Science is often defined inadequately as “an organized body of knowledge.” This would make cookbooks, Sears, Roebuck catalogues, and telephone books science, which they are not. Sometimes science is defined simply as rationality, but that would make much of theology and metaphysics science, which they are not. Rationality is logical consistency, lack of contradiction. It is to be distinguished from reasonableness, the quality of a mind open to arguments and evidence opposed to its beliefs: a willingness to reconsider. Rationalists can be quite unreasonable or dogmatic. Rationalist metaphysicians and theologians are often certain about premises which come from intuition or revelation. Even paranoiacs may be thought of as rationalists, for they are commonly most rigorous in reasoning. But their premises, which they cling to in spite of all evidence, are absurd.

WHAT SCIENCE IS

Science is empirical, rational, general, and cumulative; and it is all four at once. Science is empirical in that all its conclusions are subject to test by sense experience. Observation is the base on which science rests, but scientific observation is more than keeping one’s eyes open. It is observation made by qualified observers under controlled conditions of those things which confirm or disconfirm, verify or refute a theory. Sherlock Holmes* could tell by the stains on a vest what a man had eaten for breakfast. From a number of such observations he arrived at a theory about why and how a particular crime was committed. This procedure is excellent for detection but insufficient for science, because it yields only knowledge of particular events. Science would go on to ask why and how crime, not a particular crime, is committed. Science uses facts to test general theories and general theories to make predictions about particular facts.

Scientific observations may be made of things as they exist, like the color of an apple or the temperature of the air, or it may be made of what results from an experiment. An experiment is the deliberate manipulation of conditions in order to bring about what we want to observe. If we want to test the hypothesis that a new plastic can withstand two hundred pounds of pressure without crumbling, we may have to create a situation in which such pressure is applied to a piece of the plastic, because it is unlikely that the situation already exists anywhere in the world, or if it does, that all other factors are kept constant. In some sciences, like astronomy, we do not sufficiently control the subject matter to experiment on it—although we do control the conditions of observation—and we distinguish those sciences from others, like chemistry, in which experiment is possible, by calling the latter “experimental sciences.”

Although all scientific thought ultimately rests on observation, there are vast portions of it which are entirely rational: analysis of the meaning of terms, deductions from existent theories, explorations of the logical relations among concepts and among theories. Logic is applied to science constantly because logic contains the rules of valid thinking. The application of mathematics is often thought, erroneously, to be an index of the status of any science. Of course, the more it can be applied usefully within a science, the more advanced the science. For mathematics functions both as a language in which scientific laws are stated, giving them the utmost precision, elegance, and economy, and as the basis of measurement. Many of the most significant advances in physics, astronomy, and chemistry have depended on advances in and application of mathematics. Without calculus the work of Isaac Newton would have been impossible. Yet great scientific work in other fields, performed by men like Pasteur, Darwin, and Pavlov (with whose names pasteurization, evolution, and conditioned response in psychology are associated), has used little or no mathematics. In the final sentence of the first paragraph, the authors choose to use the word “absurd” in order to demonstrate that even sound premises can lead to irrational conclusions demonstrate that even sound premises can lead to irrational conclusions A argue that evidence that seems illogical should not be considered by scientists argue that evidence that seems illogical should not be considered by scientists B emphasize a previous distinction between rationality and reasonableness emphasize a previous distinction between rationality and reasonableness C imply that too much rigor can lead to nonsensical inferences imply that too much rigor can lead to nonsensical inferences D convey disdain for those who display uncertainty about their premises

Answer: C, emphasize a previous distinction between rationality and reasonableness

Explanation: took the test and got it right :)

How did Australian leaders justify putting “creamies” on Mission Island? In the 2008 film Australia

In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie's character development constitutes the _____ of the novel. Climax discourse resolution subtext

I NEED HELP WITH THESE SEVEN QUESTIONS PLZ

Read the sentence.

Diego shook his head when he saw the litter on the ground.

Which revision should the writer make to emphasize how Diego was feeling?


Diego shook his head when he saw the empty cans and paper on the ground.

Diego shook his head when he saw the litter on the ground, and he quickly began picking it up.

Diego shook his head when he saw the litter on the ground at the public park.

Diego shook his head in disgust and disbelief when he saw the litter on the ground.

What could you use as a synonym for the word trade in the following sentence​

neewd helppppp hurry

A writer should hyphenate a compound modifier that

a.contains an adverb ending in -ly.
b.comes after the noun it modifies.
c.comes before the noun it modifies.
d.contains an adjective ending in -ive.

BRAINIEST ANSWER

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Humans are subject to the same limiting factors other populations. True False

D - 3A
(Q. No. 38-42) Choose the correct form of the words given in the brackets to
complete the passage.
5x1=5
Copper is believed to be the most..... (38) (use) metal. It is used in (39)
(electricity) cables because of good .....(40) (conductive). It is ....(41) (mix)
with gold in making ornaments. Copper is (42) (benefit) for health and people
use copper plates and glasses in their dining.
38. Ans: ...
39. Ans: ...
40. Ans: ..
41. Ans:
42. Ans: .....​

Calculator
Solve for x
-1.50 -3.1 < 5.5
Drag and drop a number or symbol into each box to correctly complete the solution
Xi
5.73
2.98
5.73
12.9

Definition of Shift

plz plz write a summary i cant take links i give you a brainliest and 10 points

How do the gifts affect Della and jim's relationship?

