risk-free rates in the us and uk are 5% and 4%, respectively. the dollar/pound spot exchange rate is $1.80/bp. what should the futures price of the pound for a one-year contract be to prevent arbitrage, ignoring transactions costs?

At the conclusion of a project, it is common for there to be items or mistakes that still need to be taken care of. These items can include everything from finishing touches on installations to correcting errors in the construction process.

To ensure that all of these items are taken care of before the project is officially completed, they are typically compiled on a punch list.A punch list is a document that lists all of the items that need to be completed or corrected before the project can be considered fully finished. It is typically created by the project manager or contractor and includes items that were not completed during the final walkthrough of the project. These can include issues with construction quality, missing equipment or fixtures, or problems with the installation of specific systems or components.Once the punch list is compiled, it is distributed to the various contractors, vendors, and other parties involved in the project. Each party is responsible for completing the items on the punch list that relate to their area of expertise. For example, if there is an issue with the electrical wiring in a room, the electrician will be responsible for correcting it.As each item on the punch list is completed, it is checked off the list. Once all of the items on the punch list have been completed, the project can be considered officially finished. At this point, the project manager will typically conduct a final inspection to ensure that everything has been completed to their satisfaction. Once this is done, the project can be turned over to the owner or client.

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The EEOC can require "monetary payment to the aggrieved" and "remedial actions" from organizations found guilty of religious harassment.

When the EEOC finds an organization guilty of religious harassment, it may require the organization to provide financial compensation to the victim, as well as take steps to prevent future harassment. The EEOC may also require the organization to provide training to its employees, implement new policies and procedures to prevent harassment, and report regularly to the EEOC on its compliance with the terms of the settlement. The EEOC does not have the authority to levy criminal penalties, such as jail time, but it can require the organization to publicize the offense in certain circumstances.

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The following option is considered a transfer payment: Welfare payments are considered transfer payments.

Transfer payments refer to payments made by the government to individuals or groups without the expectation of receiving goods or services in return. They are typically aimed at redistributing income or providing assistance to those in need. Welfare payments, such as unemployment benefits, social security, and food stamps, fall under the category of transfer payments as they involve the transfer of funds from the government to individuals or households.
On the other hand, options b (defense spending) and c (building new public schools) are not considered transfer payments. Defense spending represents government expenditure on military and national security-related activities. Building new public schools falls under government capital investment in infrastructure rather than direct transfers to individuals or groups.

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The direct materials quantity variance is $2,674 favorable.

Actual quantity = 4,870 pounds

Standard quantity = 2.1 pounds per unit x 2,410 units

Standard quantity = 5,061 pounds

Direct materials quantity variance = Actual quantity - Standard quantity

Direct materials quantity variance = 4,870 pounds - 5,061 pounds

Direct materials quantity variance = -191 pounds

Dollar value of variance = Direct materials quantity variance x Standard price per pound

Dollar value of variance = -191 pounds x $14 per pound

Dollar value of variance = -$2,674

Therefore, the direct materials quantity variance is $2,674 favorable.

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The cash flows from selling the machine would be $81,250. This is calculated by first finding the tax shield, which is the difference between the book value and the sale price (80,000 - 75,000 = 5,000), multiplied by the tax rate (5,000 x 0.25 = 1,250). Then, the tax shield is added to the sale price (75,000 + 1,250 = 76,250). Finally, the after-tax book value is subtracted from the total to get the final cash flow (76,250 - 80,000 = -3,750, or $3,750 cash inflow).

This calculation takes into account the tax effects of selling the machine, which include the tax shield from the loss on the book value and the tax liability on the gain from the sale price. The resulting cash flow provides an accurate measure of the true economic impact of the transaction.

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The confidence game that involves conning victims into making small investments with the belief of earning huge revenues is commonly known as a Ponzi scheme.

In a Ponzi scheme, the perpetrator promises high returns on investment to attract individuals to invest their money. The initial investors may receive returns, which are paid using funds from new investors rather than from actual profits. The scheme creates an illusion of success and lures more investors to participate. However, the scheme eventually collapses as it becomes unsustainable to pay the promised returns with new investments alone, leaving the majority of investors with significant losses.
Ponzi schemes are fraudulent and illegal, as they rely on a continuous influx of new investors to sustain the operation. They are named after Charles Ponzi, an infamous swindler who orchestrated a large-scale Ponzi scheme in the early 20th century.

