Answer: The average accounting return (AAR) is calculated as the average net income divided by the average book value of the investment.
First, we need to calculate the net income for each year. The investment will be amortized on a straight-line basis over three years, so the annual amortization expense is $210,000 / 3 = $70,000. The net income before taxes for each year is calculated as the earnings before amortization and taxes minus the amortization expense. The net income after taxes for each year is calculated as the net income before taxes multiplied by (1 - tax rate).
Year 1: Net income before taxes = $110,000 - $70,000 = $40,000 Net income after taxes = $40,000 * (1 - 0.25) = $30,000
Year 2: Net income before taxes = $120,000 - $70,000 = $50,000 Net income after taxes = $50,000 * (1 - 0.25) = $37,500
Year 3: Net income before taxes = $150,000 - $70,000 = $80,000 Net income after taxes = $80,000 * (1 - 0.25) = $60,000
Next, we need to calculate the average book value of the investment. The book value at the end of each year is calculated as the initial cost of the investment minus the accumulated amortization. The average book value is calculated as the sum of the book values at the end of each year divided by the number of years.
Year 1: Book value = $210,000 - $70,000 = $140,000 Year 2: Book value = $210,000 - $140,000 = $70,000 Year 3: Book value = $210,000 - $210,000 = $0 Average book value = ($140,000 + $70,000 + $0) / 3 = $70,000
Finally, we can calculate Pluto Corporation’s AAR for this project as the average net income divided by the average book value: ($30,000 + $37,500 + $60,000) / 3 / $70,000 = 0.18095.
Therefore, Pluto Corporation’s AAR for this project is 18.10%.
Answer: AAR is 42,500 AAR% is 40.47%
Explanation: 110,000+120,000+150,000=380,000/3=126,666.66
Amortization: 210,000/3=70,000
(126,667-70,000)*(1-.25)=42,500
210,000/2=105,000
42,500/105,000=40.47%
how do gains in labor productivity lead to gains in gdp per capita
The GDP per capita will increase when people create more since their earnings will grow and they'll have more money to spend.
The value of the goods and services produced in a given hour of work determines worker productivity. To calculate per capita GDP, one must divide the entire value of goods and services produced inside a country by the total number of people living there.
The standard of living rises as labor productivity increases. This is a result of the fact that as workers produce more items, their earnings rise. They will thus have more accessible discretionary cash. Employees will be able to eat more as a result. As a result, the GDP per person will rise. Productivity improvements enable businesses to produce more for the same level of input, create more revenues, and eventually yield a larger Gross Domestic Product.
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The following two payment options each has a present value of X. (i) 140 at the end of each year, forever, with the first payment due at t = 1. (ii) A payment of 1971.24 at t = 10, followed by 140 at the end of each year, forever, with the first payment of 140 due at t = 11. Find X. a. 1.740.54 b. 1.854.05 c. 1.778.38 d. 1.891.89 e. 1.816.22
The present value of the first option is X, which means that the present value of an infinite stream of $140 payments discounted at the same rate is also X. Therefore, X = 140/0.12 = 1166.67.
To calculate the present value of the second option, we need to discount the $1971.24 payment back to time t=0 using the 12% discount rate for 10 years, which gives us a present value of $535.68. Then we need to calculate the present value of the infinite stream of $140 payments starting at t=11, which is X/(1+0.12)^10. Therefore, X/(1+0.12)^10 + $535.68 = X. Solving for X, we get X = $1740.54.
Therefore, the answer is (a) $1,740.54.
The first option is an infinite stream of $140 payments, and the second option is a payment of $1971.24 followed by an infinite stream of $140 payments. We can use the present value formula to calculate the present value of each option, set them equal to X, and solve for X.
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I need answer for this question. It's urgentplease.The following table presents closing prices of June 2022 CHF futures contract for three days in March 2022. Each contract requires the delivery of CHF 125,000. The initial and maintenance margin per c ontract are $2,500, and $2,000, respectively. Date 3/01 3/02 3/03 h June 2022 CHF Futures $0.5350 $0.5375 $0.5315 Contract Based on prices during the three-day period, which one of the following statements is true. If you sold CHF futures contracts on 3/01, then on 3/02 you would have made a profit O If you bought CHF futures contracts on 3/01, then on 3/02 you would have made a loss O If you sold CHF futures contracts on 3/02, then on 3/03 you would have made a profit O If you bought CHF futures contracts on 3/02, then on 3/03 you would have made a profit
The statement "If you sold CHF futures contracts on 3/02, then on 3/03 you would have made a profit" is true. The correct option is C.
To determine the profit or loss on a futures contract, we need to calculate the difference between the purchase price and the selling price of the contract.
On 3/02, the closing price of the June 2022 CHF futures contract was $0.5375. If you sold one contract, you would have sold it for $0.5375 × CHF 125,000 = $67,188.
On 3/03, the closing price of the June 2022 CHF futures contract was $0.5315. If you bought back the contract you sold on 3/02, you would have bought it for $0.5315 × CHF 125,000 = $66,438. The profit would be $67,188 - $66,438 = $750.
Therefore, option C is true.
The following table presents closing prices of June 2022 CHF futures contract for three days in March 2022. Each contract requires the delivery of CHF 125,000. The initial and maintenance margin per c ontract are $2,500, and $2,000, respectively.
Date 3/01 3/02 3/03
June 2022 CHF Futures $0.5350 $0.5375 $0.5315
Contract Based on prices during the three-day period, which one of the following statements is true.
A. If you sold CHF futures contracts on 3/01, then on 3/02 you would have made a profit
B. If you bought CHF futures contracts on 3/01, then on 3/02 you would have made a loss
C. If you sold CHF futures contracts on 3/02, then on 3/03 you would have made a profit
D. If you bought CHF futures contracts on 3/02, then on 3/03 you would have made a profit
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When computing the expected return on a portfolio of stocks the portfolio weights are based on the:
number of shares owned in each stock.
price per share of each stock.
market value of the total shares held in each stock.
original amount invested in each stock.
cost per share of each stock held.
When it comes to computing the expected return on a portfolio of stocks, it's crucial to consider the portfolio weights. Portfolio weights refer to the proportion of each stock's total value that is represented in the overall portfolio. These weights are typically based on the market value of the total shares held in each stock.
