roger physically beat up jim in a tavern, causing medical expenses and lost wages. what would roger be responsible for in a court action or actions?

Answers

Answer 1
Roger would be responsible for compensating Jim for the damages caused by the physical assault. This would typically include:

1. Medical expenses: Roger would be responsible for paying for Jim's medical bills related to the injuries caused by the assault.

2. Lost wages: If Jim was unable to work due to the injuries, Roger would be responsible for compensating him for the wages he lost as a result.

3. Pain and suffering: Jim may be entitled to compensation for the physical pain and emotional distress caused by the assault.

4. Punitive damages: In some cases, the court may award punitive damages to punish Roger for his conduct and deter others from engaging in similar behavior.

It is important to note that the specific damages awarded would depend on the facts of the case, the severity of the injuries, and the laws of the jurisdiction in which the case is being heard.

Related Questions

Name the agency of the Department of Justice charged with enforcing laws against narcotics trafficking.a. NCIC b. Secret Service c. DEA d. SSA

Answers

C. DEA agency of the Department of Justice charged with enforcing laws against narcotics trafficking.

The Drug Enforcement Administration is primarily a federal law enforcement organization in the United States that reports to the Department of Justice and is responsible for countering illicit drug trafficking and shipping within the country.

The DEA is America's tenacious combatant against the illicit supply of drugs. DEA Special Agents are on the hunt for the most notorious drug trafficking and narco-terrorist organizations that pose a threat to our country. Special Agent responsibilities include collecting and organizing evidence to assist in the prosecution of serious violators of US drug laws.

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a single-mission body tasked with enforcing drug prohibitions. The ATF's primary mission is to enforce federal weapons laws and to investigate arson and bombs. In scenarios in which our jurisdictions overlap, the FBI collaborates extensively with both agencies.

learn more about the DEA agency here:

https://brainly.com/question/29453276

#SPJ4

a hearing held in some juvenile courts prior to the adjudication hearing in which the juvenile is made aware of his or her rights and is asked to enter a plea to the charges is called ________.

Answers

A hearing held in some juvenile courts prior to the adjudication hearing in which the juvenile is made aware of his or her rights and is asked to enter a plea to the charges is called arraignment hearing.

An arraignment hearing is typically the first court appearance for a juvenile who has been accused of committing a delinquent act (a crime under juvenile law). At this hearing, the judge will inform the juvenile of the charges against them and explain their rights, such as the right to an attorney and the right to remain silent.

The juvenile will then be asked to enter a plea to the charges. The three possible pleas are guilty, not guilty, and no contest (also known as nolo contendere).

If the juvenile pleads guilty or no contest, the judge may proceed directly to the disposition phase (sentencing), or may set a date for a disposition hearing. If the juvenile pleads not guilty, the case will be set for an adjudication hearing, which is similar to a trial.

It's important to note that in some states, the arraignment hearing may be combined with the adjudication hearing or may not be required at all. Additionally, the procedures and terminology used in juvenile court can vary depending on the jurisdiction.

learn more about Judistriction here:

https://brainly.com/question/12448353?utm_source=android&utm_medium=share&utm_campaign=question

#SPJ11

An arraignment hearing is the proceeding that takes place in some juvenile courts prior to the adjudication hearing and at which the juvenile is informed of his or her rights and requested to enter a plea to the charges. The juvenile is told of their rights, such as the right to an attorney, the right to silence, and the right to a fair trial, during the arraignment hearing.

The hearing held in some juvenile courts prior to the adjudication hearing in which the juvenile is made aware of his or her rights and is asked to enter a plea to the charges is called an arraignment hearing. During the arraignment hearing, the juvenile is informed of their rights, including the right to an attorney, the right to remain silent, and the right to a fair trial.

learn more about arraignment hearing here

https://brainly.com/question/19363268

#SPJ11

a law changed after the contract was arranged but before the full performance of the contract. the law prohibits the transaction from taking place. this would be an example of

Answers

Answer:

Impossibility

Explanation:

True or False : some ecofeminists believe that the source of our environmental problems lies in the fact that we relate to nature by trying to assert dominance over it

Answers

Some ecofeminists believe that the source of our environmental problems lies in the fact that we relate to nature by trying to assert dominance over it is false.

