., the dominant direction of longshore transport is generally southward due to the influence of prevailing winds and ocean currents. However, on the west coast, the direction of longshore transport varies depending on the location. In some areas, it can be southward, while in others, it can be northward. So, the statement is not entirely true for both coasts.

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The main carrier of heat between the warm tropics and the cold polar regions is the atmospheric circulation.

The Earth's atmosphere is an important factor in the transfer of heat because it acts as an insulator, trapping heat near the surface. The atmosphere also moves heat around the globe through the process of convection.

Warm air rises near the equator and is transported towards the poles. As the air cools, it descends near the poles, providing a return flow of air towards the equator. This circulation of air is called the Hadley cell, and helps to transport heat from the warm tropics to the cold polar regions. Other atmospheric circulations, such as the Ferrel cell and the Polar cell, also help to transport heat around the globe.

Ocean currents also play an important role in the transfer of heat, as they transport warm water from the tropics to the poles. This heat is then released into the atmosphere, helping to keep the polar regions from becoming too cold.

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The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to eliminate the use of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) which impacts climate change.

The Montreal Protocol is a multinational compact designed to save the ozone layer by phasing out the display of significant matter that is responsible for ozone depletion. The Montreal Protocol has been victorious in restricting and changing the gain of ozone-depleting gases in the air.

It was arranged by many countries in 1987 and has been amended several periods since then to contain further importance. The purpose of the Montreal Protocol is to safeguard the Earth's ozone layer, which is necessary for rescuing life on Earth from damaging ultraviolet radiation.

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The comma tail of an extratropical cyclone typically contains areas of precipitation, including rain and snow, as well as gusty winds and possibly thunderstorms. Sleet, ice pellets, and freezing rain may also be present, especially in colder regions, but they are not necessarily the most common types of precipitation in the comma tail.

The comma tail of an extratropical cyclone typically contains a mix of precipitation types, depending on the temperature and moisture content of the air mass. This can include rain, sleet, freezing rain, snow, and ice pellets. Thunderstorms can also occur in the comma tail, particularly in the warm sector of the storm where warm, moist air is lifted and cooled, leading to instability and convective activity. The exact weather conditions in the comma tail will depend on a variety of factors, including the strength and track of the cyclone, the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air masses, and local topography.

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Flood plains develop as rivers flood and deposit water and sediment along nearby river margins. The right answer is a.

An stretch of land close to a river or stream known as a floodplain is typically flat. A floodplain is divided into two sections. The first is the floodway, which is the river's main channel. The flood fringe is located beyond the floodway. The flood fringe stretches from the floodway's outer banks to a river valley's cliff lines.

Erosion and aggradation are the two main mechanisms responsible for the natural evolution of floodplains. The process of earth being worn away by a floodway is referred to as the erosion of a floodplain. The process through which earthen material multiplies when the floodway dumps silt is referred to as "aggradation of a floodplain."

The correct answer is option a.

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Flood plains develop through various processes including the flooding of rivers, the deposit of sediment along river margins, erosion from surrounding bluffs, and through the process of drying up of flooding water.

Flood plains develop as a combination of several processes. Initially, when rivers flood, they deposit water and sediment along nearby river margins. This material builds up over time to form a broad, flat area bordering the river known as a flood plain. Sediment can also be eroded from the surrounding bluffs, creating a low point along the margins of the river. Furthermore, point-bars can be eroded and as flooding water dries up, additional sediment is deposited in the channel.

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Groundwater contaminants C. like sulfur, iron, calcium carbonate, and methane may come from the rock the water flows through.

Groundwater contaminants can come from a variety of sources, including human activities such as industrial and agricultural processes, as well as natural sources such as minerals and rocks. The specific types of contaminants that are present in groundwater depend on the geology and hydrology of the region, as well as the surrounding land use.

Some groundwater contaminants can move quickly through the subsurface and pose a significant risk to human health and the environment.

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The phenomenon you're describing is known as a pulsar. Pulsars are spinning neutron stars that emit precisely timed radio bursts due to their strong magnetic fields and rapid rotation.