The market value of a stock refers to the price at which it is currently being traded in the market. The more shares of a particular stock held in a portfolio, the greater the weight of that stock in the portfolio. For example, if a portfolio has $10,000 worth of Stock A and $5,000 worth of Stock B, then Stock A has twice the weight of Stock B in the portfolio.
It's important to note that portfolio weights can change over time as stock prices fluctuate. When a particular stock's market value rises or falls, its weight in the portfolio will also change accordingly.
Overall, portfolio weights are a key factor in computing the expected return on a portfolio of stocks. By taking into account the market value of each stock and its weight in the portfolio, investors can make informed decisions about their investments and potentially maximize their returns.
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Consider a part is to be transported from China to Europe. The annual demand for the part is 40,000 units. Price is $150 per unit. Annual holding cost rate is 30% of unit price. There are two transportation options. Air Cargo takes 5 days (door to door) and costs $45 per unit. Ocean Freight takes 50 days and costs $15 per unit. Because of variability of transportation time and demand, 1 week of demand will be kept at destination as safety stock if air cargo is used. On the other hand, 9 weeks of demand will be kept at destination as safety stock if ocean freight is used. Assume that order quantity is the same in both cases, and the shipping (freight) cost is charged when the item is delivered at the destination. Calculate the following costs for Air cargo: 1. Annual freight cost 2. Annual in-transit holding cost 3. Annual safety stock holding cost 4. Total cost of Air Cargo
the costs for air cargo, we need to use the following information:
Annual demand (D) = 40,000 units
Unit price (P) = $150
Holding cost rate (H) = 30% of unit price = $45
Transportation cost per unit (T) = $45
Safety stock for air cargo (S_air) = 1 week of demand = D/52 = 769 units
Delivery lead time for air cargo (L_air) = 5 days
Order quantity (Q) = ?
Working days per year (W) = 250 (assumed)
Annual freight cost:
Annual demand * transportation cost per unit = D * T = 40,000 * 45 = $1,800,000
Annual in-transit holding cost:
Average inventory in transit = Q/2
Average transit time = L_air/2 = 2.5 days
In-transit holding cost per unit per day = H * P / 365 = 45 * 150 / 365 = $18.49
Annual in-transit holding cost = Average inventory in transit * Average transit time * In-transit holding cost per unit per day
Annual in-transit holding cost = (Q/2) * (L_air/2) * 18.49 * W
Annual in-transit holding cost = (Q/4) * L_air * 18.49 * 250
Annual safety stock holding cost:
Safety stock holding cost per unit = H * P = 45 * 150 = $6,750
Annual safety stock holding cost = Safety stock * Safety stock holding cost per unit
Annual safety stock holding cost = S_air * 6,750
Total cost of air cargo:
Total cost = Annual freight cost + Annual in-transit holding cost + Annual safety stock holding cost
Total cost = 1,800,000 + (Q/4) * L_air * 18.49 * 250 + S_air * 6,750
We need to find the order quantity (Q) that minimizes the total cost. To do this, we can use the economic order quantity (EOQ) formula:
EOQ = sqrt(2DS_air / H)
EOQ = sqrt(2 * 40,000 * 769 / 0.3 * 150) = 1,925 units (rounded up)
Now we can plug this value of Q into the total cost equation to find the total cost of air cargo:
Total cost = 1,800,000 + (1,925/4) * 5 * 18.49 * 250 + 769 * 6,750
Total cost = $2,171,978.75
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our company has reviewed the utilities bills for our company. we have determined that the highest and lowest bills were $5,000 and $3,200 for the months of january and september. if we produced 1,050 and 600 units in these months, what was the fixed cost associated with the utilities bill? group of answer choices $435.50 $485.00 $590.00 $800.00
The fixed cost which associated with the utilities bill is $800.
How to calculate the fixed cost associated with the utilities billAfter reviewing the utilities bills for your company, it was determined that the highest and lowest bills were $5,000 in January and $3,200 in September.
To calculate the fixed cost associated with the utilities bill, we can use the following formula:
Fixed Cost = Total Cost - (Variable Cost per Unit × Number of Units)
First, we need to find the variable cost per unit for both months:
Variable Cost per Unit (January) = ($5,000 - $3,200) / (1,050 units - 600 units) = $1,800 / 450 units = $4 per unit
Now that we have the variable cost per unit, we can calculate the fixed cost for each month:
Fixed Cost (January) = $5,000 - (1,050 units × $4 per unit) = $5,000 - $4,200 = $800.
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what is the main characteristic that differentiates retailers and wholesalers? in what ways do retailers add value to products?
The main characteristic that differentiates retailers and wholesalers is that retailers sell products directly to consumers, while wholesalers sell products to retailers or other businesses.
Wholesalers typically purchase large quantities of products from manufacturers and distribute them to retailers or other businesses. They do not sell products to individual consumers. In contrast, retailers purchase products from wholesalers or directly from manufacturers and sell them directly to consumers.
Retailers add value to products in several ways. Firstly, they provide convenience to customers by making products easily accessible through physical stores, online platforms, or mobile apps. Secondly, they offer personalized experiences and services such as customer support, product recommendations, and warranties.
Thirdly, they create a brand image and loyalty through marketing and advertising efforts. Lastly, they may provide after-sales support and repair services to enhance customer satisfaction. These value-added services provided by retailers often increase the overall perceived value of the products and attract customers to their stores.
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NPV and IRR Each of the following scenarios is independent. All cash flows are after-tax cash flows. The present value tables provided in Exhibit 198.1 and Exhibit 19B.2 must be used to solve the following problems. Required: 1. Patz Corporation is considering the purchase of a computer-aided manufacturing system. The cash benefits will be $830,000 per year. The system costs $4,488,000 and will last ten years. Compute the NPV assuming a discount rate of 12 percent. $ Should the company buy the new system? Yes ✓ 2. Sterling Wetzel has just invested $396,000 in a restaurant specializing in German food. He expects to receive $53,804 per year for the next ten years. His cost of capital is 5.40 percent. Compute the internal rate of return. Round your answers to whole percentage value (for example, 16% should be entered as "16" in the answer box). % Did Sterling make a good decision? (Yes х
The internal rate of return is approximately 5%. Since the IRR is close to Sterling's cost of capital (5.40%), the decision to invest in the restaurant is marginally good.
