The EU, or European Union, is based on the ideas from a famous speech given by French leader Robert Schuman in 1950. Schuman, who was serving as the French Foreign Minister at the time, presented a proposal known as the "Schuman Declaration" on May 9th, 1950.
The EU, or the European Union, is an economic and political union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1993 with the goal of creating a unified European market and promoting cooperation and collaboration among its member states. However, the roots of the EU can be traced back to a famous speech given by a French leader in 1950. The French leader in question is Jean Monnet, who is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the EU. In 1950, Monnet delivered a speech in which he outlined his vision for a united Europe. He proposed the creation of a European Coal and Steel Community, which would bring together the economies of France and Germany, two countries that had been at war for decades. This declaration aimed to promote peace, economic cooperation, and political integration among European nations, in order to prevent future conflicts and foster unity within the continent.
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Which of the following describe American ideological ideas, and which reflect the realities of American society?
Ideals:
-political and legal equality for all
-political authority from the consent of the governed
-religious toleration and freedom of thought
Realities:
-slavery
-Indians ceded more land to white settlers
-married women had virtually no rights at all
The statement "married women had virtually no rights at all" reflects the realities of American society, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time, the legal concept of coverture was prevalent in the United States. Under coverture, a married woman's legal rights and property were subsumed by her husband, and she was not allowed to own property, sign contracts, or make decisions independently.
However, this reality did not align with the American ideological ideas of freedom, equality, and individual rights. The Declaration of Independence, for example, proclaimed the belief that "all men are created equal" and endowed with certain unalienable rights, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Although the wording of the document did not explicitly include women, the underlying principles can be seen as promoting equal rights for all individuals, regardless of gender.
Despite the prevalence of coverture in American society, women gradually fought for and gained more rights throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. The women's suffrage movement, which culminated in the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, granted women the right to vote. Additional progress was made in the areas of property rights, access to education, and employment opportunities.
In conclusion, the statement "married women had virtually no rights at all" reflects a historical reality in American society, where women faced significant legal and social restrictions. This reality was in contrast with the American ideological ideas of freedom, equality, and individual rights. Over time, women's rights advocates worked to bridge the gap between ideology and reality, leading to greater gender equality in the United States.
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New western nations, such as, ___ often banned silvery when they achieved independence
New western nations, such as, Ghana and Kenya often banned slavery when they achieved independence
Several European nations founded colonies throughout the colonial era in many different parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and the Americas. During this period, slavery was a common practise, with colonial powers frequently using indigenous populations as slave labor and for economic gain. But as push for independence and self-determination gathered strength in middle of 20th century, many colonies yearned to renounce colonial control and form their own independent states.
Some of these newly independent countries made decision to outlaw slavery as a part of their efforts to create own communities and set own standards of morality and behavior. This was frequently interpreted as a rejection of repressive colonial practises and a move to advance equality, social justice, and human rights in these newly independent countries. Examples of African nations who freed themselves from colonial rule and outlawed slavery as they started the process of constructing their nations include Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya.
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What happened after the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed?
After the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882, Chinese immigration to the United States was significantly reduced, and those already in the country faced discrimination and limited opportunities.
The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first law in U.S. history to exclude a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the country. It was enacted due to anti-Chinese sentiment and the belief that Chinese immigrants were taking jobs away from U.S. citizens.
The Act suspended Chinese immigration for ten years and made Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization. As a result, the Chinese community in the United States became more isolated, as they could not reunite with their families in China or bring new immigrants to the country. Additionally, Chinese people already in the United States experienced widespread discrimination, were often forced to live in segregated neighborhoods, and had limited job opportunities.
The Chinese Exclusion Act had lasting negative effects on the Chinese community in the United States, leading to reduced immigration, isolation, and discrimination against Chinese people living in the country. It remained in effect until 1943, when it was repealed during World War II as a gesture of goodwill towards China, which was an ally at the time.
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College
suggest six historical parallel accounts from "hall of bulls" lascaux cave and "real art" cow in the dining room of the swopa
Both the Hall of Bulls and the Real Art cow depict animals in a realistic style, suggesting that the artists were interested in representing the world around them.
