QUESTION 1 What is the present worth of the following series of income & disbursements if the interest rate is 8% per year? Year -Income- -Expense 0 12,000- 000 1-3 -800 400 4-8- -900-- ---800 5578 73

A(n) "hard return" or "carriage return" advances the insertion point to the beginning of the next physical line. A hard return is a character inserted into a document or text field that tells the computer to start a new line or paragraph.

A hard return is a type of line break that is created when the "Enter" key is pressed on a computer keyboard. It is called a "hard" return because it creates a physical break in the text and moves the cursor or insertion point to the next line. Hard returns are commonly used in documents and other types of text to create paragraphs, headings, and other formatting elements. In contrast, a soft return, also known as word wrap, is a feature that automatically moves text to the next line when the end of the line is reached without requiring the user to manually insert a hard return. Soft returns are commonly used in word processing programs and other software applications to make text more readable and to ensure that it fits within the available space. Hard returns and soft returns serve different purposes and are used in different contexts, but they both play an important role in creating well-formatted and easily readable text.

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A "carriage return" advances the insertion point to the beginning of the next physical line.

A carriage return, sometimes known as a cartridge return and often shortened to CR, <CR> or return, is a control character or mechanism used to reset a device's position to the beginning of a line of text. It is closely associated with the line feed and newline concepts, although it can be considered separately in its own right.

Originally, the term "carriage return" referred to a mechanism or lever on a typewriter. For machines where the type element was fixed and the paper held in a moving carriage, this lever was on the left attached to the moving carriage, and operated after typing a line of text to cause the carriage to return to the far right so the type element would be aligned to the left side of the paper. The lever would also usually feed the paper to advance to the next line.

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According to the Accounting: The Language of Business video, managerial accounting reports can be put together with more detail and specificity because they are intended for internal use within the company.

Unlike financial accounting reports, which are prepared for external users such as investors and creditors, managerial accounting reports are designed to help management make informed decisions about the business.

These reports can include information on budgeting, cost analysis, performance metrics, and other key indicators that are essential for effective decision-making. Because they are not subject to the same regulatory requirements as financial accounting reports, managerial accounting reports can be customized to fit the specific needs of the company and its management team. This flexibility allows for greater detail and specificity in the reporting process, which can be crucial in identifying areas of the business that require improvement or investment.

Overall, the purpose of managerial accounting reports is to provide accurate, relevant, and timely information to management, so they can make informed decisions about the company's future. By tailoring these reports to the unique needs of the company and its management team, businesses can gain a competitive advantage and stay ahead of the curve in an ever-changing business environment.

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In principal-principal conflicts, the ownership (of equity) is concentrated; often greater than 50% of equity is controlled by controlling shareholders. The right answer is c.

Conflicts between the minority shareholders and the controlling shareholders are referred to as principal-principal (PP) conflicts. PP conflicts are significant in businesses when there is a controlling shareholder who controls ownership and control. PP conflicts are frequently observed in emerging and transitioning economies, which exhibit concentrated company ownership and a lack of institutional support.

By directly influencing the incentives of the controlling shareholder to obtain private advantages of control—defined as the tangible and intangible rewards from company ownership that are not shared with other shareholders—institutions play a significant role in PP conflicts.

The correct answer is option c.

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The advantage of using common-sized financial statements over those denominated in the currency of the country in which the corporation is incorporated is B. common-sized statements are easier to compare with other like companies.

Common-sized financial statements express each line item as a percentage of a key financial figure, such as revenue or total assets, which makes it simple to analyze and compare the financial performance and structure of different companies, regardless of their size or the currency they operate in. This standardized format allows analysts to quickly identify trends, evaluate efficiency, and compare a company's performance against industry benchmarks or competitors, without needing to know the foreign exchange rate.

However, it is important to note that common-sized statements do not replace the need for a thorough understanding of a company's financial health and the underlying factors that influence its performance. The advantage of using common-sized financial statements over those denominated in the currency of the country in which the corporation is incorporated is B. common-sized statements are easier to compare with other like companies.

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So implementing the production changes would result in a loss of $0.60 per unit. Based on this analysis, it may not be worthwhile to process the product further.

To calculate the incremental profit or loss, we need to first calculate the current total production cost per unit:

Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable overhead + Fixed overhead = $13 + $15 + $8 + $8 = $44 This means that the current profit per unit is $48 - $44 = $4.