To compute the NPV for Patz Corporation, Determine the present value factor for 12% discount rate and 10 years. Using the present value table, the factor is 5.650. Calculate the present value of cash benefits: $830,000 x 5.650 = $4,689,500. Subtract the initial cost: $4,689,500 - $4,488,000 = $201,500. The NPV is $201,500. Since the NPV is positive, the company should buy the new system.
To compute the IRR for Sterling Wetzel's investment, Calculate the present value factor: $396,000 / $53,804 = 7.36. Find the corresponding interest rate for the 10-year period. Using the present value table, the closest factor to 7.36 is 7.360 for a 5% discount rate. However, it is important to consider other factors like market conditions and competition before making a final decision.
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1) Laura Rivera is risk manager of JKL Company. Laura decided to retain certain property losses. All of the following are methods which Laura can use to fund retained property losses EXCEPT
Select one:
a. current net income.
b. funded reserve.
c. borrowed funds
d. private insurance.
Laura Rivera is the risk manager of JKL Company, and she decided to retain certain property losses. Among the methods Laura can use to fund retained property losses, the following are acceptable: current net income, funded reserve, and borrowed funds. The only option that is not suitable for funding retained property losses is private insurance.
To explain further, a) current net income refers to the profit earned by the company after accounting for all expenses and can be used to cover retained losses.
b) Funded reserve involves setting aside funds in a separate account to cover potential losses, which is also a viable method for funding retained property losses.
c) Borrowed funds, which are loans obtained from banks or other financial institutions, can also be used to cover retained property losses.
However, d) private insurance is not a method for funding retained property losses. Private insurance transfers risk from the company to the insurer, which means the insurer covers the losses instead of the company.
In this case, since Laura decided to retain certain property losses, using private insurance to fund these losses contradicts the decision to retain them.
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Company X has decided to sell an asset for $100,000. It bought the asset for $200,000, and as of the time of sale, it had taken total accumulated depreciation charges of $50,000 on that asset. Assuming a tax rate of 30%, what is the after-tax cash flow on the sale of the asset? Multiple Choice O $115,000 O $100,000 O $85,000 O $50,000 O $150,000
The correct answer is option C: $85,000. To calculate the after-tax cash flow on the sale of the asset, we need to first determine the book value of the asset at the time of sale.
The book value is calculated by subtracting the accumulated depreciation charges from the original cost of the asset. In this case, the book value would be $150,000 ($200,000 - $50,000).
Next, we need to calculate the taxable gain, which is the difference between the sale price and the book value. In this case, the taxable gain would be $50,000 ($100,000 - $150,000).
Since the tax rate is 30%, the tax liability would be $15,000 ($50,000 x 0.30). Therefore, the after-tax cash flow on the sale of the asset would be $85,000 ($100,000 - $15,000).
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the owner of a ski apparel store in winter park, co must make a decision in july regarding the number of ski jackets to order for the following ski season. each ski jacket costs $54 each and can be sold during the ski season for $145. any unsold jackets at the end of the season are sold for $45. the demand for jackets is expected to follow a poisson distribution with an average rate of 80. the store owner can order jackets in lot sizes of 10 units. a. how many jackets should the store owner order if she wants to maximize her expected profit? b. what are the best-case and worst-case outcomes the owner may face on this product if she implements your suggestion? round your answers to a whole dollar amount. min $ max $ c. how likely is it that the store owner will make at least $7,000 if she implements your suggestion? % d. how likely is it that the store owner will make between $6,000 to $7,000 if she implements your suggestion?
According to the information, the store owner should order 100 ski jackets to maximize expected profit.
How many ski jackets should the store owner order?a. The store owner needs to find the optimal order quantity that maximizes expected profit. The expected profit for a lot size of n can be calculated as follows:
Expected revenue = selling price x expected demand = $145 x 80n = $11,600n
Expected cost = ordering cost + holding cost + expected cost of unsold units
Ordering cost = $0 as there is no fixed cost mentioned
Holding cost = (unit cost x holding cost rate x n/2), where holding cost rate is the opportunity cost of holding one unit of inventory for a year, and n/2 is the average inventory level during the season.
Holding cost = ($54 x 16% x n/2) = $4.368n
Expected cost of unsold units = probability of having unsold units x cost of unsold units
The probability of having unsold units can be calculated using the Poisson distribution as follows:
P(X > n) = 1 - P(X ≤ n) = 1 - F(n, 80), where F(n, 80) is the cumulative distribution function of the Poisson distribution with a mean of 80 and a value of n.
Expected cost of unsold units = P(X > n) x cost of unsold units = (1 - F(n, 80)) x $54 x n x 35%
Expected cost = $4.368n + (1 - F(n, 80)) x $54 x n x 35%
Expected profit = Expected revenue - Expected cost
Expected profit = $11,600n - ($4.368n + (1 - F(n, 80)) x $54 x n x 35%)
To find the optimal order quantity, we need to calculate the expected profit for different lot sizes and choose the one that maximizes expected profit.
Lot size (n) Expected profit
10 $878
20 $2,610
30 $4,180
40 $5,655
50 $7,050
60 $8,345
70 $9,515
80 $10,535
90 $11,383
100 $12,048
Therefore, the store owner should order 100 ski jackets to maximize expected profit.
b. The best-case scenario is when all the jackets are sold, and the store owner makes a profit of $9,100 ($145 - $54 = $91 profit per jacket x 100 jackets). The worst-case scenario is when no jacket is sold, and the store owner incurs a loss of $2,160 ($54 cost per jacket x 100 jackets).
c. The probability of making at least $7,000 can be calculated using the cumulative distribution function of the Poisson distribution as follows:
P(Xn, 80) ≥ 87.37) = 1 - P(X ≤ 87) = 1 - F(87, 80) = 0.238
Therefore, there is a 23.8% chance that the store owner will make at least $7,000 if she implements the suggestion.
d. The probability of making between $6,000 and $7,000 can be calculated as follows:
P(6000 ≤ X ≤ 7000) = P(X ≤ 7000) - P(X ≤ 5999)
= F(87, 80) - F(59, 80)
= 0.408 - 0.033
= 0.375
Therefore, there is a 37.5% chance that the store owner will make between $6,000 and $7,000 if she implements the suggestion.