The source of precisely timed radio bursts that are believed to be spinning neutron stars is known as a pulsar. Pulsars are highly magnetized, rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation. As the pulsar spins, the beams sweep across space like a lighthouse, producing a regular pattern of radio emissions that can be detected on Earth. Pulsars were first discovered in 1967 and have since been studied extensively as important objects for understanding the properties of matter under extreme conditions, as well as for testing theories of gravity and astrophysics. These celestial objects were first discovered in 1967 and have since been observed across various wavelengths, including radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray emissions.

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The low-lying zones that are alternately covered by water during flood tide and exposed following ebb tide are called Mudflats .

Mudflats or intertidal zones are the low-lying zones that are alternately covered by water during flood tide and exposed during ebb tide. These intertidal zones are flooded twice a day and are home to a variety of organisms, such as shellfish, sponges, worms, algae, and small fish. These areas provide a unique habitat for species due to the combination of both marine and terrestrial elements, as well as a wide range of temperatures, salinities, and wave action.

Additionally, the mudflats act as a buffer against storm surges and other coastal hazards. The wave action of the tides also allows for the transport of sediment, which helps to maintain the health of nearby estuaries and wetlands. Intertidal mudflats provide a wide range of benefits, from providing food for both humans and wildlife to acting as a buffer for coastal storms and erosion.

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The North Pole: The North Pole is located at 90 degrees north latitude, which makes it the furthest point on Earth from the equator.

1.The South Pole: The South Pole is located at 90 degrees south latitude, which also makes it the furthest point on Earth from the equator.

2.Greenland: Greenland is a large island that lies between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Its northernmost point, Kaffeklubben Island, is located at 83.66 degrees north latitude.

3.Siberia: Siberia is a vast region in Russia that lies mostly north of the 50th parallel. The city of Norilsk, which is located in northern Siberia, is one of the furthest human settlements from the equator.

4.Canada: Canada is the world's second-largest country by area, and much of it lies in the high latitudes. Alert, a small military outpost on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island, is the northernmost permanently inhabited place on Earth.

5.Antarctica: Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth, and its highest point, Vinson Massif, is located at 78 degrees south latitude.

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Midlatitude cyclones typically move from west to east, so if the cyclone is centered in Kansas on Tuesday, it is likely to be centered in North Dakota by Wednesday.

The correct option is A.

Midlatitude cyclones are also known as extra-tropical cyclones or mid-latitude depression and they form in the mid-latitudes due to the presence of an area of low pressure. This low pressure area is usually created by the convergence of warm and cold air masses.

As the cyclone moves eastward, cold air continues to move in from the north and warm air from the south, creating a cyclonic circulation. This circulation causes the cyclone to move eastward and eventually reach North Dakota by Wednesday.

The correct option is A.

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8 is the largest integer less than root of 73

Groundwater subsidence occurs when groundwater is pumped to the surface, leading to a decrease in water pressure within the sediment.

When groundwater is pumped to the surface, the water pressure in the underground aquifer drops. As a result, the sediment surrounding the aquifer is left to support the weight on top of it. This can cause the sediment to pack more closely together, which in turn can cause the ground to subside. Essentially, as water is withdrawn, some of the sediment is lost with it, and the remaining sediment is left to bear more weight than it previously did. This can lead to settling or sinking of the ground above. So, the answer to why the ground might subside after groundwater is pumped to the surface is due to the compaction of sediment that was supporting the weight of the overlying ground.

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The major potential hazard to the West Coast of North America from a large earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone is the risk of a powerful tsunami. This tsunami could cause widespread destruction along the coast, impacting infrastructure, property, and potentially causing significant loss of life.

The Cascadia Subduction Zone is a fault line located off the west coast of North America, stretching from northern California to southern British Columbia. When this fault line ruptures, it can cause a massive earthquake, which in turn can trigger a tsunami that could affect the coastlines of California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. The tsunami could cause widespread destruction, with potentially devastating consequences for coastal communities. It is therefore essential that governments and communities in the region are prepared for such an event and have plans in place to mitigate the impact of a potential disaster.