The Chipko Andolan organization in India is one example of a campaign to protect forests founded by indigenous women that were disproportionately affected by the fast deforestation n the 1970s. Another example is Kenya's Green Belt Movement.

Ecofeminism, like the societal movements from which it arose, combines political activism and academic critique. Ecofeminism, which combines feminism and ecology, contends that patriarchy and capitalism are to blame for women's dominance and environmental destruction.

Eco-feminist, also known as eco-feminism, was founded in 1974 to promote appreciation for both women of the natural environment. The primary purpose of ecofeminism was to address and eliminate all forms of dominance while recognizing and embracing human interdependence and connection.

Learn more about ecofeminists here:

https://brainly.com/question/28466612

#SPJ4

policies and practices intended to focus on health promotion and disease prevention should

Answers

Policies and practices intended to focus on health promotion and disease prevention should prioritize several important factors. Here are some general considerations:

1. Focus on evidence-based interventions: Policies and practices should be based on the best available scientific evidence. This means identifying and implementing interventions that have been shown to be effective in promoting health and preventing disease.

2. Address social determinants of health: Policies and practices should take into account the social and economic factors that influence health outcomes. This includes addressing issues such as poverty, access to healthy food, safe housing, and quality education.

3. Be inclusive and equitable: Policies and practices should be designed to meet the needs of diverse populations, including those who are traditionally underserved or marginalized. This means considering issues such as cultural competence, language access, and health literacy.

4. Foster collaboration: Health promotion and disease prevention policies and practices should be developed in collaboration with stakeholders from different sectors, including healthcare, public health, education, and community organizations.

5. Embrace a systems approach: Policies and practices should recognize that health promotion and disease prevention are complex issues that require a systems approach. This means addressing multiple factors across multiple levels, including individual behaviors, social and environmental factors, and policies and systems.

Overall, policies and practices intended to focus on health promotion and disease prevention should be comprehensive, evidence-based, and designed to address the social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health outcomes.

The __________ was designed for younger, less hardened offenders between 16 & 30 years old

Answers

The Youthful Offender System (YOS) was designed for younger, less hardened offenders between 16 & 30 years old.

This program is specifically designed for individuals who are between the ages of 16 and 30 and who have committed non-violent offenses. The goal of the program is to provide young offenders with an opportunity to receive education and training while also addressing the root causes of their criminal behavior. This approach recognizes that younger offenders may be more receptive to rehabilitation than older, more hardened criminals.

To know more about YOS click on below link :

https://brainly.com/question/28345476#

#SPJ11

Explique cuál es y en que consiste el recurso habilitado para los casos de decisiones que resuelven asuntos relativos a excepciones declinatorias

Answers

In a legal context, the word "exception" is frequently used to mean an item, idea, or person that deviates from the norm or is omitted from the general proposition/condition which is laid down.

According to the decision of State of Oregon v. Moravek 297 Or. App. 763, when a defendant invokes an exception in the context of criminal law, "it constitutes an affirmative defence, which the defendant must establish to prevail in the case".

An exception is a statement that something is not included in a contract, law, or deed, such as "Landlord rents to Tenant the first floor, with the exception of the storage room."

To express disagreement with a judge's decision, a lawyer may "take exception" to the decision.

The burden of proof for exceptions rests with the accused, who must establish the facts that qualify the case for any of the common exceptions. The court will assume that none of these circumstances exist. The defence must establish the accused's guilt.

To know more about exceptions click here

https://brainly.com/question/28682308

#SPJ4

The given question in English is:

Explain what it is and what the resource enabled for cases of decisions that resolve issues related to exceptions consists of.

this is a session that takes place without a jury before a judge in which evidence and/or arguments are presented to determine some factual or legal issue. A. Hearing
B. Diversion
C. Commitment

Answers

Hearing is a session that takes place without a jury before a judge in which evidence and/or arguments are presented to determine some factual or legal issue. The correct answer is A.

A hearing is a legal proceeding where evidence and arguments are presented to a judge to determine a factual or legal issue. Hearings are typically conducted in courtrooms or other official settings and may involve witnesses, testimony, and cross-examination.