The use of natural materials, such as charcoal and ochre, in both works highlights the importance of the environment and natural resources in the artistic process.
The positioning of the animals in both works is carefully considered, with the Hall of Bulls using the curves of the cave walls to create a dynamic composition and the Real Art cow placed centrally in the dining room to draw attention.
The size of the animals in both works is exaggerated, with the Hall of Bulls depicting massive, powerful bulls and the Real Art cow appearing much larger than a real cow.
The use of abstract and geometric shapes in the Hall of Bulls, such as the repetition of circles and dots, and the simplified, stylized forms of the Real Art cow both suggest a symbolic or spiritual purpose to the art.
The Hall of Bulls and the Real Art cow are both part of larger cultural contexts, with the former representing Paleolithic art and the latter being a product of the 20th-century Pop Art movement.
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Help with both questions
As a leader in the German government (the Weimar Republic), should I sign the treaty of Versailles obliging us to pay an astounding $33 billion in reparations, reduce our military, and suffer a loss of territories, my initial emotional reaction would be one of disappointment and frustration.
How I would feel about the repatriationsIt would be understood that we were held responsible for the war, but it could not be denied that the conditions of the treaty imposed were abnormally severe and unjustified. Consequently, pressure from the people of Germany to stand against the terms of the treaty and strive for more equity in settlements could be expected.
Nevertheless, cognizant of our weakened position and with the intention of escaping punishment or further hostilities from other countries, precautionary measures are required in order for Germany to safeguard its independence and autonomy. Urgently focusing on rehabilitating the economy as well as reviving the military to full strength would be a focal point so as to achieve this purpose whilst also attempting to mend diplomatic relationships with global nations.
The fallout Austria-Hungary encountered by signing the accords was extensive:
- Alsace-Lorraine and certain eastern/western frontiers were conceded away - Achieving a maximum of one hundred thousand soldiers; prohibiting them to use submarines, tanks, and aircrafts- Repaying $33 billion in indemnities to the Allied forces which had negative ramifications on the economic stability and brought hyperinflation to the region at the start of the 1920’s- The War Guilt Clause acknowledged the blame wholly resting on Germany and her allies and necessitating their agreement to each clause in the Treaty of Versailles.Read more on treaty of Versailles here;https://brainly.com/question/1351074
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The "German triangle" in the mid-nineteenth century referred to:
Answer:
The three leading German states of Prussia, Austria, and Bavaria which dominated the political landscape during that time period. This power dynamic ultimately led to the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and the eventual unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.
Explanation:
the principle that sacred things are to be touched so that power may be transferred refers to which of the following minimal categories of religion?
a. prayer
b. sacrifice
c. mana
d. taboo
Taboo is the category of religion that refers to the principle that sacred things are to be touched so that power may be transferred.
Taboo is a system of rules, prohibitions, and beliefs that govern the behavior of religious practitioners in relation to sacred objects, places, and people.
Taboos are typically based on religious beliefs, and they are often believed to have spiritual or supernatural implications. For example, in some religions, touching a sacred object, such as a religious symbol, can be seen as a transfer of power to the person touching it.
Similarly, certain places may also be considered sacred and touching them can be seen as a transfer of power. In some cases, even people may be seen as sacred, and touching them can be seen as an exchange of spiritual power. Taboos can vary greatly between different cultures and religions, and they often differ in what is considered sacred and what is considered taboo.
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What did the report sent to Johnson on august 4th state?
Answer:
August 4, 1964: Report on the Gulf of Tonkin Incident
Explanation:
in the 1960s, the bureau of narcotics and dangerous drugs faced widespread disregard of drug laws by large numbers of young people who
In the 1960s, the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) faced widespread disregard of drug laws by large numbers of young people who were part of the counterculture movement. This movement often promoted drug use as a means of personal expression and rebellion against societal norms.
The BNDD had to address these challenges and enforce drug laws to prevent the spread of drug abuse and protect public health. They did this by conducting investigations, arresting those involved in drug trafficking, and collaborating with other agencies to develop comprehensive drug enforcement strategies.