If Lakeside were to implement the production changes, the new production cost per unit would be: 20% increase in direct materials cost = $13 x 1.2 = $15.60

20% increase in direct labor cost = $15 x 1.2 = $18 Variable overhead remains the same at $8 Fixed overhead remains the same at $8

If Lakeside were to sell the refined version of the product for $53 per unit, the new profit per unit would be: Sale price - Total production cost per unit = $53 - $49.60 = $3.40

Therefore, the incremental profit or loss for implementing the production changes would be: Incremental profit/loss = New profit per unit - Current profit per unit Incremental profit/loss = $3.40 - $4 = -$0.60 (loss)

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The percentages of new interest-only lending and new principal-and-interest lending out of total new lending during the period can be calculated by dividing the total new interest-only lending and new principal-and-interest lending by the total new lending and multiplying by 100.

To calculate the percentages of all new interest-only lending and new principal-and-interest lending out of total new lending during a specific period in the Mortgage Market, you can follow these steps:

For example, if the total new lending during the period is $100 million, and the total new interest-only lending is $30 million, and the total new principal-and-interest lending is $70 million, then:

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The equity multiplier is not a component of the Dupont Analysis. The equity multiplier is a financial ratio used to measure the amount of leverage a company is using.

It is calculated by dividing a company’s total assets by its total equity. The Dupont Analysis, on the other hand, is used to analyze a company’s financial performance. It does this by breaking down return on equity into three components: return on assets, asset turnover, and equity multiplier.

The equation for the Dupont analysis is ROE = (Net Profit/Sales) x (Sales/Assets) x (Assets/Equity). By breaking down return on equity into these three components, the Dupont analysis allows investors to gain a better understanding of a company’s financial performance.

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The Interstate Commerce Act  A. outlawed unfair pricing activities on the part of railroads.

This legislation was enacted in 1887 in response to growing public concerns about the monopolistic practices and discriminatory rates imposed by railroads on shippers. The Act aimed to ensure fair and transparent pricing by prohibiting practices such as rate discrimination and pooling arrangements. It also established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) as a regulatory body to oversee compliance and enforce the provisions of the Act.

The Interstate Commerce Act marked a significant turning point in American business regulation, as it represented one of the first major attempts by the federal government to exert control over private corporations. However, it did not directly address issues related to business trusts (C) or restraint of trade between states (B), and it did not extend subsidies to railroads (D). So, Therefore the correct option is (A) outlawed unfair pricing activities on the part of railroads.

The Question was Incomplete, Find the full content below :

The Interstate Commerce Act

A) outlawed unfair pricing activities on the part of railroads

B) outlawed the restraint of trade between states

C) attempted to control business trusts

D) extended subsidies to railroads

E) none of the above

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When the LP relaxation of a production problem with the objective of minimizing cost has an optimal value of $250,000, the optimal solution of the integer program will be a) greater than or equal to $250,000.

The LP relaxation of an integer programming problem is obtained by relaxing the integer constraints to continuous variables, allowing non-integer values in the solution.

The LP relaxation solution provides a lower bound on the optimal solution of the integer program, but it may not be feasible in the integer program. In this case, the LP relaxation solution has an optimal value of $250,000.

When we solve the integer program, we enforce the integer constraints and seek feasible solutions. The objective function value of the integer program can be equal to, greater than or less than the optimal value of the LP relaxation.

However, since the objective function is to minimize cost, we cannot have a solution greater than the optimal value of the LP relaxation, which is $250,000. Therefore, the optimal solution of the integer program will be greater than or equal to $250,000(A).

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Assuming that nominal interest rates stay the same, a decrease in the rate of inflation would raise the real interest rate, which would tend to increase the demand for loanable funds.

This is because a decrease in inflation reduces the erosion of the purchasing power of money over time, making lending and borrowing more attractive.

With a higher real interest rate, lenders earn a higher return on their investment and are therefore more willing to lend, while borrowers face a higher cost of borrowing and are therefore less willing to borrow. This results in a shift in the supply and demand for loanable funds, which ultimately affects interest rates and economic growth.

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When a diversified company can add value by shifting capital from business units generating free cash flow to those needing additional capital to expand and realize their growth potential, this is called capital allocation or capital reallocation.

It involves identifying the various business units of a diversified company and analyzing their individual performance. Business units that generate significant cash flows can be identified and their resources redirected towards the underperforming units that need additional capital to grow. Effective capital allocation can help optimize the overall performance of a diversified company, enhance shareholder value, and increase overall profitability.