Hearings can cover a variety of legal issues, such as motions to dismiss a case, bail hearings, or preliminary hearings to determine if there is enough evidence to proceed to trial. The purpose of a hearing is to allow both sides to present evidence and arguments to a judge, who will then make a decision based on the facts presented.

Unlike a trial, a hearing is typically held without a jury, and the judge is responsible for determining the outcome of the case.

To know more about legal issue, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/30178117#
#SPJ11

common law refers to group of answer choices law that is the same or similar in all the states. law made when judges decide cases and then follow those decisions in later cases. law made by legislatures in the form of statutes. the legal systems of france, germany, and italy.

Answers

The correct answer is: law made when judges decide cases and then follow those decisions in later cases.

Common law is a body of law that is derived from judicial decisions, rather than from statutes or constitutions. It refers to legal principles and rules that have been established over time through the decisions of courts, rather than through legislation or other forms of official action. Common law originated in England and was later adopted in various forms by other countries, including the United States. Under the common law system, judges are considered to be the primary source of legal authority, and their decisions help to shape and refine the law over time.

Learn more about United States here:

https://brainly.com/question/1527526

#SPJ11

felippe, a 17-year-old high school senior, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative. research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with

Answers

Due to his talkativeness, intelligence, assertiveness, and political conservatism, Felippe is most likely to form a deep bond with someone who holds similar beliefs.

Felippe, being talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative, would be most likely to develop a close friendship with someone who shares similar political views and values. As political beliefs often play a significant role in shaping one's personality and outlook on life, having friends who share similar beliefs can create a sense of comfort and belonging. Additionally, Felippe's assertiveness and talkative nature may lead him to seek out friends who are equally confident and outspoken, allowing for dynamic and engaging conversations.

Learn more about conservatism here

https://brainly.com/question/21091950

#SPJ11

Based on research, Felippe is likely to develop a close friendship with individuals who share similar traits and interests.

In this case, Felipe's talkative and assertive nature may attract outgoing individuals who enjoy engaging in stimulating conversations. Additionally, Felipe's intelligence may draw in like-minded individuals who enjoy discussing current events or academic topics.

Felippe's political conservatism may also play a role in his choice of friends. Research has shown that individuals often form friendships with others who share their political beliefs and values.

Therefore, Felippe may be more likely to befriend other politically conservative individuals.

Overall, Felipe's personality traits and interests are likely to attract individuals who share similar characteristics, including being talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative.

It is important to note that these are only generalizations based on research, and individual friendships are influenced by many factors beyond personality traits and interests.

to know more about friendship refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/31234166#

#SPJ11

some believe this rule is upheld by the wealthy to oppress the poor, a view that aligns with the ______ perspective.

Answers

some believe this rule is upheld by the wealthy to oppress the poor, a view that aligns with the Marxist perspective.

The Marxist perspective is based on the works of Karl Marx, who believed that the wealthy exploit the working class in order to maintain their power and wealth. The idea of the wealthy upholding a rule to oppress the poor is an example of this exploitation.

The wealthy are able to manipulate the rules and laws in their favor, while the poor are left behind with no voice or power. This creates an unequal society, where the working class is unable to achieve economic prosperity. The wealthy use their power to maintain their privileged status, while the poor are left to suffer in poverty.

This view aligns with the Marxist perspective, as it highlights the unequal power distribution between the wealthy and the working class in society. Ultimately, this rule is seen as a means to maintain the status quo and further the interests of the wealthy at the expense of the poor.

Know more about Marxist perspective here

https://brainly.com/question/29483756#

#SPJ11

Why is it important to know how to write well as a Criminal Justice Professional or Law Enforcement Officer

Answers

Answer: "Poor writing affects the prosecution of cases and reflects poorly on both the individual officer and on the department".

Explanation:

Answer:

Its important to know how to write as those because gramar is everything and these job placement are very straightforward and strategic.

Explanation:

Up

A §351 deferral is only available when a single shareholder transfers property for a controlling stock interest in a corporation. true or false?