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The smaller companies have products that the company cannot easily imitate become more strategic and utilize its established entrepreneurial capabilities, would be the best approach for Maria's company.

As the market leader, the company likely has established strategic capabilities but needs to adapt to the changing market and incorporate its entrepreneurial capabilities to create innovative products and services that meet the needs of customers. By becoming more strategic, the company can identify opportunities for growth and develop a plan to execute those opportunities. At the same time, by utilizing its established entrepreneurial capabilities, the company can create new products and services that differentiate it from competitors and help it regain its market share.

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Option D. Seller was responsible for advising the buyer of the changes.

The responsible party for advising the buyer of the changes in the CCRs (Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions) during the executory period of the contract is the seller. In this scenario, the seller had the obligation to disclose any revisions to the CCRs, as they directly affect the property being sold and the buyer's rights and responsibilities as a condominium owner.

The buyer's attorney and the unit owners' association also play essential roles in ensuring the smooth transfer of the property. However, the primary responsibility for providing accurate and up-to-date information about the property, including any changes to the CCRs, falls on the seller. Failure to disclose such changes may lead to potential legal issues or disputes between the buyer and the seller.

In conclusion, the seller is responsible for advising the buyer of the changes in the CCRs during the executory period of the contract. This obligation ensures that the buyer is aware of any restrictions, conditions, or rules governing the property before finalizing the purchase. Therefore, the correct option is D.

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The correct term for the investment in social relations with the expectation of returns in the marketplace is: Social capital.

Social capital refers to the investment in social relationships, networks, and connections that can provide benefits and returns in various domains, including the marketplace. It encompasses the resources, trust, and social support that individuals or groups can leverage for personal or professional gain.

Investing in social relations involves building and nurturing relationships with others, developing trust, and fostering mutual cooperation. These social connections can yield advantages such as access to information, opportunities, resources, and social influence that can be beneficial in economic or business contexts.

By investing in social capital, individuals or organizations can enhance their social networks and leverage the connections and resources embedded within those networks to gain advantages in the marketplace. This can include opportunities for business partnerships, job referrals, access to new markets, or knowledge exchange.

The term that describes the investment in social relations with the expectation of returns in the marketplace is social capital. By investing in social connections and relationships, individuals and organizations can benefit from the resources, support, and opportunities that arise from these social networks, ultimately gaining advantages in the marketplace.

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The correct answer is: Exiting the market occurs in response to a sustained pattern of losses.

Firms exiting a perfectly competitive market typically occur in response to a sustained pattern of losses. In a perfectly competitive market, firms are price takers, meaning they have no control over the market price. If a firm is consistently experiencing losses and cannot cover its variable costs, it becomes economically unviable to continue operating in the market. In such cases, firms may choose to exit the market to avoid further losses and allocate their resources elsewhere.

The other options listed are not accurate in the context of firms exiting a perfectly competitive market:

The price where firms exit the market does not necessarily indicate whether the firm would lack enough revenue to cover its variable costs. Firms may exit even if they are making enough revenue to cover variable costs, as long as they are consistently experiencing losses.

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When Walmart offers a remarkable sale on a few items to encourage people to shop there, it is likely using a pricing strategy called "price skimming."

Price skimming is a pricing strategy in which a company sets a high initial price for a new product or service, and then gradually reduces the price over time as the product becomes more accepted and the demand for it decreases. The purpose of price skimming is to recoup the initial investment in the product or service as quickly as possible, while also generating a profit.

In this case, Walmart is offering a sale on a few items to encourage people to shop there. By offering the sale, Walmart is likely trying to increase the demand for the items and attract more customers to its store. The sale price may be significantly lower than the regular price, making the items more attractive to customers and encouraging them to make a purchase.

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Beta of the stock is 1.09.The beta of a stock measures how much the stock's returns are influenced by the market's returns.

The beta of a stock is a measure of its volatility in relation to the overall market. To calculate the beta of a stock, we need to use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which uses the stock's expected return, the market return, and the risk-free rate of return. In this case, the stock's expected return is 16%, the market return is 15%, and the risk-free rate of return is 3.7%. Using these values, we can calculate the beta to be 1.09. This indicates that the stock is slightly more volatile than the overall market The expected return is the return that investors expect to receive from the stock, the market return is the return on the overall market, and the risk-free rate of return is the return on a risk-free investment such as a Treasury bill.