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A vision statement explains a company's mission, what it is aiming to accomplish, and what it is genuinely educational content striving towards. The majority of vision statement authors believe it to be a fulfilling and inspiring experience.

They get the chance to describe all the factors that affect the organization's strategy. When writing a vision statement for a business that produces educational content for students, Nora should keep in mind the type of student the business serves so that the statement makes more sense to them.

TD Bank Group, Shopify, and Sodexo are, in my perspective, three Canadian businesses that actively promote inclusion and diversity in the workplace. Through programmes like "TD Ready Commitment," which aims to break down barriers for underrepresented communities, TD Bank Group is a pioneer in fostering diversity and inclusion. They regularly participate in outreach programmes to find diverse talent and have introduced diversity training for their staff. The diversified workforce at TD Bank.

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(a) The highest yield change expected at a 99% confidence level can be calculated using the formula:

Highest yield change = Mean yield change + Z-score * Standard deviation

Here, the Z-score at a 99% confidence level is 2.33 (obtained from a standard normal distribution table). Plugging in the values, we get:
Highest yield change = 2 basis points + 2.33 * 10 basis points = 23.3 basis points

(b) The daily earnings at risk (DEAR) can be calculated using the formula:

DEAR = Market value of bond * Highest yield change * (-1)
Plugging in the values, we get:
DEAR = $1 million * 23.3 basis points * (-1) = -$2,330

(c) The DEAR calculated in part (b) represents the potential daily loss that the bank may incur due to changes in the yield of the 6-year, zero coupon bond. Specifically, if the yield of the bond were to increase by the highest expected change (23.3 basis points), the market value of the bond would decrease by $2,330.

This highlights the importance of managing interest rate risk and having adequate risk management strategies in place to mitigate potential losses.

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Arithmetic average time-weighted rate of return: 4.46%

Geometric average time-weighted rate of return: 4.30%

(a) Dollar-weighted rate of return: -10.19%

(b) Year Cash flow

2007 $780

2008 $540

2009 -$255

2010 -$1,020

The investor bought 3 shares of XYZ at the beginning of 2007 for $780, 2 more shares at the beginning of 2008 for $540, then sold 1 share at the beginning of 2009 for $255. The investor then sold the remaining 4 shares at the beginning of 2010 for $1,020. The arithmetic and geometric average time-weighted rates of return of the investor were 4.46 and 4.30%, respectively. However, the dollar-weighted rate of return was -10.19%. This was primarily due to the investor selling 1 share at a lower price than what they paid for it. This shows the importance of timing when it comes to investing, as it is more beneficial to sell when the price is higher.

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For mutual funds, a Balanced Growth and Income Fund contain both growth stocks and stocks that pay high dividends. This type of fund b) distributes dividends periodically, while offering more potential for an increase in the fund’s value.

Balanced Growth and Income Funds typically invest in large-cap stocks that are more established than small-cap firms but still have some growth potential. These funds may also invest in bonds or other fixed-income securities to further diversify the portfolio and reduce risk.

The main advantage of a Balanced Growth and Income Fund is that it offers investors both growth potential and regular income. The fund distributes dividends periodically, which can provide a steady stream of income for investors. At the same time, the fund also offers potential for an increase in the fund's value through investments in growth stocks.

Overall, a Balanced Growth and Income Fund can be a good option for investors who want a balanced portfolio of growth and income investments. However, it's important to carefully consider the fund's investment objectives, fees, and historical performance before investing.

Therefore, the correct answer is b) distributes dividends periodically, while offering more potential for an increase in the fund’s value.

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In the scenario where a business owner wishes to administer polygraph tests to all employees due to break-ins and burglaries, the false statement among the given choices is "the employer does not have to provide information about what incident the employees will be questioned about."

In this situation, the employer is required to provide employees with a written statement prior to the test that fully explains the activity being investigated. The employer must also provide employees a statement containing reasonable written notice of the date, time, and place of the examination. Additionally, employees must be informed of their right to consult with legal counsel before taking the polygraph test. However, the employer cannot withhold information about the incident that employees will be questioned about as this can affect the accuracy of the test results and infringe upon the rights of the employees.

The false statement is "the employer does not have to provide information about what incident the employees will be questioned about."
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The March ending balance of $791,650 is correct, and no changes are required for this entry.