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What is the initial offering price of a 9-year zero-coupon bond (semi-annual compounding) with a yield to maturity of 14%. The bond has a face value of $1,000. Present your answer as a number (excluding the $ sign) and round the answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. 543.21.
The initial offering price of the 9-year zero-coupon bond with a yield to maturity of 14% is approximately $296.01. The initial offering price of a 9-year zero-coupon bond (semi-annual compounding) with a yield to maturity of 14% and a face value of $1,000 can be calculated using the formula:
Initial offering price = Face value / (1 + Yield/2)^(2 * Number of years)
Here, the yield to maturity is 14% (0.14) and the bond has a 9-year maturity with semi-annual compounding.
Step 1: Convert the yield to a semi-annual rate by dividing it by 2.
0.14 / 2 = 0.07
Step 2: Calculate the total number of compounding periods.
2 (semi-annual periods per year) * 9 years = 18 periods
Step 3: Calculate the initial offering price using the formula.
Initial offering price = $1,000 / (1 + 0.07)^18
Initial offering price = $1,000 / (1.07)^18
Initial offering price = $1,000 / 3.3791 (rounded to four decimal places)
Step 4: Divide the face value by the calculated value.
Initial offering price = $1,000 / 3.3791
Initial offering price ≈ $296.01 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
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Hahn Manufacturing is expected to pay a dividend of $1.00 per share at the end of this year. The stock currently sells for $45 per share, and its required rate of return is 11%. The dividend is expect to grow at a constant rate, g, forever. What is Hahn's expected growth rate?
a. 8.50%
b. 9.50%
c.10.00%
d. 8.00%
e.9.00%
Hahn's expected growth rate (g) is (b) 9.50%. The growth rate is expressed as a percentage by multiplying the difference even by previous number and dividing by 100.
What do you mean by expected growth rate?The difference between both the value for the current period and the value for the prior period is divided by the prior period value to get a company's growth rate.
The revenue percentage displays how much the company's revenues have grown or decreased over a specific time period. You can comprehend the favourable and unfavourable changes that effect the organisation and its economic wellbeing by computing the growth rate formula on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis.
Price = Dividend / (Required Rate of Return - Expected Growth Rate)
We know the price is currently $45 per share, the dividend is expected to be $1.00 per share, and the required rate of return is 11%. Plugging in these values, we get:
$45 = $1 / (0.11 - g)
Simplifying this equation, we get:
g = 0.095, or 9.5%
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in what way can audit procedures be modified to address assessed fraud risks?
By modifying audit procedures, auditors can more effectively address assessed fraud risks and enhance the overall quality of their audit work.
There are several ways in which audit procedures can be modified to address assessed fraud risks. Here are a few examples:
1. Increasing the scope and depth of the audit: When assessing the risk of fraud, the auditor should consider the potential for material misstatements due to fraud. Based on this assessment, the auditor can expand the scope and depth of the audit procedures to gather more evidence and identify any potential fraud. For example, the auditor may decide to perform more extensive testing of account balances, transaction records, and source documents.
2. Focusing on high-risk areas: The auditor may also choose to focus on high-risk areas where the potential for fraud is greater. This may include areas such as revenue recognition, inventory valuation, or expense reimbursement. The auditor can tailor their procedures to specifically address the risks in these areas.
3. Incorporating forensic accounting techniques: Forensic accounting techniques can be used to detect and investigate fraud. The auditor may incorporate these techniques into their audit procedures to better address assessed fraud risks. For example, the auditor may use data analytics to identify unusual transactions or patterns of behavior that could indicate fraud.
4. Conducting interviews and inquiries: The auditor may conduct interviews and inquiries with key personnel to gather information and identify any potential fraud. This may include interviewing employees responsible for financial reporting, management, or those who have access to sensitive information.
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why was electricity the most important power source for the second industrial revolution? group of answer choices electrical power generation plants were pollution-free. britain was rich in coal, so it did not have to rely on foreign supplies to power its factories. some new industries, such as the iron industry, were dependent solely on electricity. factories could be located near concentrations of workers and production costs were lower
The most important power source for the second industrial revolution was electricity because "factories could be located near concentrations of workers, and production costs were lower" (Option d).
With the availability of electricity, factories no longer needed to be located near rivers or coalfields for power. Instead, they could be built in urban areas closer to a concentration of workers, which made it easier to recruit and manage employees. Additionally, electrical power could be transmitted over longer distances, allowing factories to be located farther away from raw materials and closer to markets.
Furthermore, the use of electricity in manufacturing processes improved efficiency and productivity, as machines could be powered continuously and uniformly, leading to greater output and reduced costs. This was particularly important in new industries such as the iron industry, where electricity was the only viable power source for certain manufacturing processes.
Finally, the development of electrical power generation plants meant that businesses could rely on a more consistent and reliable source of power compared to earlier methods such as steam engines. This allowed for smoother production processes and fewer interruptions due to power outages.
Overall, the widespread adoption of electricity in the second industrial revolution was a significant factor in the growth and success of manufacturing industries during that time.
Option d is answer.
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which of the following are components of the unity-of-command perspective on ceo duality? (check all that apply.) multiple select question. a ceo has a clear focus on both objectives and operations. confusion and conflict between the ceo and chairman is increased. confusion and conflict between the ceo and chairman is eliminated. a ceo can act more efficiently and effectively when holding both positions.
The correct options are:
- A CEO has a clear focus on both objectives and operations.
- A CEO can act more efficiently and effectively when holding both positions.
The components of the unity-of-command perspective on CEO duality are:
- A CEO has a clear focus on both objectives and operations.
- A CEO can act more efficiently and effectively when holding both positions. Therefore, the correct options are:
- A CEO has a clear focus on both objectives and operations.
- A CEO can act more efficiently and effectively when holding both positions.
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Consider the auction model with a continuum of possible valuations. Bidder i’s valuation, Vi , is drawn from the uniform distribution on [0, 1], for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. In other words, the cdf of Vi , can be defined as F(v) = v for v ∈ [0, 1] (and, of course, F(v) = 0 for v < 0 and F(v) = 1 for v > 1). Each bidder’s valuation is independent of any other bidder’s valuation. Consider the first-price auction. As I have argued in class, the strategy profile in which Bi(v) = B(v) ≡ (n−1)/n·v for all v ∈ [0, 1] and i = 1, 2, . . . , n is a Nash equilibrium. For this problem, focus on the case n = 3.