What is bureau of narcotics and dangerous drugs?
A division of the US Department of Justice (DOJ), the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) served as the forerunner of the current Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
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The 1987 UN Commission on Sustainability first introduced the concept of ________ as a necessary focus for maintaining sustainability.
A) human well-being
B) renewable energy
C) environmental sustainability
D) cultural services
E) human population growth
The concept of environmental sustainability highlights the importance of protecting our planet's resources and ecosystems for the benefit of current and future generations. It emphasizes the need to balance economic development with environmental protection, and to create a more sustainable future for all.
The 1987 UN Commission on Sustainability first introduced the concept of environmental sustainability as a necessary focus for maintaining sustainability. This concept refers to the ability of the environment to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It recognizes the interconnectedness of social, economic, and environmental factors, and the importance of balancing them for the long-term health of the planet.
Environmental sustainability encompasses many aspects, including the conservation of natural resources, reduction of pollution and waste, protection of biodiversity, and mitigation of climate change. Achieving environmental sustainability requires a shift towards more sustainable practices in industries such as energy, agriculture, and transportation. It also involves changes in individual behavior, such as reducing consumption and waste, and supporting sustainable products and services.
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How can these concepts/policies lead into potential issues for the United States in 1860? With Lincoln winning the election and the tensions of slavery ‘boiling over’ foreshadow what could happen realistically to the American Union in 1861?
In the years running up to the American Civil War, deep-rooted divisions had distilled within the United States, predominantly centered around the dispute of slavery. Such diversities of beliefs included:
How the policies lead into potential issues for the United States in 1860?States' rights: The concept argued that individual states should possess exclusive authority to govern themselves, formulating their own laws without interference from federal power.
Secession: A belief advocating that whenever disturbed with violations of their rights, certain states encompassed the entitlement of withdrawing from the federation, forming new self-governing institutions independently. Notably, South Carolina had intensely threatened secession upon Lincoln emerging victorious in his election.
Slavery: Inhabiting African American slaves, and taking advantage of them, had developed into an entrenched practice primarily amongst southern states.
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What is an example of how Ignatius Loyola's military background impacted this religious order?
Ignatius Loyola's military background had a profound impact on the Jesuit Order, shaping its approach to education and emphasizing the importance of discipline, order, and loyalty. These values continue to influence the Jesuits today, and their educational system remains one of the most highly respected and effective in the world.
Ignatius Loyola's military background played a significant role in the formation and development of the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits. One example of this impact is seen in the Jesuit approach to education, which is rooted in Loyola's military experience.
During his time as a soldier, Loyola developed a strong sense of discipline and order, which he applied to his religious practices and teachings. He believed that a structured approach to education was essential for the success of the Jesuit mission. As a result, the Jesuits developed a highly organized educational system that emphasized rigorous training in both academic and practical skills.
This military-inspired approach to education included a rigorous curriculum, strict discipline, and a focus on leadership and service. Loyola believed that these qualities were essential for the success of the Jesuits' mission to spread the Gospel and promote social justice.
The Jesuits also developed a strong emphasis on obedience and loyalty, which were key values in Loyola's military background. Loyola believed that a strong sense of obedience and loyalty was necessary for the success of any organization, and he instilled these values in the Jesuit Order.
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PLEASE HELP ASAP!!
During the Constitutional Convention, what did representatives from the
southern states argue in favor of?
A. All enslaved people should be counted as part of each state's
population.
B. No enslaved people should be counted as part of each state's
population.
C. Only three-fifths of enslaved people should be counted as part of
each state's population.
D. Only one-third of enslaved people should be counted as part of
each state's population
Answer: C. Only three-fifths of enslaved people should be counted as part of each state's population.
Explanation: Three-fifths compromise, compromise agreement between delegates from the Northern and the Southern states at the United States Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.