Firstly, highlight #1 indicates that the 22 March sales return credit entry of $1,200 is correct. Therefore, no changes are required for this entry.
Moving on to highlight #4, the 29 March customer account write-off debit entry of $25,600 is also correct. Therefore, there is no need to make any changes to this entry.
Highlight #5 shows that the 29 March customer account recovery credit entry of $14,000 is also correct. Hence, no changes are required for this entry either.
Highlight #6 indicates that the 31 March credit sales debit entry of $636,250 is correct. Therefore, there is no need to make any changes to this entry.
Highlight #7 shows that the 31 March credit sales credit entry of $314,800 is correct. Hence, no changes are required for this entry either.
Lastly, highlight #2 shows that the March sales return entry should be a debit entry of $14,000, and not $1,200 as originally stated. Therefore, this entry needs to be replaced with the correct amount.

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The main goal of the financial manager should be profit maximization.

Here, correct option is A.

Profit is the difference between revenue and costs and it is the most important indicator of a company's performance and profitability. Profit maximization helps to increase the value of the firm over time and will ultimately benefit shareholders. It also helps to return value to the employees, as well as to the local community, as a profitable firm can pay more wages and support more local businesses.

A. The money markets are markets for short-term loans and investments. These instruments provide a quick and efficient way to raise money for short-term investments and trading activities.

B. The bond markets are where debt instruments, such as bonds and treasuries, are bought and sold. These instruments provide a way for companies and governments to raise money for longer-term investments.

C. The foreign exchange markets are where different currencies are bought and sold. These markets provide a way for companies to manage their currency exchange risk.

D. The share markets are where stocks and other equity instruments are bought and sold. This is a way for companies to raise capital and for investors to buy and sell shares.

E. The derivatives markets are where derivatives, such as futures and options, are bought and sold. These instruments provide a way to manage risk and hedge against price movements.

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The answer is $28,610.89.

To calculate the annual savings required, we need to use the future value of an annuity formula. The future value of $25,000 for 5 years with a 6% inflation rate is $33,822.94.

Then, we can use the formula FV = PMT * ((1 + r)^n - 1) / r, where FV is the future value of the annuity, PMT is the annual savings amount, r is the portfolio rate of return, and n is the number of years to save. Solving for PMT, we get $28,610.89.

Amita needs to save enough money to pay for her three children's college tuition. With a current cost of $25,000 per year, and assuming that college inflation is at 6%, the total cost of college for 5 years when the youngest child starts college is $169,725.49.

To save for this expense, Amita needs to make annual savings payments until the youngest child starts college. Assuming a portfolio rate of return of 8%, she needs to save $28,610.89 per year at the end of the year to reach her goal.

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Therefore, the minimum number of workers required to achieve a capacity buffer not less than 10% is 58.

To determine the minimum number of workers required to achieve a capacity buffer not less than 10%, we need to use the following formula:

Minimum number of workers = (Total workload in minutes during shift) / (Available time in minutes x Capacity buffer)

First, we need to convert the number of calls and the service time to minutes:Average service time per call = 6 minutes

Total workload per call = 6 minutes + Average waiting time per call

We don't have information about the average waiting time per call, so we'll assume it's negligible for now. Therefore, the total workload per call is 6 minutes.

Average number of calls per shift = 520 calls

Total workload during shift = 520 calls x 6 minutes per call = 3,120 minutes

Available time during shift = 9 hours x 60 minutes per hour = 540 minutes

Capacity buffer = 10% = 0.1

Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

Minimum number of workers = 3,120 / (540 x 0.1) = 57.78

Since we cannot have a fraction of a worker, we need to round up to the nearest whole number.

Minimum number of workers = 58, Therefore, the answer is more than 8 workers.

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The production planning problem of Company ZWZ can be formulated as a three-stage model with the following decision variables:

x1: Number of units of Product XA produced in Stage 1

x2: Number of units of Product XB produced in Stage 2

x3: Number of units of Product XC produced in Stage 3

y: Number of units of Product XB sold at the end of Stage 2.

The objective is to maximize the total profit, which is the revenue from sales minus the total cost of production and subcontracting.

Constraints include the availability of regular time and overtime in Stage 2, the requirement of units of Product XA and XB for producing XB and XC, and the minimum volume requirement for subcontracting in Stage 3.

The model should also consider the maximum sales volume for each product.