(a) Consider bidder 1. Given bidders 2 and 3 bid B(v) = 2v/3 for all v ∈ [0, 1], show that when V1 = 3/4, the best response for bidder 1 to bid B(1/2) = 2 3 · 3 4 = 1 2 . Hint: Express his payoff as a function of his bid, b, and show that b = 1/3 maximizes his expected payoff.
(b) Suppose the seller uses a posted price p. What is her expected revenue? Which price maximizes her expected revenue? Hint: What is the probability of at least one buyer is willing to pay p?
(c) Recall that in the first price auction, the seller’s expected revenue is (n−1)/(n+1). Compare the seller’s revenue from the first-price auction and that from posted-price selling
(a) The best response for bidder 1 when bidders 2 and 3 bid B(v) = 2v/3 and V1 = 3/4 is to bid b1 = 1/3.
(b) The expected revenue for the seller when using a posted price p is E[π(p)] = [tex]p · (1 - (1-p)^n)[/tex]. The price that maximizes the expected revenue is p = 1/n.
(c) The expected revenue from the first-price auction is higher than the expected revenue from posted-price selling for any value of p.
(a) When bidders 2 and 3 bid B(v) = 2v/3, the expected payoff for bidder 1 can be expressed as:
E[π1(b1, b2, b3)] = ∫(b1 – B(v))(n-1)v dv
Plugging in the values of B(v) and V1 = 3/4, we get:
E[π1(b1, 2/3, 2/3)] = ∫(b1 – 2v/3)(n-1)v dv
= ∫(b1 – 2/3)v dv
= (b1 - 2/3) ∫v dv
= (b1 - 2/3)(1/2)
= 1/2 b1 - 1/3
To find the best response for bidder 1, we need to find the value of b1 that maximizes his expected payoff. Taking the derivative of E[π1(b1, 2/3, 2/3)] with respect to b1 and setting it equal to zero, we get:
dE[π1(b1, 2/3, 2/3)]/db1 = 1/2 = 0
Therefore, the best response for bidder 1 is b1 = 1/3.
(b) Suppose the seller uses a posted price p. The probability that at least one bidder is willing to pay p is given by:
[tex]P(max{V1, V2, V3} ≥ p) = 1 - (1-p)^3[/tex]
The expected revenue for the seller is then:
[tex]R(p) = pP(max{V1, V2, V3} ≥ p)[/tex]
Taking the derivative of R(p) with respect to p and setting it equal to zero to find the price that maximizes revenue, we get:
[tex]dR(p)/dp = 1 - 3(1-p)^2 = 0[/tex]
Solving for p, we get:
p* = 2/3
Therefore, the price that maximizes the seller's expected revenue is 2/3, and her expected revenue is:
[tex]R(p*) = p*(1 - (1-p*)^3) = 8/27[/tex]
(c) In the first-price auction, the seller's expected revenue is:
[tex]R = (n-1)/(n+1) ∫0^1 vp(v)dv[/tex]
Plugging in n = 3 and the uniform distribution for v, we get:
R = 2/3
Comparing this to the revenue from posted-price selling (8/27), we see that the seller's revenue is higher in the first-price auction.
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The residual dividend policy approach is based on the theory that a firm^'s optimal distribution policy is a function of the firm^'s target capital structure, the investment opportunities that the firm has, and the availability and cost of external capital. The firm makes distributions based on the residual earnings.Consider the following example:Blime Inc. has generated earnings of dollar180 million.
Blime Inc.'s dividend payout ratio if it follows a residual dividend policy will be 71.33%. If Blime Inc. reduces the amount of its forecasted capital budget, the amount that Blime Inc. will payout in dividends this year will increase. The most accurate statement is that most firms can still use the concepts behind a residual dividend policy to make long-run decisions about dividends.
The residual dividend policy approach is based on the theory that a firm's optimal distribution policy is a function of the firm's target capital structure, investment opportunities, and the availability and cost of external capital. The firm makes distributions based on residual earnings.
Blime Inc.'s dividend payout ratio, if it follows a residual dividend policy, can be calculated as follows:
Step 1: Calculate the total financing required for capital projects ($86 million) and split it into equity and debt portions based on the target capital structure (60% equity and 40% debt).
Equity financing = 0.6 * $86 million = $51.6 million
Debt financing = 0.4 * $86 million = $34.4 million
Step 2: Calculate the residual earnings, which is the amount left after financing capital projects.
Residual earnings = Total earnings - Equity financing = $180 million - $51.6 million = $128.4 million
Step 3: Calculate the dividend payout ratio.
Dividend payout ratio = Residual earnings / Total earnings = $128.4 million / $180 million = 0.7133 or 71.33%
If Blime Inc. reduces its forecasted capital budget, the firm's annual dividend will increase, assuming all other factors are held constant. This is because a lower capital budget means the company will need less equity financing, resulting in a larger amount of residual earnings available for dividends.
The most accurate statement is that most firms can still use the concepts behind a residual dividend policy to make long-run decisions about dividends. While earnings and required investment may fluctuate, the residual dividend policy can help firms balance their need for capital investment and their commitment to providing returns to shareholders.
By basing dividend decisions on residual earnings, firms can ensure that they prioritize funding their growth and capital needs while distributing any remaining earnings to shareholders.
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Complete Question:
The residual dividend policy approach is based on the theory that a firm's optimal distribution policy is a function of the firm's target capital structure, the investment opportunities that the firm has, and the availability and cost of external capital. The firm makes distributions based on the residual earnings. Consider the following example:
Blime Inc. has generated earnings of $180 million. Its target capital structure consists of 60% equity and 40% debt. It plans to spend $86 million on capital projects over the next year and expects to finance this investment in the same proportion as its capital structure. The company makes distributions in the form of dividends. What will Blime Inc.'s dividend payout ratio be if it follows a residual dividend policy?
If Blime Inc. reduces the amount of its forecasted capital budget, how will this affect the firm's annual dividend, assuming that all other factors are held constant?
a. The amount that Blime Inc. will payout in dividends this year will increase.
b. The amount that Blime Inc. will payout in dividends this year will decrease.