Answers

False. A Section 351 deferral under the Internal Revenue Code is available when a shareholder transfers property to a corporation in exchange for stock, and it can apply to both single and multiple shareholders.

Under Section 351, the transfer of property to a corporation is not taxable if the transfer is made in exchange for stock in the corporation, and if immediately after the transfer, the transferor and other persons who transfer property to the corporation (if any) own at least 80% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote and at least 80% of the total number of shares of all other classes of stock of the corporation.

Therefore, it is not necessary for a single shareholder to transfer property for a controlling stock interest in a corporation to qualify for a Section 351 deferral. Multiple shareholders can transfer property to the corporation and still qualify for the deferral if the 80% ownership requirement is met.

learn more about Section 351 here:

https://brainly.com/question/14788745

#SPJ4

It is true that a §351 deferral is only available when a single shareholder transfers property for a controlling stock interest in a corporation.

A §351 deferral is available when one or more shareholders transfer property to a corporation in exchange for stock, and the transferors are in control of the corporation immediately after the exchange. The control requirement is met if the transferors own at least 80% of the total combined voting power and 80% of the total number of shares of all other classes of stock. It is not limited to a single shareholder.

Know more about §351 deferral here:

https://brainly.com/question/14788745

#SPJ11

______ theory believes that law violators may have suffered damage to their personalities early in their development that renders them powerless to control their impulses.

Answers

The theory that believes that law violators may have suffered damage to their personalities early in their development that renders them powerless to control their impulses is the "psychodynamic theory".

The psychodynamic theory is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences and unconscious motives in shaping behavior. This theory suggests that personality is shaped by the interactions between the id, ego, and superego, which are three components of the psyche that represent different aspects of our personality.

According to this theory, individuals who engage in criminal behavior may have experienced traumatic events or disruptions in their early development that have compromised their ability to regulate their impulses and behaviors. These individuals may have unresolved psychological conflicts or repressed emotions that lead them to act out in ways that violate the law.

learn more about psychodynamic theory here:

https://brainly.com/question/7804684

#SPJ4

true or false identify an accurate statement about the drug policy instituted by major league baseball following the balco scandal.

Answers

The following statements concerning the drug policy adopted by Major League Baseball in the wake of the Balco scandal affair. True.

More players are receiving ADHD diagnoses in order to qualify for therapeutic-use exemptions from Major League Baseball's 2006 drug testing policy, which allows them to use stimulant medicines. After a Major League Baseball pitcher, age 23, fell and passed away during practice and was discovered to be using the plant, the FDA outlawed ephedra in 2004.

Sports organizations forbid the use of 'performance-enhancing drugs' or 'performance and image-enhancing substances' because they can provide athletes an unfair edge over rivals. PEDs have a broad list of side effects, including baldness, worsened acne, impotence, and "steroid rage." PEDs can also slow teenage development, according to the article.

Learn more about scandal visit: brainly.com/question/3406318

#SPJ4

the supreme court over time has ruled that ap gov u3 readings 6th f18

Answers

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the United States and plays a significant role in interpreting the Constitution and federal laws.

Over time, the Court has made landmark decisions that have shaped American society and government. These rulings, often referenced in AP Government Unit 3 readings, demonstrate the Court's power in maintaining a balance between the different branches of government and ensuring that individual rights are protected.

For example, the Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, leading to the desegregation of public schools and marking a significant milestone in the civil rights movement.

The Court's decision in Roe v. Wade in 1973 established a woman's right to seek an abortion under the constitutional right to privacy, shaping the ongoing debate on reproductive rights in the United States.

The Court's decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission in 2010 expanded the role of corporations in political campaigns, shaping campaign finance laws and the influence of money in politics.

The Supreme Court also plays a critical role in maintaining a balance between the different branches of government. Through its decisions, the Court can limit the powers of the executive and legislative branches and ensure that they do not exceed their constitutional authority.

This role is essential for maintaining the system of checks and balances established by the U.S. Constitution, which aims to prevent the concentration of power and protect individual rights.