Note: A diagram of the system would help in visualizing the constraints and decision variables.

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The 2019 earnings per share to be reported in the 2020 annual report is 2.61. Therefore, the correct option is B.

To find the adjusted 2019 earnings per share to be reported in the annual report of 2020, we need to consider the impact of the 5% common stock dividend on the 2019 earnings per share.

1. Determine the 2019 earnings per share: 2.74

2. Calculate the impact of the 5% common stock dividend: 2.74 * 0.05 = 0.137

3. Subtract the impact of the dividend from the original earnings per share: 2.74 - 0.137 = 2.603

Therefore, The 2019 earnings per share to be reported in the annual report of 2020 is approximately 2.61 which corresponds to the option B.

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The correct answer is d. All of the above are correct. The French subsidy on wheat farmers will make French wheat cheaper than German wheat.

This will prompt German farmers to invoke the unfair-competition argument as they may feel that they are at a disadvantage. However, German buyers of wheat will benefit from the cheaper French wheat, which will increase their consumer surplus.

Additionally, the increased demand for French wheat may lead to an increase in total surplus of the German people as more affordable wheat will be available to them. However, it is important to note that the long-term effects of subsidies on both countries' economies are complex and may not be entirely positive.

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In this comprehensive problem, we are tasked with preparing a bank reconciliation for the month of December based on given data. The balance according to the bank statement at the end of the month was $283,000, while the balance according to the ledger was $245,410. There were checks outstanding at the end of the month worth $68,540 and a deposit in transit not recorded by the bank worth $29,500. Additionally, the bank charged a service fee of $750, and a payment of $12,700 was incorrectly recorded in the accounts as $12,000.

To prepare the bank reconciliation, we must first adjust the balance according to the ledger by adding any deposits in transit and subtracting any outstanding checks. This gives us an adjusted balance of $206,370. Next, we can compare this balance to the balance on the bank statement and make any necessary adjustments. In this case, we must add the deposit in transit and subtract the bank service fee, resulting in an adjusted bank balance of $312,750.

We can then compare the adjusted balances and make any necessary adjustments. In this case, we must add the amount of the incorrectly recorded payment to the ledger balance and subtract it from the bank balance. This results in an adjusted ledger balance of $258,110 and an adjusted bank balance of $300,050.

Finally, we can calculate the total deductions by adding up any outstanding checks and bank service charges. In this case, the total deductions amount to $69,290. We can then fill in the blanks in the bank reconciliation and confirm that the adjusted ledger and bank balances match.

In conclusion, bank reconciliations are an important tool for ensuring the accuracy of financial records and detecting any discrepancies between the bank statement and ledger balances. Through this comprehensive problem, we have demonstrated how to prepare a bank reconciliation using the given data and adjust the balances accordingly.

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Answer:

Important for a business to be successful: Organize your thoughts, Be creative, Reference correctly, Proofread.

Explanation:

To add a great answer to this question:

Understand the assignment requirements: Read the prompt carefully and understand the requirements for the presentation and report. Make sure you know the length, format, and content requirements for each item.

Organize your thoughts: Before you start writing, organize your thoughts and ideas. Make an outline of the key points you want to cover in your presentation and report. This will help you stay focused and ensure that you cover all the required topics.

Use examples and evidence: Use examples and evidence to support your arguments and ideas. For instance, use financial statements to show the financial health of your business, and use specific examples to illustrate your decision-making process and the outcomes of your decisions.

Be creative: Use visuals, charts, animations, and other creative elements to make your presentation and report engaging and memorable. Use your company logo and branding to make your presentation and report visually appealing.

Reference correctly: Make sure you reference all your sources correctly, using the appropriate citation style. Avoid plagiarism by using your own words and citing sources whenever you use someone else's ideas or work.

Proofread: Before submitting your presentation and report, proofread them carefully to ensure that they are free of errors, typos, and other mistakes. Ask a friend or colleague to review them as well to get a fresh perspective.

you can create a great answer to this question that meets all the assignment requirements and demonstrates your knowledge and skills in business management.

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The amount of additions to retained earnings is $100,000.