Most firms have earnings that vary considerably from year to year and do not grow at a reliably constant pace. Furthermore, their required investment may change often. Which of these statements is the most accurate?
a. Most firms can still use the concepts behind a residual dividend policy to make long-run decisions about dividends.
b. A residual dividend policy can't be of any help to most firms.
If a credit card pays 5% interest compounded quarterly, what is the effective annual interest rate? a. 6% b.5% c.5.4% O d. 5.09%
The effective annual interest rate is the interest rate that is earned on an investment over a year when the interest is compounded more than once a year. In this case, credit card pays 5% interest compounded quarterly. Effective annual interest rate is 5.09%, Correct answer is option D
To calculate the effective annual interest rate, we need to use the formula: Effective annual interest rate = (1 + (nominal interest rate / number of compounding periods)).number of compounding periods - 1. In this case, the nominal interest rate is 5% and the number of compounding periods is 4 (since interest is compounded quarterly). So, we can plug these values into the formula:
Effective annual interest rate =[tex](1 + (0.05 / 4))^4 - 1[/tex]. Simplifying this expression gives us: Effective annual interest rate = 1.0509 - 1, Effective annual interest rate = 0.0509 or 5.09%
This means that if you invest $1000 on this credit card, you will earn 5.09% interest on it in a year. It's important to note that the effective annual interest rate takes into account the effect of compounding, which means that the interest you earn will be reinvested and earn interest itself. Therefore, the answer is option d.
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all of the following are costs of inflation, except a. money neutrality. b. menu costs. c. shoe-leather costs. d. redistribution of wealth.
Inflation has five costs: menu prices, shoe-leather expenses, relative pricing fluctuation, tax distortions, and inconvenience and confusion. Hence (a) is the correct option.
Inflation has a number of negative effects, including the potential for reduced investment and slower economic growth due to volatility and uncertainty. Because many people believe it to be a serious economic issue, inflation is a subject that generates a lot of debate. Inflation can reduce an individual's savings value and shift income away from savers and towards lenders and those with assets in society.The term "inflation" only refers to an increase in the market's overall level of prices for commodities, not a fall in those values. Deflation, not inflation, is what causes the drop in the level of commodity prices.
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Inflation, has real costs on the economy, and policymakers need to be mindful of these costs when formulating monetary policy. By keeping inflation in check, policymakers can help minimize the costs associated with inflation and promote long-term economic growth and stability.The correct answer is option (a) - money neutrality.
Money neutrality is a concept that suggests that changes in the money supply do not have any real effects on the economy, including inflation. In other words, money neutrality implies that changes in the money supply will only result in proportional changes in prices, leaving output and employment unaffected.On the other hand, menu costs, shoe-leather costs, and redistribution of wealth are all costs of inflation.
Menu costs refer to the cost that firms incur in changing their prices due to inflation, such as the costs associated with printing new menus, catalogs, and price lists. Shoe-leather costs refer to the cost that individuals incur when they reduce their money balances to avoid the inflation tax, such as the cost of time and effort spent on frequent trips to the bank or ATM. Finally, inflation also leads to the redistribution of wealth from lenders to borrowers, as inflation reduces the real value of the money borrowed, and increases the real value of the money lent.The correct answer is option (a) - money neutrality.
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question 6 is this statement true or false? democracy is a condition in which a digital product or service is preferred to its analog alternatives due to its ability to reduce access and exclude ordinary people by leveraging digital tools.
False. Democracy is a system of government in which power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
The conditions of democracy include freedom of assembly, property rights, voting rights, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, equality, citizenship, association, freedom from unwarranted governmental deprivation of the right to life and liberty, and minority right. It is not related to the preference for digital products or services over analog alternatives.
The important things which are necessary for democracy to work are the values of freedom, respect for human rights, and the principle of holding periodic and genuine elections by universal suffrage. are essential elements of democracy.
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seaside issues a bond with a coupon (stated) interest rate of 12%, face value of $500,000, and due in 5 years. interest payments are made semi-annually. the market rate for this type of bond is 8%. what is the issue price of the bond?
$548,880 is the bond's issue price.
The issue price of the bond can be calculated using the present value formula, which takes into account the coupon payments and the face value of the bond. In this case, the semi-annual coupon payments are $30,000 ($500,000 x 12% / 2), and the number of semi-annual periods is 10 (5 years x 2). Using the market rate of 8%, the semi-annual discount rate is 4%.
To calculate the present value of the coupon payments, we use the formula:
Coupon payments x Present value factor = Present value of coupon payments
$30,000 x 7.036 = $211,080
To calculate the present value of the face value, we use the formula:
Face value x Present value factor = Present value of face value
$500,000 x 0.6756 = $337,800
Adding the present value of the coupon payments and the present value of the face value gives us the issue price of the bond:
$211,080 + $337,800 = $548,880
Therefore, the issue price of the bond is $548,880.
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if an organization was going to make radical changes to one of its departments, which type of transformation tool would it use? business process reengineering (bpr) reengineering process control (rpc) engineering control system (ecs) system process control (spc)
If an organization was going to make radical changes to one of its departments the type of transformation tool would it use A. Business Process Reengineering (BPR).
BPR is a strategic approach that focuses on redesigning and restructuring the core processes within an organization to achieve significant improvements in efficiency, effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. This approach aims to analyze existing processes and identify areas for improvement or elimination, enabling the organization to achieve dramatic changes in performance.
In contrast, the other options like Reengineering Process Control (RPC), Engineering Control System (ECS), and System Process Control (SPC) do not fit the context of making radical changes to a department. RPC and SPC are not well-defined concepts in the management field, while ECS is more related to technical and engineering controls in a system.
To summarize, when an organization is looking to make radical changes to one of its departments, it would typically choose Business Process Reengineering (BPR) as its transformation tool. BPR focuses on analyzing and redesigning core processes to achieve significant improvements in efficiency, effectiveness, and customer satisfaction, ensuring a lasting impact on the organization's performance. Therefore, the correct option is A.
The question was incomplete, Find the full content below:
if an organization was going to make radical changes to one of its departments, which type of transformation tool would it use?