To learn more about supreme court, refer below:

https://brainly.com/question/12848156

#SPJ11

Over time, the Supreme Court has rendered decisions in a number of cases that have profoundly influenced American politics and society. These judgements have dealt with a variety of topics, including abortion, voting rights, and civil rights. The most well-known cases include Citizens United v. FEC, Roe v. Wade, and Brown v. Board of Education. As the nation's top court, the Supreme Court's decisions are highly significant and frequently used as precedent in subsequent cases.

The Supreme Court has ruled on various cases over time that have had a significant impact on American government and society. These rulings have addressed issues such as civil rights, voting rights, abortion, and more. Some of the most notable cases include Brown v. Board of Education, Roe v. Wade, and Citizens United v. FEC. As the highest court in the land, the Supreme Court's rulings carry a great deal of weight and are often cited as precedent in future cases.

learn more about supreme court here

https://brainly.com/question/12848156

#SPJ11

In order to qualify for a liquor license, an applicant must prove, at minimum, all of the following except...
an applicant must prove all of these
no past abuse of alcohol
good character
not a party to any pending civil litigation
no prior felony convictions

Answers

In order to qualify for a liquor license, an applicant must prove all of the following: good character, no past abuse of alcohol, not a party to any pending civil litigation, and no prior felony convictions.

These requirements are put in place to ensure that those who are given the privilege of selling and serving alcohol are responsible and trustworthy individuals who will not put the public at risk.

Good character is essential for those who are going to be in the alcohol business. This means that they have a history of making ethical and moral decisions, and are generally respected in their community. Past abuse of alcohol is also important to consider since it could indicate a lack of responsibility or potential risk for future alcohol-related incidents.

Not being a party to any pending civil litigation is also a requirement, as it shows that the applicant is not currently facing any legal issues that could affect their ability to responsibly serve alcohol.

No prior felony convictions are required to ensure that the applicant does not have a history of serious criminal activity that could put the public at risk.

Learn more about liquor license here:

https://brainly.com/question/4982619

#SPJ4

T/F : aristotle was the first philosopher to develop a complex ethical philosophy related to the ideas of natural law theory

Answers

The statement "Aristotle was the first philosopher to develop a complex ethical philosophy related to the ideas of natural law theory" is true. He believed that morality was not just a set of rules or guidelines but rather a natural part of human life that could be discovered through observation and reason.

According to Aristotle, natural law theory held that there were certain basic principles or values that were inherent in the world and that could be discovered through rational inquiry. These principles included things like justice, equality, and the common good, and they formed the foundation of his ethical philosophy.

Aristotle's natural law theory was based on the idea that humans have a natural tendency to seek happiness and fulfillment and that these goals could only be achieved through living a virtuous life. He believed that virtues were habits or dispositions that enabled individuals to act in accordance with natural law principles and that these virtues could be developed through practice and habituation.

Overall, Aristotle's ethical philosophy represented a significant departure from earlier moral theories and has had a lasting impact on Western philosophical thought.

To know more about Aristotle refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/28928819#

#SPJ11

Heavy construction equipment and farm equipment are commonly referred to as__

Answers

Answer:

heavy machinery or Earthmover

Explanation:

Hope this helps

in 1929, hoover sought to ease the plight of farmers, what legislation did hoover urge congress to pass and to establish to help farmers?

Answers

In 1929, President Herbert Hoover urged Congress to pass the Agricultural Marketing Act, also known as the "Farm Relief Bill."

This legislation established the Federal Farm Board, which was designed to help farmers by stabilizing agricultural prices and promoting the marketing of agricultural products.

The Farm Board was authorized to make loans to farmers' cooperative organizations and to buy and sell agricultural products in an effort to stabilize prices. However, the act did not provide direct subsidies to farmers, which some agricultural groups had been hoping for.

The Agricultural Marketing Act was a response to the severe economic crisis faced by farmers in the 1920s, which was characterized by falling commodity prices, overproduction, and mounting debt.

Many farmers were unable to pay their mortgages and loans, and they faced foreclosures and bankruptcies. The goal of the act was to help farmers by providing them with the means to organize and market their products more effectively, which would lead to higher prices and increased income.