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The reason the for this is A. Creak's labor and material costs were substantially higher than Cone's.

Labor costs are one of the movable expenditures that go into the computation of contribution margin. The more elevated the labor cost, the lower the contribution margin will be.

This is because contribution margin is determined by subtracting the total variable outlays from the full sales. Consequently, if labor expenses rise, the aggregate variable costs increase, decreasing the contribution margin.

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Last year, Chester company's cone product had a higher contribution margin percentage compared to their creak product. however, Creak contribution margin (in dollars) is much higher. this is because:

a. Cedar's labor and material costs were substantially higher than Cake's.

b. Cake has no inventory.

c. Cedar's sales were substantially higher than Cake's.

A municipality would defease its debt with AAA municipal securities.

Defeasance refers to the process of setting aside assets to secure and retire existing debt. When a municipality defeases its debt, it typically invests in securities that will generate sufficient income to cover the future debt service payments. In this case, AAA municipal securities would be used for defeasance.

AAA municipal securities are bonds or securities issued by highly rated municipal entities that carry the highest credit rating (AAA) from rating agencies. These securities are considered low-risk investments and provide a reliable stream of income. By investing in AAA municipal securities, the municipality ensures it has sufficient funds to meet its debt obligations and retire the existing debt.

There is no specific calculation involved in understanding the use of AAA municipal securities for defeasance. It is a strategic decision made by the municipality based on the available investment options and the specific terms and conditions of the debt being defeased.

Using AAA municipal securities for defeasance allows the municipality to secure and retire its debt by investing in low-risk securities that provide a reliable income stream. This approach provides financial stability and ensures that the municipality can meet its debt service obligations. The choice of AAA municipal securities reflects the municipality's preference for safe and reliable investments within the municipal sector.

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The payback method's fundamental tenet is that an investment is more desirable the sooner its cost is recouped. Here option C is the correct answer.

The basic premise of the payback method is that an investment is desirable if it can recover its initial cost within a reasonable time frame. This method is used to evaluate the profitability and risk of an investment by analyzing the amount of time it takes for the initial cost of the investment to be recouped through its cash inflows.

The payback period is the amount of time it takes for an investment to generate enough cash flow to recover its initial cost. The shorter the payback period, the faster the cost of the investment is recovered, which is generally considered more desirable. A shorter payback period also reduces the risk associated with the investment as it limits the exposure of the investor's capital.

However, the payback method does not take into account the time value of money, inflation, or future cash flows beyond the payback period. Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with other investment evaluation methods such as net present value and internal rate of return to provide a more complete picture of an investment's potential.

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Complete question:

What is the basic premise of the payback method?

a) The higher the net present value, the more desirable the investment.

b) The slower the cost of the investment is recovered, the more desirable the investment.

c) The faster the cost of the investment is recovered, the more desirable the investment.

d) The lower the internal rate of return, the more desirable the investment.

The purchase of U.S. Treasury bonds for immediate delivery is a spot market transaction.


A transaction refers to a discrete unit of work or a sequence of operations performed on a database or system that must be executed as a single, indivisible unit. It represents a logical unit of work that should be executed in its entirety or not at all, ensuring data integrity and consistency. In the context of databases, a transaction typically includes actions such as reading or retrieving data, modifying data, inserting or deleting records, or updating database schema. Transactions are used to maintain the integrity of the data and ensure that the database remains in  consistent state even in the event of failures or concurrent access by multiple users or processes. .


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False. In finding the t-value for a 60% confidence interval, you should use the value at the 80th percentile. This is because the remaining 40% (100% - 60%) is equally divided, with 20% in each tail. Thus, you need to look at the 80th percentile to capture the 60% confidence interval in the middle.

In finding the t-value for a confidence interval, we need to consider the level of confidence and the degrees of freedom. The t-distribution is used when the sample size is small and the population standard deviation is unknown. The t-value is obtained from the t-table or calculator and represents the number of standard errors away from the mean.

For a 60% confidence interval, we need to find the t-value that corresponds to the middle 60% of the t-distribution. This means that we need to find the cutoff points where 20% of the area is in the lower tail and 20% of the area is in the upper tail, leaving 60% in the middle. These cutoff points can be found using the t-table or calculator.

