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complement only work in conjunction with adaptive immune system  is not accurate regarding complement system

One of the key processes by which pathogen identification is transformed into an efficient host response against an early infection is the complement system. Complement is a system of plasma proteins that may either be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibodies. This activation causes a series of events to take place on the surface of the pathogens, which produces active components with varied effector roles. There are three ways to activate the complement system: the traditional pathway, which is activated by the pathogen directly or indirectly through antibody binding to the pathogen surface; the MB-lectin pathway; and the alternative pathway, which also serves as an amplification loop for the other two pathways. As part of innate immunity, all three processes can be started without the aid of an antibody.

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The study of organisms and their relationships to their surroundings is called ecology. The interaction of living creatures with their environments is the subject of ecological research.

An ecosystem ecologist might, for instance, gain knowledge about how beaver dams effect water flow in a forest ecosystem and how it affects the survival or aquatic species or the dispersion of silt. A coral ecologist may research the effects of variations in water temperature on coral survival.

Ecology is crucial to human welfare and wealth and improves our earth. It provides new insight into how interdependence between people and nature is crucial for maintaining biodiversity in the face of climate change, providing enough food, and preserving clean air and clean water.

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The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is called a Head.

The body constantly remodels the living, active tissues that make up bones. They sustain the body's structure, safeguard important organs, and provide movement of the body. They also serve as a space for the bone marrow, which the body uses to produce blood cells, and a repository for minerals, particularly calcium.

There are two different forms of tissue that make up bones.

Head is a conspicuous, rounded bone extension that is a component of a joint. It has a neck that separates it from the bone's shaft. Inside a synovial capsule, the head is often coated in hyaline cartilage.

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Answer:

cc

Explanation:

Using theories of gene, we got that Immune response to viral vectors, Retroviruses activating oncogenes, Inserted genes disrupting off-target genes are the main complications of traditional gene therapy which can be overcome by the crispy-casp9 system.

A gene is  basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes may act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many of the genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from the few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. An international research effort called  Human Genome Project, which worked to determine the sequence of  human genome and identify the genes that it contains, estimated that the humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.

Hence, the  complications of traditional gene therapy can be overcome by the crispr-cas9 system are:

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Answer:

Explanation:

This is how the two processes differ from one another. One significant distinction between osmosis and diffusion is that only the solvent molecules (water molecules) pass the membrane during osmosis, but in diffusion, both solvent and solute particles are free to move. Passive transport in the case of diffusion does not require a transport protein to enter a cell. Gaseous molecules are transported by diffusion, or the gradient of concentration, from their higher to lower concentration. Energy is not used during passive transport.

In osmosis only solvent molecule pass through selectively permeable membrane from one cell to another whereas in diffusion process both solute and solvent passes through semipermeable membrane.

Diffusion is the passive process where the movement of molecules along with the concentration gradient.

It helps in the movement of substances whether solute or solvent in and out of the cells from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration gradient.

Liquid and gaseous state of the substance move by diffusion process,  some factors affecting diffusion process Temperature, Area of Interaction, Size of the Particle, concentration gradient.

Diffusion is important as it is involve in respiration by diffusing the carbon dioxide gas out through the cell membrane into the blood, also occurs in plant cells mainly root hair cells, ions movement across the neurons.

Active transport uses external energy where the molecules move from one cell to another cell against concentration gradient.

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Answer: one of the factors can be genetic drift! Due to stochastic sampling error

Explanation:

In connection with the function of mitochondria as energy producers, these organelles are often found in cells that require high energy, such as heart cells that are always working all the time without rest and muscle cells that are actively contracting.

Protein is one of three types of macronutrients that the body needs. This nutrient consists of several chemical elements such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Other elements such as phosphorus and sulfur also sometimes take part in the process of protein formation. Protein can even help repair damaged cell tissue so that it can return to work optimally. Protein is also a nutrient found throughout the body including hair, muscles, bones and skin. In fact, 20% of the human body is made up of protein. Here are things you need to know about the function of protein for the body:

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DOMS and cellular damage in muscular dystrophy and alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy are caused by elevated calcium levels, which rush into injured tissue and slow repair.

DOMS, commonly referred to as "muscle fever," is delayed onset muscle soreness. After engaging in new and strenuous exercise, the muscles feel sore, achy, and unpleasant. The most frequent cause of DOMS, which is transient muscle injury and inflammation, seems to be eccentric activity. Muscular dystrophy is a muscle disorder in mutated genes in body doesn't allow the formation of protiens required for healthy muscle cells.  Alcoholism causes your heart to change form, a condition known as alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

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The majority of the carbon in the cypress tree's trunk was absorbed by the tree when it ingested carbon dioxide molecules from the atmosphere.