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Craters and calderas are both geological features related to volcanic activity, but they differ in several ways. Calderas are generally larger, with diameters of 1 km or more, while craters are smaller. Calderas form as a result of the summit of a volcano collapsing into the magma chamber, whereas craters typically form on the tops of explosive volcanoes

Craters and calderas are geological features that are formed by volcanic activity. Craters are bowl-shaped depressions that form at the summit of a volcano when it erupts and blasts out a vent or a crater lake. Calderas are larger and more complex features that form when the summit of a volcano collapses following a massive eruption or when magma is withdrawn from beneath the surface. Calderas can be several kilometers wide and may contain a central depression, known as a resurgent dome, surrounded by a ring of mountains. Both craters and calderas can have significant effects on the surrounding environment, including releasing volcanic gases, ash, and lava flows.

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Answer:

c.) late summer to early autumn

Explanation:

Oceanic trenches are characterized by large negative gravity anomalies. These trenches form at convergent plate boundaries ,where an oceanic plate is subducting beneath another plate(either continental or oceanic). The subduction process creates deep trenches and is associated with negative gravity anomalies due to mass deficit in these regions.

To clarify, oceanic trenches are not typically found along a passive continental margin. Passive margins are formed along divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is created, and they are typically characterized by relatively little seismic activity and a lack of volcanism. Oceanic trenches, on the other hand, are formed along convergent plate boundaries where one oceanic plate is being subducted beneath another plate. This results in a deep depression in the seafloor known as a trench, and is typically associated with high heat flow, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. Regarding gravity anomalies, oceanic trenches are characterized by large positive gravity anomalies. This is because the subducting oceanic plate is more dense than the surrounding mantle, which causes a gravitational pull that is stronger than expected. This can be detected by satellites and other instruments, resulting in a positive gravity anomaly above the trench.

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An uncontrolled photomosaic in a hilly area is a collection of individual photographs stitched together to form a larger image, without accounting for differences in elevation or terrain. On the other hand, an orthophoto is a georeferenced and geometrically corrected aerial photograph that has been adjusted for variations in elevation and terrain, resulting in a uniform scale.

In terms of accurate horizontal measurements, an orthophoto will yield more accurate results than an uncontrolled photomosaic. This is because the orthophoto has been corrected for distortions caused by elevation changes and terrain, ensuring that horizontal distances are consistent and accurate throughout the image.nOn the other hand, an orthophoto of the same area at the same scale is a corrected aerial photograph that has been geometrically transformed to remove distortions and produce a true-to-scale image where every point has a constant scale. This means that the orthophoto will yield the most accurate horizontal measurements because it is corrected for distortions and provides a true representation of the ground surface. The correction of distortions in an orthophoto is achieved through a process called orthorectification, which involves using digital elevation models (DEMs) to correct for differences in camera position and terrain relief. This allows for accurate horizontal measurements, such as distance and area, to be made on the orthophoto.

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Answer:

Explanation:which is currently the most important religion in the homeland of the man who founded it? Islam

adherents of which religion have controlled the holy land for most of the past 1500 years Islam

Lutheranism is an example of a christian denomination

A waypoint is a predetermined location on a route or course used in navigation to help guide a vessel, aircraft, or person from one location to another.

While it is true that a user can create a waypoint as a point of interest, the term "waypoint" is more commonly used in the context of navigation, where it refers to a specific location on a route or a course.In navigation, a waypoint is a predefined point on a route that helps guide a vessel, aircraft, or person from one location to another. A waypoint can be a physical feature, such as a buoy, a lighthouse, or a mountain peak, or it can be a virtual location defined by its latitude and longitude coordinates. Waypoints are used in various navigation systems, including GPS (Global Positioning System), GIS (Geographic Information Systems), and chartplotters, to help users navigate from one location to another along a specific route or course. Waypoints are often marked on maps or charts, and can be stored in electronic devices or printed materials for later reference.

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The Coriolis force and latent heat are two important factors that influence the development of tropical cyclones.

The Coriolis force is a phenomenon that occurs due to the Earth's rotation, which causes objects that are moving in a straight line to appear to curve. In the context of tropical cyclones, the Coriolis force causes air to rotate around a low-pressure center, which helps to create the cyclonic circulation that is characteristic of these storms.

Latent heat is the energy that is released or absorbed when water changes from one phase to another, such as from liquid to gas during evaporation. In the context of tropical cyclones, latent heat plays a critical role in providing energy to fuel the storm's development.