“The gift of the Magi”

Does anyone do commonlit??? Well you know how annoying it could truly be. Could someone plz help with he commonlit titled 'DAY OF INFAMY' SPEECH. If you can just answers 2-5 not #1.

What literary allusions does Hinton include in chapter 5 of The Outsiders?

references to the Civil War and a Robert Frost story

references to Hank Williams and Elvis Presley's music

references to Gone with the Wind and a Robert Frost poem

references to Paul Newman and the movies he acted in

​

1 A blizzard struck the city of Phoenix, Arizona, on July 5, 2011. But it wasn’t a frozen, white, swirling kind of blizzard. This storm was gritty, dark, and smothering. It was known as a “black blizzard.” “Black blizzard” is an American nickname for a dense cloud of dry particles that blankets a large area. It is commonly called a dust storm. The Phoenix blizzard towered 5,000 feet into the air, stretched 100 miles across, and plowed a 150-mile path before it finally calmed down. During the storm, visibility was nearly zero. 2 It’s common to see a swipe of dust, dirt, or sand stirred up by a gust of wind. A black blizzard is the same experience multiplied many times over. Such storms are powered by high winds. Like water flowing in a river, fast air currents pick up and transport loose, dry soil. Lighter particles are swept up and carried for miles. Heavier particles are pushed forward by saltation. Saltation happens when blowing particles knock into stationary particles on the ground. The blowing particles set them in motion, too. Soon many particles bounce along by a series of skips and jumps. Saltated particles can work together to nudge pebbles and other objects. The nudging action is called creep. Saltation and creep come together to move massive amounts of material. In September 2009, a giant dust storm moved five million tons of red outback soil through Sydney, Australia! Watch Out . . . 3 Dust storms can severely affect whatever or whoever gets in their way. The grinding blast damages crops, livestock, buildings, and vehicles. Dust storms can have harmful effects on human health, too. They make breathing illnesses much worse. Dust storms stir up bacteria, molds, and fungi, which can cause “valley fever,” an infection that often follows dust storms in Phoenix. Virologists believe valley fever is caused by a soil fungus. . . . For a Dust Storm Near You 4 The threat of dust storms is greatest in Earth’s dry regions. what sentence from the article best states the central idea

Please help I will mark brainliest


It's just one question Btw

Which of the following lines foreshadows Romeo's tragic end?

A What's in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet;
So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,
Retain that dear perfection which he owes
Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name,
And for that name which is no part of thee
Take all myself.




B But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.
Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,
Who is already sick and pale with grief,
That thou, her maid, art far more fair than she.




C 'Tis almost morning; I would have thee gone:
And yet no further than a wanton's bird;
Who lets it hop a little from her hand,
Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves,
And with a silk thread plucks it back again,
So loving-jealous of his liberty.




D O God, I have an ill-divining soul!
Methinks I see thee, now thou art below,
As one dead in the bottom of a tom
Either my eyesight fails, or thou look'st pale.

Read the excerpt from chapter 17 of The Awakening. [Mrs. Pontellier] was somewhat familiar with such scenes. They had often made her very unhappy. On a few previous occasions she had been completely deprived of any desire to finish her dinner. Sometimes she had gone into the kitchen to administer a tardy rebuke to the cook. Once she went to her room and studied the cookbook during an entire evening, finally writing out a menu for the week, which left her harassed with a feeling that, after all, she had accomplished no good that was worth the name. The excerpt best demonstrates which emerging theme

According to the previous article, what occupation is expected to be the highest-paying career?

nurse anesthetist

surgeon

chief executive

or economist


ANSWER: surgeon

WILL MARK BRAINLIEST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Which examples are fats?

Choose all answers that are correct.


olive oil


butter


cheese


fruit

In boy in the stripped pajamas chapter 9 what message did the author develop by creating the characters this way?

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write a sililique on cyrano de bercharache

How does Dally react when Ponyboy and Johnny tell him what happened?

Group of answer choices

He tells Johnny that he is proud of him.

They don’t go to Dally.

Dally calls the cops.

He tells them to go home and wait it out.

please hurry, its due today ! make a song using the words on the side

Discuss the role of education in a repressed society. compare the way the pigs in Animal
Farm and the slave owners in American history tried to withhold reading to maintain
power. How would the literacy of the powerless threaten the power of those in control?

Please help it’s due in like an hour

What is conflicting evidence?
A ) supporting details that are similar and support the same key idea
B ) supporting details that connect one detail to several other related details with a "because"
statement
C ) supporting details that differ from or contradict a previously stated detail
D ) supporting details that are logical connections between an argument's claim and reason

April Fool's is the first day of April. Fact or Inference? (Explain)

Identify the participle(s).
Marsha smiled sadly at the wilting flower.


1 smiled
2 wilting
3 smiled, wilting

Write a paragraph about a bus stand.