Therefore, we cannot use the value at either the 20th or 80th percentile to find the t-value for a 60% confidence interval. Instead, we need to find the t-value that corresponds to the middle 60% of the t-distribution.

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This social pressure is an example of moral suasion, where non-profit organizations and activists use ethical arguments and public opinion to influence businesses and bring about changes in their practices.

The social pressure exerted by Thisworldorg on Carpediemexploits Corp. reflects the use of moral suasion. Moral suasion is a strategy employed by non-profit organizations and activists to influence businesses by appealing to their moral conscience and public opinion. In this case, Thisworldorg campaigns against the illegal trading of freshly obtained elephant ivory, leading to demonstrations, boycotts, and advertising campaigns.

As a result of this social pressure, Carpediemexploits Corp. agrees to an external certification process to ensure that the ivory they deal with is legal heritage ivory obtained from elephants long ago. The pressure from Thisworldorg and public opinion has influenced Carpediemexploits Corp. to align its practices with ethical considerations and comply with the demands for sustainability and responsible sourcing. This demonstrates the effectiveness of moral suasion in bringing about changes in business practices through ethical arguments and public pressure.

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The two methods for reporting cash flows provided (used) by operating activities are the direct method and the indirect method.

Both methods are used to report the cash flows related to the company's operating activities only. The direct method shows the actual cash inflows and outflows related to operating activities, while the indirect method starts with net income and makes adjustments to arrive at the cash flow from operating activities.

It is important to note that the choice of method does not affect the total amount of cash flow provided (used) by operating activities, but rather the way in which the information is presented.

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Coinsurance reduces moral hazard in the same way as deductibles. Coinsurance is a provision in an insurance policy where the policyholder and the insurer share the cost of a claim after the deductible has been paid. Option (4)

The policyholder pays a percentage of the remaining costs while the insurer pays the rest. This sharing of costs encourages policyholders to use healthcare services wisely and avoid overusing healthcare resources, similar to how deductibles encourage policyholders to be cautious with their insurance claims.

Both coinsurance and deductibles help to reduce moral hazard by making policyholders more responsible for their healthcare choices and reducing their incentive to overuse healthcare resources.

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Full Question: coinsurance reduces moral hazard in exactly the same way as group of answer choices

Therefore, the theoretical value of the call option in this binomial world is approximately 7.6923.

To calculate the theoretical value of the call option in a binomial world, we can use the risk-neutral pricing approach.

In this case, the stock price can either go up by 10% or down by 8%, and the risk-free rate is 4%. We also have a one-period world, meaning there is one time step until the option expiration.

Let's denote the up movement factor as u and the down movement factor as d:

u = 1 + 10% = 1.1

d = 1 - 8% = 0.92

The risk-neutral probability of an up movement, denoted as p, can be calculated as follows:

p = (1 + Risk-Free Rate - Down Movement Factor) / (Up Movement Factor - Down Movement Factor)

p = (1 + 4% - 0.92) / (1.1 - 0.92)

p = 0.12 / 0.18

p ≈ 0.6667

The risk-neutral probability of a down movement, denoted as q, can be calculated as:

q = 1 - p

q = 1 - 0.6667

q ≈ 0.3333

Next, we calculate the expected stock price at the end of the period, denoted as S:

S = Stock Price * (Up Movement Factor) ^ (Number of Up Movements) * (Down Movement Factor) ^ (Number of Down Movements)

S = 80 * (1.1) ^ 1 * (0.92) ^ 0

S = 80 * 1.1

S = 88

The call option value at the end of the period is the maximum of (S - Exercise Price, 0):

Call Value = Max(S - Exercise Price, 0)

Call Value = Max(88 - 80, 0)

Call Value = Max(8, 0)

Call Value = 8

To calculate the theoretical value of the call option, we discount the expected call value at the risk-free rate:

Theoretical Call Value = Call Value / (1 + Risk-Free Rate)

Theoretical Call Value = 8 / (1 + 4%)

Theoretical Call Value = 8 / 1.04

Theoretical Call Value ≈ 7.6923

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As retailers reduce their safety inventory levels, the distributor will need to adjust its inventory management practices to accommodate the changes and ensure the continued availability of products to meet customer demand.