Read the passage from "The Creation of the World: A Yoruba Myth. "
In the beginning, the world was only water. God looked down at the water from the sky, and decided to create land. God called his messenger Obatala, and told him to create land. Obatala was honored to be given such an important task. He called his helper Oduduwa to tell him the news. They filled a large pot with soil, and caught a chicken to take with them. They threw a rope down to the Earth. They began to climb down. When they were halfway to Earth, they stopped at a feast. Obatala ate too much and fell asleep. When Oduduwa found him asleep, he picked up the soil and the chicken and continued on the journey. Finally, Oduduwa reached the Earth. He sprinkled the soil over the water. He let the chicken go. The chicken ran in circles, making the soil spread in every direction until there was land. Oduduwa and the chicken created land from what used to be water. When Obatala finally woke up, he saw that Oduduwa had created land. He was very sad. He had missed his chance to create the world! God saw that Obatala regretted being lazy, and gave him another task. Obatala would create people for the Earth.
What does this story show about ancient West African culture?
The thing that the story show about ancient West African culture is option C: Ancient West African people believed that gods were responsible for the natural world.
What about God did Africans believe in?In general, African religions subscribe to the idea that there is a single creator God who is the architect of a dynamic universe. According to African myths, the Supreme Being withdrew after creating the universe and is no longer concerned with issues relating to human life.
The majority of African societies hold a wide variety of "great gods" and numerous lesser deities and spirits to be real. Some religions also believe in a single supreme god.
Therefore, African traditionalists hold the view that deceased relatives still have a spiritual relationship with surviving relatives. Ancestral spirits are typically benevolent and compassionate. In order to warn people that they have taken the wrong road, ancestral spirits only ever create minor ailments.
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Why did President Ronald Reagan withdraw American troops from Lebanon in
1984?
OA. Hundreds of American soldiers were killed in bombings.
B. Israel refused to support U.S. military operations.
OC. The Soviet Union threatened to invade the country.
D. Military spending was slashed to allow for tax cuts.
SUBMIT
Hundreds of American soldiers were killed in bombings: President Ronald Reagan withdraw American troops from Lebanon in 1984. Thus, option A is the correct option.
Why did US withdraw from Lebanon?The Reagan administration was concerned that fighting between Lebanese groups supported by Syria and Israel, as well as conflicts between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), may lead to an Arab-Israeli war beginning in 1981. However, there was disagreement among American politicians over how to avert such a fight, particularly whether or not to send soldiers in that direction.
After Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982, proponents of military action gained ground. However, by 1984, President Ronald Reagan had ordered the withdrawal of American Marines from Lebanon due to terrorist assaults, a lack of diplomatic success, and legislative resistance. To stop them from capturing the vital Sannin hill in Lebanon in April 1981, the Israeli Air Force assaulted Syrian soldiers there. Surface-to-air missiles fired by Syria were fired into the Biqa Valley in retaliation.
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How did the visual arts created during the 1950s challenge ideas of
conformity?
OA. Abstract Expressionism used Soviet propaganda to challenge
traditional American ideals.
B. Abstract Expressionism used traditional techniques to create
pieces that celebrated Soviet culture.
OC. Abstract Expressionism focused on traditional painting techniques
to create political propaganda that challenged traditional ideas.
OD. Abstract Expressionism moved away from traditional poraits and
landscapes and required the viewer to think of their own meaning.
D. Abstract Expressionism moved away from traditional portraits and landscapes and required the viewer to think of their own meaning.
Why did hitler nullify the nazi Soviet pact by invading the Soviet Union
Answer:
To win the war.
Explanation:
Hitler knew if he succesfully invaded the soviet union he would have done the hardest part in winning WW2. Since they had a pact, Hilter knew that Stalin wasn't expecting an attack. It took them months to surround Moscow, and once they did, winter started. It got so cold that the nazi tanks stoped because the fuel was literally frozen. At that time, Stalin brought trained soldiers from the north that were especially trained to fight in winters like these, while the nazis were just freezing to death all over the place.
What might one say for the third LEQ for last year? "Evaluate the extent to which international conflicts in the period from 1898-1930 affected the role of the US in the world?" Iâd obviously write about WWI, but what else?
The third LEQ for last year asked to evaluate the impact of international conflicts between 1898 and 1930 on the role of the United States in the world. While World War I is an obvious choice to discuss in this essay, there were other significant international conflicts that affected the role of the US during this time period.