It is an amalgam of many gases. Approximately 78% of the air in Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen, while 21% is oxygen. Small amounts of other gases, including carbon dioxide, neon, and hydrogen, are also present in air.

Because of radiation from the Sun, early Earth lost its hydrogen, helium, and other hydrogen-containing gases, leaving it without an atmosphere. Gases locked in the early Earth's interior were released, creating the first atmosphere, a process that continues today in volcanoes.

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Gravity play a role in moving tectonic plates at the edge of the plates.

When tectonic plate dives under another plate it is due to the high energy by the Earth's gravity that pushes into the mantle these causes hot rock to rise and cooler to sink .

Movement of tectonic plates occurs on the top of a partially molten layer of rock called the asthenosphere. As a result between contraction of asthenosphere and lithosphere, the plates move contrary to each other at different rates, from 2- 15 centimeters per year. Gravity plays an important role by pulling the denser material close to the core .

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Signaling in microbe suggest the evolutionary origin of signaling mechanism.

What is signaling mechanism?

The signaling process is chemical in nature (i.e., paracrine) and includes the capacity of the ENS for intelligent interpretation of antigen-evoked mast cell signals in addition to the specialized antigen sensing functions of intestinal mast cells.

What is signaling in microbes?

Therefore, signaling in microbes shows the evolutionary origin of signaling mechanism.

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Moving slime molds and amoebas Slime molds, which share phenotypic characteristics with both fungus and protozoa, produce spores but move by gliding like amoebas.

A plasmodium is a multinucleate protoplasmic mass that forms when amoeba-like cells fuse together. Since the fungus is in its "creeping" stage at this point, slime molds will creep or flow across a variety of surfaces if enough water is available. They move several feet in a day and creep at a fairly quick rate.

Slime mold is not a type of animal or plant. Despite occasionally looking like one, it is not a fungus. In reality, slime mold is a type of soil-dwelling amoeba, a single, mindless cell that frequently has multiple nuclei.

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Answer:

the sentence is cell differentiation

Answer:

A. Dominant only

Explanation:

A dominant allele needs to be present in only one gene (so in the gene Qq, only Q would be present)

However, in order for a recessive allele to be present, it needs to have two genes (so in the gene qq, the recessive gene would be present)

The difference between a deoxyribonucleotide and a di-deoxyribonucleotide is option B: a dideoxynucleotide is missing a 3'- hydroxyl group on its sugar.

Deoxyribonucleotides are referred to as such because they lack an oxygen on the second carbon but do possess a hydroxyl group (OH) at position 3' on the ribose sugar. In contrast, a di-deoxyribonucleotide will only have a hydrogen (H) at position 3'. It is referred to as a di-deoxy because it is deficient in two oxygens. Therefore, option B marks the appropriate choice.

Dideoxynucleotides, employed in the Sanger technique for DNA sequencing, are chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase. Because there are no hydroxyl groups at the 2' and 3' locations of the ribose, they are also known as 2',3'. A target DNA segment is amplified using the Sanger method so that the DNA sequence can be precisely determined.

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The possible phenotypes of the children if the mother has type o blood and the father has type ab blood are A, B, and AB.

An O mother can pass only one O alleles to her son or daughter. An AB father can pass the A or B allele to a son or daughter. This couple may have an A or B child. A parent of O and a parent of AB can only have children of A or B.

At the end of this answer, I have added a table showing all possible blood group combinations for two parents and their children's possible blood groups. Exceptions to these rules are very rare. In fact, an AB parent may have her O child. But it is by no means common. In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that it is extremely rare. Usually, AB parents and A parents can only have A or B children.

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Energy is released when an electron moves from a higher state of energy higher energy. On the other hand, energy is absorbed when an electron moves from one energy level to another.

The process of one substance entering the volume or mass of another material is Absorption. Instead of being forced by the liquid or gas, the solid absorbs it.

The process of absorption can be either physical or chemical: The rate of diffusion that takes place at the gas-liquid interface and the price at which a gas disperses into the liquid are both factors in the liquid – liquid of a gas or portion of a compressed gasses inside a liquid solvent.

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Answer:

cloudy skies and prolonged precipitation can occur, with mesocyclone systems. When the warmer air mass is very humid, heavy or extreme precipitation can occur.

Explanation:

Every intracellular membrane of a specific eukaryotic cell type (such as a hepatocyte) contains essentially the same combination of lipids and proteins.

Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by their membrane-enclosed organelles and organized nucleus. Plants, animals, fungus, and protists are a few examples of eukaryotic cells. Their genetic material is organized by chromosomes.