Safety inventory is additional stock held by retailers or distributors to mitigate the risk of stockouts and disruptions in the supply chain. When retailers decrease their safety inventory levels, it implies that they are relying more on just-in-time inventory management or more frequent and reliable deliveries from distributors.

In response to this shift, the distributor will need to make corresponding adjustments to its inventory management practices. The distributor may need to enhance its demand forecasting capabilities to accurately predict retailers' needs and ensure sufficient stock availability. This may involve closer collaboration and communication with retailers to understand their inventory requirements and respond accordingly.

Additionally, the distributor may need to optimize its distribution network and logistics to efficiently deliver products to retailers in a timely manner. Streamlining processes, improving transportation efficiency, and implementing effective inventory tracking systems can help the distributor adapt to the reduced safety inventory levels of retailers while maintaining satisfactory service levels.

Overall, the distributor's ability to adapt and align its inventory management practices with retailers' decreased safety inventory levels is crucial to ensure a smooth and efficient supply chain operation.

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The Enterprise Value (EV) remains the same if a company raises $100.0m debt and holds it on its balance sheet as cash. The correct option to this question is A.

Enterprise value (EV) is a measure of a company's total value and includes the market value of its equity, debt, and cash.

When a company raises $100.0m debt and holds it on its balance sheet as cash, the company's total value remains the same.

This is because the increase in debt is offset by the increase in cash, resulting in a net zero effect on the company's EV.

The EV of a company remains the same if it raises debt and holds it on its balance sheet as cash. The increase in debt is offset by the increase in cash, resulting in no net change in the company's total value.

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Answer:

The objective of a strategist in the formulation stage of strategy is to analyze the external environment and identify opportunities and threats that the organization may face.

Explanation:

This involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources such as competitors, customers, suppliers, and the broader market. The strategist then uses this information to identify a defensible position in the marketplace and design a business model that can generate sustained competitive advantage.

In this stage, the strategist considers various strategic options and evaluates their potential impact on the organization's objectives. This may involve weighing the costs and benefits of different strategies, identifying potential risks and uncertainties, and aligning the organization's resources and capabilities to support the chosen strategy. Overall, the formulation stage is a critical step in the strategic planning process, and the strategist's objective is to create a strategic plan that positions the organization for long-term success.

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The aspect of Goldman Sachs' culture that would be paramount in my decision to select an accounting firm for employment would be senior executives that walk the talk of high ethical standards and manage by walking around.

Goldman Sachs is known for its strong ethical culture and commitment to integrity in all aspects of its business. This is reflected in the behavior of senior executives who lead by example and encourage all employees to act with integrity. In addition, the emphasis on managing by walking around promotes open communication and collaboration, which can lead to better decision-making and a more inclusive workplace culture. Therefore, I believe that an accounting firm that emulates the culture of Goldman Sachs would prioritize high ethical standards and active leadership as key values.

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If Yuyan and Sagnik order supplies for 300 tacos, then their expected profit will be $365.

The Number of tacos that Sagnik and Yuyan's food truck sell are : 100, 200, 300, 400, 500;

The Probabilities for each number of tacos is : 0.2, 0.35, 0.25, 0.15, 0.05

The Cost to make a taco is = $2.50,

The Selling price of a taco is = $6,

The amount that order of chips and salsa cost's is = $1,

The "Selling-Price" of order of chips and salsa is = $2,

The expected revenue can be calculated as : sum of revenue from each possible outcome weighted by its probability.

They sell each taco for $6, so, revenue from selling "x" tacos will be "6x" dollars.

By using probabilities provided, we calculate expected revenue as:

Expected revenue =  (0.2 × $6 × 100) + (0.35 × $6 × 200) + (0.25 × $6 × 300) + (0.15 × $6 × 400) + (0.05 × $6 × 500)

= $4,800,

The Expected-Cost is = (0.2 × $2.5 × 100) + (0.35 × $2.5 × 200) + (0.25 × $2.5 × 300) + (0.15 × $2.5 × 400) + (0.05 × $2.5 × 500) + (0.1 × $1 × 100)

= $4,435

The Expected-Profit is calculated as = (Expected-Revenue) - (Expected Cost);

Substituting the values,

We get,

Expected-Profit = 4800 - 4435 = $365.