One such conflict was the Spanish-American War of 1898, which saw the US emerge as a global power for the first time. The US acquired colonies such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, which extended its influence beyond the Western Hemisphere.
Another conflict that impacted the role of the US was the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900. The US was part of an international coalition that intervened to suppress the rebellion and protect foreign interests in China. This led to increased US involvement in China and the establishment of the "Open Door Policy" that allowed US businesses to access Chinese markets.
Finally, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 had implications for the US's role in the world. President Theodore Roosevelt played a key role in negotiating a peace treaty between the two powers, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. This established the US as a mediator and peacemaker on the global stage.
Overall, these international conflicts, along with World War I, had a significant impact on the role of the US in the world between 1898 and 1930. It would be important to discuss each of these conflicts in depth and analyze their specific effects on the US's role in the world.
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Question 2 of 10
Which of the following is not a potential benefit of using more nuclear
energy?
A. Proper control can ensure safe handling
B. The plant could melt down
C. Very little air pollution
D. Cost of fuel is very low
Answer:
B. The plant could melt down is not a potential benefit of using more nuclear energy. A nuclear plant meltdown is a potential risk associated with nuclear energy and can have significant consequences. The other options listed are potential benefits of using more nuclear energy.
What was one major weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
A. It could be easily changed to benefit the largest states.
B. It failed to organize the country's western territories.
C. It prevented the government from signing treaties.
D. It did not give the Congress a way to raise money by collecting
taxes.
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
The gov could not fund anything even a war without the states 'ok'
Why did Luther refuse to take back what he had written about the Church?
Answer:
Luther refused to take back what he had written about the Church because he believed that his ideas were based on the Bible and that the Church's teachings were corrupt and in need of reform. He also believed that he had a duty to speak out against what he saw as wrongdoing within the Church.
Explanation:
Define each of these terms: Harlem Renaissance; Negro Nationalism; negritude.
The Harlem Renaissance was a time in American history when the African American population saw a creative explosion in the fields of art, music, and literature. Negro nationalism, often known as pan-nationalism, includes negro nationalism.
The most significant period in the history of African American literature was the Harlem Renaissance, which took place between 1918 and 1937 and saw a flourishing of African American culture, notably in the creative arts. Participants tried to rethink "the Negro" in a way that was distinct from the white preconceptions that had shaped Black people's relationships to their history and to one another.
This was done through incorporating literary, musical, dramatic, and visual arts. They also wanted to shed Victorian moral standards and bourgeois embarrassment about portions of their lives that white people could perceive as supporting racism.
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5. Give the full names of two of the programs labeled on the bottles.
A.
Two of the United States programs labelled are:
CWA - Clean Water Act; and
Federal Advisory Commitee Act - FACA
What ere these programs about?
Enacted in 1972 by the United States Congress, the Clean Water Act was a response to mounting concerns regarding industrialization and urbanization's debilitating effects on water quality.
It aimed to establish inclusive programs that would efficiently control point source pollution and protect wetlands from contamination.
Established in 1972, the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) serves to regulate the establishment and organization of advisory committees within federal government institutions.
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Write an Essay on the following question
Do you think that the Interwar period made relationships amongst countries better or worse?
The Interwar era was characterized by a significant deal of unpredictability and instability, which made it challenging for nations to uphold stable international relations.
Relations between nations were affected in several ways during the Interwar era. On the opposite hand, it saw the establishment of numerous fresh global groups such as the League of Nations that aimed to advance world peace and goodwill. The emergence of nationalist, fascist, and dictatorial ideas, on the contrary hand, occurred in many countries during this time, which stoked relations and ultimately resulted in the start of World War II. Additionally, there was a significant degree of monetary instability throughout this time period, which raised feelings between many nations and sparked a number of conflicts and wars.
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In situations where the President is suspected of
wrongdoing, such as the Watergate scandal, the
official role of the House of Representatives is to?
The official role of the House of Representatives is to investigate the issue
What does the House of Representatives do when the president does wrong?The House of Representatives plays a critical role in delicate matters wherein the President is alleged to have committed a transgression or misdeed, such as the Watergate scandal.