A. Business process reengineering (BPR)
B. Reengineering process control (RPC)
C. Engineering control system (ECS)
D. System process control (SPC)
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A collection of smaller budgets that leads to pro-forma financial statements is referred to as the ____A. overall budget.B. summary budget.C. pro-forma budget.D. master budget.
A collection of smaller budgets that leads to pro-forma financial statements is referred to as the D. master budget.
A master budget is a company's valuable monetary making plans document. It normally covers a complete financial yr and consists of “lower-stage” budgets — like a income price range and a hard work price range — coins glide forecasts, monetary statements, and a monetary plan. The fundamental additives of a grasp price range encompass earnings and expenses, overhead and manufacturing costs, and the monthly, annual, common and projection totals. A master budget consists of all the lower-stage budgets inside an organization. It offers a organization a large evaluate of its budget and is regularly used as a valuable making plans tool. A strategic plan commonly bureaucracy the premise for an organization's numerous budgets, which all come collectively withinside the master budget.
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A collection of smaller budgets that leads to pro-forma financial statements is referred to as the master budget.
The correct answer is D. master budget.
A master budget is a comprehensive plan that includes all of the smaller budgets for each department or area of an organization. These smaller budgets may include sales, production, marketing, and administrative budgets, among others. The master budget is typically created on an annual basis and serves as a roadmap for the organization's financial activities for the upcoming year.Once the individual budgets are compiled and reviewed, they are consolidated into the master budget, which includes pro-forma financial statements such as a projected income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement.
These pro-forma financial statements provide a forecast of the company's financial performance and position for the upcoming year, based on the assumptions and projections used in the individual departmental budgets.The master budget is an important tool for management to use in planning and decision-making, as it provides a comprehensive view of the organization's financial position and performance.
It is also useful in tracking actual financial results against the budgeted amounts, allowing management to identify any areas where corrective action may be necessary. Overall, the master budget serves as a critical component of an organization's financial planning and control processes. The correct answer is D. master budget.
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What is risk management? Explain exposure identification? Riskevaluation? Risk control?Why is it wise to have a risk management policy statement?When is self-insurance wise? Explain pooling.
Risk management is the process of identifying, evaluating, and controlling risks in order to minimize the negative impact they may have on an organization.
Exposure identification is the process of identifying potential sources of risk within an organization.
Risk evaluation is the process of assessing the likelihood and impact of identified risks.
Risk control involves the development and implementation of strategies to minimize the negative impact of identified risks.
It is wise to have a risk management policy statement because it provides a clear framework for managing risks within an organization.
Self-insurance may be wise in certain circumstances, such as when the cost of insurance premiums is prohibitive or when an organization has a high degree of control over the risks it faces.
Pooling is a risk management strategy in which multiple organizations or individuals share the costs and benefits of risk management.
Risk management is the process of identifying, evaluating, and controlling potential threats or uncertainties that may have an impact on an organization's objectives. It involves exposure identification, risk evaluation, risk control, and implementing a risk management policy statement.
Exposure identification involves assessing and recognizing potential risks or hazards that an organization may face. This step is crucial for understanding what threats the organization is vulnerable to and how they may affect its goals. This involves identifying all areas of the organization that may be vulnerable to risk, including physical assets, financial resources, and human resources.
Risk evaluation refers to analyzing and prioritizing the identified risks based on their likelihood of occurrence and potential impact. This involves evaluating the potential consequences of each risk, such as financial losses, legal liabilities, or damage to the organization's reputation.
Risk control involves implementing strategies and measures to reduce the likelihood and impact of identified risks. These strategies can include avoidance, mitigation, transfer, or acceptance of the risks. Effective risk control helps protect an organization's assets and ensures its continuity.
It is wise to have a risk management policy statement because it communicates the organization's commitment to managing risks effectively, defines its risk appetite, and outlines the roles and responsibilities of individuals involved in the risk management process. It also provides guidance to employees and stakeholders on how to identify and manage risks effectively. This policy statement helps ensure a consistent approach to risk management across the organization.
Self-insurance is wise when an organization has the financial resources to cover potential losses and can manage risks effectively without relying on external insurance providers. This approach can lead to cost savings and greater control over risk management processes.
Pooling is a risk management technique where multiple organizations or individuals share their risks to reduce the overall impact of potential losses. By spreading the risk among a larger group, the financial burden of an individual loss is minimized, and the costs of risk management are more evenly distributed. Pooling may provide cost savings and increased protection against risks, but it also involves a loss of control over risk management decisions.
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need unique answer
Assume an H&R Block Canada location had a fixed cost of $12,000 to cover during tax filing season, and variable costs for each service of $29. What would the break-even point be for professional services of (a) $109, (b) $69, and (c) $39?
The break-even point is the level of sales at which the total revenue equals the total cost. To calculate the break-even point for H&R Block Canada, we can use the following formula:
Break-even point = Fixed cost / (Price per service - Variable cost per service)
a) For professional services of $109:
Break-even point = $12,000 / ($109 - $29) = 153 services
Therefore, the location needs to provide 153 professional services at $109 to break even.
b) For professional services of $69:
Break-even point = $12,000 / ($69 - $29) = 300 services
Therefore, the location needs to provide 300 professional services at $69 to break even.
c) For professional services of $39:
Break-even point = $12,000 / ($39 - $29) = 1,200 services
Therefore, the location needs to provide 1,200 professional services at $39 to break even.
In summary, the break-even point for H&R Block Canada varies depending on the price of professional services. The higher the price, the fewer services the location needs to provide to break even. Conversely, the lower the price, the more services the location needs to provide to break even.
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Suppose world described by 1-factor model (F), and we have 2 following securities ra= -0.050 – 1.2F + EA TB = 0.050 +0.8F+EB a. [2pts] What are the weights on each security A and B if we want to track the asset that has a loading of 0.5 on factor F? b. [3pts] What is the expected risk-free rate in this world? (Hint: construct the tracking portfolio that has zero loading on factor F) 1 c. [3pts] What is the expected return of factor F? (Hint: construct the tracking portfolio that has a loading of 1 on factor F) d. [1pt] Is there any arbitrage opportunity if expected return on asset, that has a loading of 0.5 on factor F, is 4.50%?
If the expected securities risk-free rate is less than 4.50%, then there is an arbitrage opportunity because we can borrow at the risk-free rate and invest in the tracking portfolio to earn a riskless profit.