In eukaryotic cells, endoplasmic reticulum and other membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are present. Protozoa, fungi, plants, and mammals are among the species that make up the group of eukaryotic cells. They are real cells since they include a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells lack the level of complexity that eukaryotic cells do.

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It appears that the surgery injured the facial nerve's marginal mandibular branch.

In order to diagnose or cure a pathological condition like a sickness or injury, to aid improve body function or appearance, or to mend unwelcome ruptured areas, surgeons use operative manual and instrumental procedures on patients.

Surgery (say: SUR-juh-ree) is performed in a hospital's operating room, often known as the OR or the surgery center. An operation is a different term for having surgery. During surgery, a specialized medical professional known as a surgeon (pronounce: SUR-jun) performs procedures on or within the body to correct any problems.

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Answer:

Oxygen

Explanation:

It carries Oxygen in your red blood cells to other things in your body such as your organs and tissue, then it goes back to your lungs. If that makes sense to you. Hope this helps. :)))

Bacteria may regulate their gene expression in response to their population density through quorum sensing (QS) regulation.

Although their production level can also be altered by the environment, the bacteria create signaling molecules that build up during particular phases of development.

Bacteria employ the generation and detection of extracellular substances known as autoinducers, a kind of cell-cell communication known as quorum sensing, to track the density of their population of cells. Quorum sensing enables bacteria to coordinate their collective gene expression and operate as a single unit.

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The name which does not belong to the group of major classes of receptors is: voltage-gated receptors.

Receptors are the molecules present on the cell membrane or inside any cell that receive any signal by binding to another substance called ligand. They further transmit the signal to accomplish some target inside the cell. The receptors act as molecular switches that can turn the signaling on or off.

Voltage-gated are the channels present on the cell membrane and not receptors. The function of ligand gated channels is to mediate the transport of ions through them. They act depending upon the membrane potential of the cell.

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Comparison of spectrophotometry, fluorometry, and qPCR with agarose gel to assess PCR product yield.

Primers are not always specific in their binding and can bind to an undesirable region of the template DNA, resulting in a larger-than-expected product size.The PCR primers are most likely amplifying a smaller segment of the gene spanning your target region. If you extract and sequence the 500 bp PCR band, you will know that it is a smaller product that could have included your target region. Smaller DNA fragments require higher agarose concentrations, whereas larger molecules require a lower agarose concentration. To make a gel, agarose powder is combined with an electrophoresis buffer and heated to a high temperature until it becomes a gel.

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The translation must start after the processing of the pre-7-methylguanosine mRNA's cap.

From yeast to mammals, the 7-methylguanosine cap is necessary for mRNA translation and cell viability. Additionally, it facilitates other RNA processing events such as splicing, poly(A) tail addition, and nuclear export in addition to playing a part in transcription elongation, mRNA stability, and degradation.

The addition of stabilizing and signaling components to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the molecule, as well as the elimination of intermediate sequences that do not specify the proper amino acids, are the three most crucial steps in pre-mRNA processing. The mRNA transcript can occasionally be "edited" after it has been transcribed.

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The approach that can be taken is to boost vasopressin production. This is due to the fact that too much vasopressin will cause urine to absorb more water.

By attaching to the MR, moving to the nucleus, and boosting the transcription of sodium channels and transporters, aldosterone promotes sodium transport and, inadvertently, encourages water reabsorption in the renal distal tubule.

When the adrenal glands release too much aldosterone, hyperaldosteronism results. The adrenal glands themselves are the cause of primary hyperaldosteronism. The adrenal gland's noncancerous (benign) tumour is the most common cause of case.

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If psa11 and pdh223 conferred erythromycin resistance on both f. johnsoniae and e. coli we will see both colonies as there will be no resistance on an agar plate.

PSA11 and pdh223 confer erythromycin resistance on f. Johnsonian, but not on e. coli as when pSA11 and pDH223 were transferred into F. johnsoniae bacteria leads to resistance against Erythromycin but not in E. coli.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), moreover known as gamma-selenoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), P-30 antigen, maybe a glycoprotein protein encoded in humans by the KLK3 quality.

PSA could be a part of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is emitted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. Flavobacterium johnsoniae could be a gram-negative bacterium that shows coasting motility.

To decide the component of flavobacterial coasting motility, we confined 33 non gliding mutants by Tn4351 mutagenesis. Seventeen of these mutants showed filamentous cell morphology.

The locale of DNA encompassing the transposon addition within the filamentous mutant CJ101-207 was cloned and sequenced.

The transposon was embedded in a quality that was comparable to Escherichia coli ftsX. Two of the remaining 16 filamentous mutants too carried inclusions in ftsX.

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Answer: Oxygen

Explanation:

Diatomic oxygen (O2) makes up about 21% of the Earth's atmosphere and is vital for life.