The representatives can initiate an impeachment proceeding against the executive in order to commence the formal process of removing them from their respective posts. Upon the chamber voting in favor of implementing the measures of impeachment, the case is referred to the Senate who, after conducting their extensive trial, can prosecute and officiate the expulsion of the already impeached incumbent.
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True or false
In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte made himself the (president) of France.
Answer:
False. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself the Emperor of France, not the president.
Explanation:
what did harriet elizabeth and william u6.2 the people on this list are similar because their actions - question 7 options: promoted support for westward expansion showed dedication to sectionalism and states' rights promoted interest in agricultural innovation showed commitment to rights and freedoms
Harriet, Elizabeth, and William are all similar in that their actions promoted support for westward expansion. This means that they were in favor of the idea of pushing the boundaries of the United States further west, which was a popular idea in the 19th century. This was seen as a way to expand the country's resources and opportunities, as well as to spread American values and beliefs.
Their support for westward expansion also ties into their dedication to sectionalism and states' rights. Sectionalism refers to the idea that different regions of the country have different interests and needs, and that these should be taken into account when making decisions about the country as a whole. States' rights, on the other hand, is the idea that individual states should have more power and autonomy than the federal government.
These ideas were closely tied to westward expansion, as the new territories that were being opened up were often seen as opportunities for individual states to expand their power and influence.
Finally, their actions also promoted interest in agricultural innovation. As the country expanded westward, there was a growing need for new agricultural techniques and technologies that could help farmers to grow crops in new and challenging environments. Harriet, Elizabeth, and William were all advocates for new agricultural methods, and their work helped to promote innovation in this important area.
Overall, the actions of Harriet, Elizabeth, and William show a commitment to promoting the growth and development of the United States, as well as a dedication to the values of sectionalism, states' rights, and agricultural innovation. Their work helped to shape the country in important ways, and their legacies continue to be felt today.
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How are the social conditions of the 19th century different to pre-revolutionary France?
What influence did Darwin's theory of evolution have on 19th-century anthropology?
Darwin's theory of evolution had a significant impact on 19th-century anthropology. Anthropology, which is the study of human societies, cultures, and their development, was heavily influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, which argued that all living things evolved over time through natural selection.
Darwin's theory of evolution had a significant influence on 19th-century anthropology, shaping the way researchers understood human origins, development, and diversity. The groundbreaking ideas presented in Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" (1859) shifted the focus of anthropology from a static view of human societies to a dynamic, evolutionary perspective. The influence of Darwin's theory also extended to the emerging field of social anthropology. It prompted the development of the concept of "cultural evolution," which proposed that societies undergo a linear progression from "primitive" to "advanced" stages. This idea, though later criticized and refined, formed the basis for comparative studies of human societies, enabling anthropologists to analyze similarities and differences between diverse cultural groups. In summary, Darwin's theory of evolution had a profound impact on 19th-century anthropology, offering a new framework to investigate human origins, development, and diversity.
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Which of the following describes the new industrial system that developed in early nineteenth-century America?Employers lost control over their workplaces.It brought workers together under one roof in a factory.A ready supply of cheap labor.
The new industrial system that developed in early nineteenth-century America can be described as one that brought workers together under one roof in a factory.
This transformation was fueled by the Industrial Revolution, which introduced advancements in technology and mechanization. As a result, traditional artisan and cottage industries gradually shifted towards large-scale manufacturing operations.
In this new system, factories centralized the production process by housing various stages of manufacturing under one roof. This allowed for increased efficiency, specialization, and better control over the production line. Employers were able to harness the power of machinery, which significantly increased output and reduced the need for skilled labor.
However, the factory system also led to a ready supply of cheap labor. As the demand for unskilled workers grew, laborers were attracted to urban areas in search of job opportunities.\
These workers often faced low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions, as employers sought to maximize profits by cutting costs. Consequently, the rise of factories and the shift towards mass production marked a significant change in the organization of labor and the American economy during the early nineteenth-century.
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