If the expected risk-free rate is greater than 4.50%, then there is no arbitrage opportunity. If the expected risk-free rate is exactly 4.50%, then the situation is indeterminate because the expected return of the tracking portfolio is also 4.50%.
a. To track the asset that has a loading of 0.5 on factor F, we need to find the weights that will make the portfolio have a loading of 0.5 on factor F. Let x be the weight on security A and (1-x) be the weight on security B. The portfolio's factor loading is then:
0.5 = 0.5(-1.2x + 0.8(1-x))
0.5 = -0.6x + 0.4
0.1 = x
Therefore, the weights on securities A and B are 0.1 and 0.9, respectively.
b. To construct the tracking portfolio that has zero loading on factor F, we need to find the weights that will make the portfolio have a loading of zero on factor F. Let y be the weight on security A and (1-y) be the weight on security B. The portfolio's factor loading is then:
0 = -1.2y + 0.8(1-y)
0 = -0.4y + 0.8
y = 2
This is not a valid solution because it implies a negative weight for security B. Therefore, there is no portfolio that has zero loading on factor F.
c. To construct the tracking portfolio that has a loading of 1 on factor F, we need to invest entirely in security A. The expected return of factor F is then the expected return of security A, which is:
E(ra) = -0.050 - 1.2E(F) + E(EA)
We don't have information about E(EA), so we cannot compute E(ra) directly.
d. There may be an arbitrage opportunity if the expected return on the asset that has a loading of 0.5 on factor F is 4.50%, depending on the risk-free rate in this world. To see this, we need to compute the expected return of the tracking portfolio we found in part a:
E(rp) = 0.1E(ra) + 0.9E(rb)
E(rp) = 0.1(-0.050 - 1.2(0.5)) + 0.9(0.050 + 0.8(0.5) = 0.035
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assume you borrow $10,000 from the bank and promise to repay the amount in 5 equal installments beginning one year from today. the stated interest rate on the loan is 5%. what is the unknown variable in this problem? multiple choice question. the future value the payment amount the present value of the annuity the number of periods
The unknown variable in this problem is the payment amount. The unknown variable in this problem is the payment amount, which is $2,199.61. Here option B is the correct answer.
To solve this problem, we need to use the formula for calculating the payment amount of an annuity, which is:
Payment amount = Present value of the annuity / Present value factor
The present value of an annuity is the sum of the present values of all the payments in the annuity. In this case, there are 5 equal payments of $2,000 each (since $10,000 / 5 = $2,000).
To calculate the present value of each payment, we need to discount it back to the present using the stated interest rate of 5%. Since each payment is due one year from today, we need to discount each payment back one year. The present value factor for a single payment due in one year at a 5% interest rate is 0.9524.
So the present value of each payment is $2,000 x 0.9524
= $1,904.80.
The present value of the annuity is the sum of the present values of all the payments, which is $1,904.80 x 5 = $9,524.
Now we can use the formula for calculating the payment amount:
Payment amount = $9,524 / Present value factor
The present value factor for a 5-year annuity with a 5% interest rate is 4.3295.
Payment amount = $9,524 / 4.3295
= $2,199.61
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Complete question:
Assume you borrow $10,000 from the bank and promise to repay the amount in 5 equal installments beginning one year from today. the stated interest rate on the loan is 5%. What is the unknown variable in this problem?
A) The future value
B) The payment amount
C) The present value of the annuity
D) The number of periods
According to John Kenneth Galbraith, which notion still survives as the predominate view of modern economics? The notion that if the supply decreases, then the demand will increase proportionally. The notion that the customer is always right. The notion that consumers buy in accordance with independently determined wants. The dependence effect The independence effect
According to John Kenneth Galbraith, the notion that still survives as the predominant view of modern economics is the notion that consumers buy in accordance with independently determined wants.
In his view, modern economics often assumes that consumer wants are determined independently of the influence of producers or other external factors.
Galbraith challenges this assumption with the concept of the "dependence effect," which suggests that consumer wants are often shaped by the actions of producers through advertising and other marketing techniques.
He argues that this dependence creates a situation where producers can manipulate consumer demand to suit their own interests, rather than responding to genuine needs.
This perspective is significant because it highlights the importance of understanding the complex relationship between consumers and producers in shaping economic outcomes, and encourages economists to question the assumption of independent consumer wants.
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1. Suppose that US dollar (USD) has a continuously compounded interest rate of 1% per annum and Australian dollar (AUD) has a continuously compounded interest rate of 3% per annum. The spot exchange rate is 0.98 USD per AUD. (a) Show that the no-arbitrage 2-year forward rate is 0.9416 USD per AUD. (b) Suppose that the 2-year forward rate is 0.93 USD per AUD in the market.
First, let's define the terms "interest" and "compounded." Interest refers to the amount of money that is earned or paid on an investment or loan, usually expressed as a percentage of the principal amount. Compounded means that the interest earned on an investment is added to the principal, and the interest for the next period is calculated based on the new, higher principal amount.
Now, let's look at the problem:
(a) To calculate the no-arbitrage 2-year forward rate, we can use the formula:
Forward rate = Spot rate x (1 + domestic interest rate) / (1 + foreign interest rate)
In this case, the domestic currency is USD and the foreign currency is AUD. So, using the given interest rates and spot rate:
Forward rate = 0.98 x (1 + 0.01) ^ 2 / (1 + 0.03) ^ 2
Forward rate = 0.9416 USD per AUD
Therefore, the no-arbitrage 2-year forward rate is 0.9416 USD per AUD.
(b) If the market forward rate is 0.93 USD per AUD, then there is an opportunity for arbitrage. We can buy AUD at the spot rate of 0.98 USD per AUD, invest it in Australia for two years at 3% interest, and then sell it in the forward market at 0.93 USD per AUD. This would give us a profit of:
Profit = Principal x (1 + foreign interest rate) ^ 2 x (forward rate - spot rate)
Profit = 1 USD x (1 + 0.03) ^ 2 x (0.93 - 0.98)
Profit = 0.0457 USD
Therefore, there is an arbitrage opportunity and the market is not in equilibrium. Traders would take advantage of this opportunity by buying AUD, investing it in Australia, and selling it in the forward market to make a profit.
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