Learn more about Agricultural Marketing Act here:

https://brainly.com/question/874289

#SPJ4

In 1929, Hoover sought to ease the plight of farmers by urging Congress to pass the Agricultural Marketing Act. This legislation aimed to stabilize farm prices and establish the Federal Farm Board to assist farmers with marketing their products.

In 1929, as a response to the economic hardships facing farmers, President Hoover urged Congress to pass the Agricultural Marketing Act. This legislation aimed to establish a Federal Farm Board, which would provide assistance to farmers by stabilizing prices and promoting the marketing of agricultural products. The board would also provide loans to farmers to help them with their agricultural operations. Ultimately, the act was intended to alleviate the economic struggles of farmers by supporting the agricultural industry as a whole.

Know more about Federal Farm Board here:

https://brainly.com/question/31140834

#SPJ11

Other Questions
What is the concentration (in molality) of an aqueous solution of NaCl made by adding4.56 g of NaCl to enough water to give 20.0 mL of solution. Assume the density of thesolution is 1.03 g/mL PLEASE ANSWER ASAP! The biologist shares his graph showing the results of an experiment that measured the concentration of zooxanthelle of shallow-water coral in picograma per cell. you are an emergency department nurse who has to care for three victims of anthrax. the first victim inhaled the toxin, the second victim ingested it, and the third victim suffered a skin infection. which client should be cared for first? Rewrite the sentence below and choose the correct word from the parentheses.She said it was the scariest movie (that, which) she had ever seen. in 1929, hoover sought to ease the plight of farmers, what legislation did hoover urge congress to pass and to establish to help farmers? poor project planning is an example of: technical risks. quality or performance risks. project management risks. organizational risks. external risks. select all that apply what were the primary characteristics of the market-oriented era that followed world war ii? multiple select question. it was a buyer's market. consumers had to purchase products of inferior quality. products were designed to focus on consumers' needs. it was a seller's market. In fund financial statements, where are the revenues and expenditures (expenses) of governmental, proprietary, and fiduciary funds reportedGovernmental, proprietary, and fiduciary funds should be reported in separate sets of financial statements.major fund should be reported in a separate column, and nonmajor funds should be combined and reported in a separate column.A significant transaction within the control of management that is either unusual in nature or infrequent in occurrence. 7Cost of common stock equity-CAPM Netflix common stock has a beta, b, of 1.1. The risk-free rate is 5%, and the expected market return is 9%. a. Determine the risk premium on Netflix common stock. b. D etermine the required return that Netflix common stock should provide.c.Determine Netflix's cost of common stock equity using the CAPM. Which is NOT the same as asking:What is the logarithm of 1,296 if the base is 6? which water source may be placed within strategic locations by some suburban and urban jurisdictions as a backup water supply system? select one: a. ground reservoirs b. private water storage tanks c. cisterns d. swimming pools The application of aversive activities includes all of the following procedures except:a) overcorrection b) response cost c) contingent exercise d) guided compliance maxwell's equations are a complete description of electric and magnetic fields. how many equations are there? Weston Industries has a debt-equity ratio of 1.1. Its WACC is 9.6 percent, and its cost of debt is 7.2 percent. The corporate tax rate is 22 percent. a. What is the company's cost of equity capital? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b. What is the company's unlevered cost of equity capital? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) C-1. What would the cost of equity be if the debt-equity ratio were 2? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) c-2. What would the cost of equity be if the debt-equity ratio were 1? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) c-3. What would the cost of equity be if the debt-equity ratio were zero? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) if a firm is financed with both debt and equity, the firm's equity is known as multiple choice preferred equity. levered equity. unlevered equity. none of these options. How does a draw affect the amount paid to the employee?A. A draw is subtracted from the commission earned.B. A draw is added to the commission earnedC. A draw does not impact the commission earned. some believe this rule is upheld by the wealthy to oppress the poor, a view that aligns with the ______ perspective. The cloud droplets in a cloud are formed by water vapor molecules and: A) protons. B) ions. C) molecules of air. D) condensation nuclei. who would benefit the most from investing in a roth ira rather than another type of retirement account? explain these 3 key strategies for developing foreign markets: exporting, licensing and franchising, and direct investment