Therefore, the expected-profit is $365.

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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

Sagnik and Yuyan run a food truck specializing in selling gourmet tacos. They will be participating in a food festival in a few weeks and need to order supplies, but they are unsure of how many tacos they will sell. They have estimated that the number of tacos they will sell can take the following possible values with associated probabilities:

Number Of Tacos to Sell     Probabilities

            100                                    0.20

            200                                   0.35

            300                                   0.25

            400                                   0.15

            500                                   0.05

The cost of making each taco is $2.50, and they plan to sell each taco for $6. If they run out of tacos, they will lose potential revenue, but they can convince their customers to buy an order of chips and salsa instead. Each order of chips and salsa costs them $1, and sells for $2. Assume that Sagnik and Yuyan never run out of chips and salsa. If Sagnik and Yuyan have leftover tacos, they will have to sell them at $1 per taco.

Suppose Sagnik and Yuyan order supplies for 300 tacos. What is their expected profit?

Institutional investors will rarely invest in highly speculative and illiquid asset classes.

Institutional investors, such as pension funds, insurance companies, and endowments, typically have strict investment guidelines and risk management strategies. They aim to achieve long-term returns while maintaining a diversified portfolio. As a result, they tend to avoid asset classes that are highly speculative and illiquid.

Highly speculative asset classes involve significant uncertainty and volatility, making it challenging to assess their long-term value. Examples include penny stocks, certain cryptocurrencies, and highly leveraged derivatives. Institutional investors prioritize stability and risk-adjusted returns, so they tend to steer clear of such speculative investments.

Illiquid asset classes refer to investments that are not easily bought or sold in the market. These assets have limited trading activity, making it difficult to convert them into cash quickly. Examples include certain types of real estate investments, private equity funds, and venture capital. Institutional investors prefer investments with sufficient liquidity to manage their portfolios effectively, meet redemption requests, and rebalance their holdings.

To safeguard their capital and achieve their investment objectives, institutional investors typically avoid highly speculative and illiquid asset classes. Instead, they focus on more stable and liquid investments that offer long-term growth potential and align with their risk management strategies.

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As an organization's purchasing systems generate purchase orders and the items ordered are received, information is sent to the Accounts Payable system to manage the amounts owed by the organization.

Accounts Payable (AP) is a liability account in a company's financial records that tracks the amounts owed to suppliers, vendors, or creditors for goods or services received on credit. It represents the company's outstanding obligations to pay for goods or services that have been purchased but not yet paid for.

Managing Accounts Payable effectively is important for maintaining good supplier relationships, ensuring timely payment of obligations, and managing cash flow.

Companies may use accounting software or enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to streamline the Accounts Payable process, automate invoice processing, and facilitate efficient payment management.

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A preferred stock if investors require a 10% rate of return and the stock has a market value of 53 per share and a book value of $48 per share. The needed rate of return on preferred stock can be calculated using the formula.

Dividend required rate of return multiplied by the par value Although the par value is not provided, we can estimate it using the book value.

If the stock's market value exceeds its book value, investors may be ready to pay more for the stock than the assets it represents are worth. So, it stands to reason that the par value must fall somewhere between the book value and the market value. Assume that the par value, which is between $48 and $53, is $50. The dividend would therefore be as follows: Dividend = 0:10 * $50 = $5 as a result, the preferred stock's dividend.

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The change that is inadvertent or unplanned and independent of an organization's control is known as a disruptive change. This kind of change can occur due to various reasons, including shifts in technology, economic downturns, and natural disasters. Disruptive changes can have significant impacts on an organization's operations, performance, and even survival.

Unlike planned changes, disruptive changes are not within an organization's control. Therefore, organizations must be prepared to manage the impacts of disruptive changes. One way to prepare for such changes is to create a culture of agility and resilience. This includes developing the ability to adapt quickly to changing circumstances and being prepared to pivot when necessary.

Another strategy is to diversify the organization's offerings to reduce dependence on a single product or service. This will allow the organization to remain viable even if one product or service is impacted by a disruptive change.

In conclusion, disruptive changes are a significant challenge for organizations as they can have a profound impact on operations, performance, and survival. However, by creating a culture of agility and resilience and diversifying their offerings, organizations can be better prepared to manage the impacts of disruptive changes.

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