The amount of additions to retained earnings can be calculated using the formula:

Additions to Retained Earnings = Net Profit - Dividends

First, we need to calculate the amount of dividends, which is equal to the payout ratio multiplied by the net profit:

Dividends = Payout Ratio * Net Profit

Given that the payout ratio is 60% and the net profit is $250,000, we can calculate the dividends as follows:

Dividends = 0.60 * $250,000 = $150,000

Now, we can substitute the calculated dividends value into the formula for additions to retained earnings:

Additions to Retained Earnings = Net Profit - Dividends

Additions to Retained Earnings = $250,000 - $150,000

Additions to Retained Earnings = $100,000

We can also calculate this using this method:
If the firm's payout ratio is 60%, it means that 40% of the net profit will be added to retained earnings.

So, the amount of net profit added to retained earnings can be calculated as:
$250,000 x 40% = $100,000

Therefore, the amount of additions to retained earnings is $100,000.

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The amount of units that must be sold in order to have a zero profit is 20,000 units. So, the correct answer is D.

To calculate the number of units that must be sold in order to have a zero profit, we can use the formula: Breakeven Point (units) = Fixed Costs / Unit Contribution Margin

Substituting the given values, we get:

Breakeven Point (units) = $400,000 / $20 = 20,000 units

Therefore, the correct answer is d. 20,000 units.

This means that the company needs to sell at least 20,000 units to cover all its fixed costs and variable costs and break even. If the company sells less than 20,000 units, it will incur a loss.

On the other hand, if it sells more than 20,000 units, it will make a profit, which can be calculated by subtracting the total variable costs from the total revenue.

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The statement below is true of central banks they were developed by the founding fathers in order to ensure strict banking practices.

The central bank offers the Central Government services. On behalf of the government, it both collects and makes payments to other parties. It looks after and manages government deposit accounts. The central bank also offers loans and controls the nation's debt.

The main goal of the Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913 by an act of Congress, was to increase the stability of the American financial system.

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Dantzler's horizon value is $536.67 million.  Dantzler's firm value today is $290.88 million. The estimated price per share is $21.98 .

a. To calculate the horizon value, we need to find the present value of all free cash flows beyond year 3, discounted back to year 3 using the constant growth rate formula:

Horizon value = (FCF4 / (WACC - g))

where,

FCF4 is the free cash flow in year 4 and

g is the expected constant growth rate.

Since FCF4 is not given, we need to estimate it by applying the 5% growth rate to the year 3 FCF:

FCF4 = FCF3 x (1 + g)

         = $46 million x 1.05

         = $48.3 million

Substituting the values into the formula, we get:

Horizon value = ($48.3 million / (0.16 - 0.05))

                      = $536.67 million

Therefore, Dantzler's horizon value is $536.67 million.

b. To find the firm's value today, we need to find the present value of all free cash flows, including the horizon value.

Using the formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity, we can find the present value of the horizon value:

Present value of horizon value = (Horizon value / (1 + WACC)^3)

                                                   = ($536.67 million / (1 + 0.16)^3)

                                                  = $254.19 million

Using the formula for the present value of a series of cash flows, we can find the present value of the first 3 years' cash flows:

Present value of first 3 years' cash flows = (-$15 million / (1 + 0.16)^1) + ($28 million / (1 + 0.16)^2) + ($46 million / (1 + 0.16)^3)

                                                                 = $36.69 million

Therefore, the firm's value today is the sum of the present value of the horizon value and the present value of the first 3 years' cash flows:

Firm's value today = Present value of horizon value + Present value of first 3 years' cash flows

= $254.19 million + $36.69 million

= $290.88 million

Therefore, Dantzler's firm value today is $290.88 million.

c. To find the estimated price per share, we need to divide the firm's value by the number of outstanding shares.

Number of outstanding shares = 7 million

Estimated price per share = (Firm's value today - Debt) / Number of outstanding shares

= ($290.88 million - $141 million) / 7 million

= $21.98

Therefore, the estimated price per share is $21.98.

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The IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of project Sigma is 38.95%. Therefore, the correct option is D.

1. Set the NPV (Net Present Value) equation to zero, which includes the initial investment and the discounted cash flows for each year.

0 = -$750,000 + ($350,000 / (1 + IRR)^1) + ($475,000 / (1 + IRR)^2) + ($400,000 / (1 + IRR)^3) + ($475,000 / (1 + IRR)^4)

2. Solve for the IRR using trial and error, a financial calculator, or software such as Excel's IRR function.

After calculating the IRR using any of these methods, you will find that IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is 38.95%.

Hence, the correct calculation of project Sigma's IRR is option D: 38.95%.

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