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Points neither toward nor away from the sun, and the days in the Northern Hemisphere are getting longer: March

Points toward the sun, so the Northern Hemisphere gets its most sunlight: June

Points neither toward nor away from the sun, and the days in the Northern Hemisphere are getting shorter: September

Points away from the sun, so the Northern Hemisphere gets the least sunlight: December

The Northern and Southern Hemispheres receive nearly similar amounts of sunshine between the months of March and September because the Earth's axis is neither tilted towards nor away from the Sun. The days and nights are also about the same length during these times.

Because of its tilt towards the Sun in June, the Northern Hemisphere receives the most sunshine and has the longest days of the year. June marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere because of this.

The Northern Hemisphere has tilted away from the Sun in December, which results in the shortest days and least amount of sunlight. Dec. marks the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere because of this.

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The given statement "earthquakes with longer rupture lengths produce seismic waves with lower frequencies" is True because  it tends to produce seismic waves with lower frequencies due to the more extensive and powerful movement along the fault

To elaborate, an earthquake's rupture length refers to the distance along a fault where the movement and release of energy occur. When an earthquake has a longer rupture length, it generally means that a larger area of the fault is involved in the seismic event.

Seismic waves are the vibrations generated by earthquakes that travel through the Earth's layers. These waves have varying frequencies, which determine their speed and energy. Lower-frequency seismic waves are associated with larger-scale, more powerful movements of the Earth's crust, such as those resulting from longer rupture lengths.

In summary, when an earthquake has a longer rupture length, it tends to produce seismic waves with lower frequencies due to the more extensive and powerful movement along the fault.

This relationship helps scientists understand the characteristics and potential impacts of different earthquakes based on the properties of the seismic waves they generate.

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True, earthquakes with longer rupture lengths do produce seismic waves with lower frequencies.

During an earthquake, energy is released in the form of seismic waves that travel through the Earth. These waves can be detected and measured by seismometers, and they provide important information about the earthquake's size and location. The frequency of seismic waves is determined by a number of factors, including the type of rock through which they are traveling, the distance from the earthquake, and the length of the fault rupture that caused the earthquake. Longer rupture lengths produce seismic waves with lower frequencies, which can be detected over longer distances. The longer wavelengths of these low-frequency waves allow them to travel much farther through the Earth's crust and mantle, which is why they can be detected over much larger distances than high-frequency waves.

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The ability of a rock body to store strain as frictional resistance at the faults generate stick-slip behavior, which can lead to earthquakes.

The concept of stick-slip behavior refers to the tendency of a rock body to store elastic strain energy as it is subjected to tectonic stresses, until it reaches a critical threshold where the frictional resistance along a fault is overcome and the rock suddenly slips, generating seismic waves that we experience as earthquakes. In many cases, faults are locked and do not slip continuously due to the frictional resistance between the two sides of the fault. As tectonic forces continue to act on the rock, the strain energy builds up until it reaches a critical point, at which point the fault suddenly slips, releasing the accumulated energy as seismic waves. This slip can occur suddenly and violently, causing an earthquake.

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The ability of rocks to accumulate large amounts of strain energy before rupturing and the ability of a rock body to store strain as frictional resistance at the faults generate a phenomenon known as elastic rebound.

Elastic rebound is the release of accumulated strain energy when a rock body ruptures along a fault. As tectonic forces act upon a rock body, strain energy accumulates within the rock, causing it to deform. The rock body resists this deformation through frictional resistance along its faults.

When the accumulated strain energy exceeds the frictional resistance, the rock body ruptures along the fault. The release of strain energy causes the rock body to snap back or rebound, resulting in an earthquake. This process is called elastic rebound because the rock body returns to its original shape after the release of strain energy.

In summary, the accumulation of strain energy and the storage of strain as frictional resistance at faults in a rock body generate elastic rebound, which is the process responsible for earthquakes.

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The area behind an island arc that forms a contagious center is the back arc basin. Thus, option A is correct.

The Back-arc basin is a submarine bay that includes an island arc. Such basins are commonly located along the western margin of the Pacific Ocean near the intersection of two tectonic containers.

When an aquatic plate subducts underneath a continental scale, it can complete an island arc on the continental scale side and a groove on the aquatic plate side. As the subducting plate resumes to sink, it can produce pressure in the overlying vessel, forcing it to break and form a contagious headquarters.

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