The RNA can be copied into a DNA molecule by a process known as Reverse transcription.
Reverse transcription is DNA dependent RNA polymerase, and it is considered the imitated enzyme of retroviruses. reverse transcriptase function to utilize only the single-stranded RNA to synthesize viral DNA.
As the name suggest it reverses the flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA in place of DNA to RNA that is most common case in transcription. As reverse transcriptase is important process in some retroviruses, like HIV-1. As this process requires to counter many antiretroviral therapeutics drugs .
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Pedigree Clues
Anthony is the uncle of Judith.
Peter's mother (not on the pedigree chart) is color blind.
Angela is a carrier.
Marcello and his brother-in-law, Eddie, were classmates at Ellington.
Steven's older brother is Frank.
Harry, a former teacher at Wilson, is the father-in-law of Michael.
Victoria's sister-in-law's husband has normal vision.
Maria's granddaughter is colorblind.
Peter's sister-in-law's husband, Carl, is a state senator.
Melissa is the cousin of Agnes, who is a palm reader.
Judith is the cousin of Thomas.
Eddie's wife has a father named Michael.
Judith is color blind.
Victoria and her sister-in-law, Edith, were high school best friends.
Marcello's uncle is color blind.
Roberto's uncle, Peter, played basketball for Duke.
Edith's daughter is named Melissa. Melissa is an accomplished pianist.
Peter's sister-in-law's husband has normal vision.
Angela has an aunt named Judith who believes in ghosts.
Edith's grandfather has normal vision.
Victoria's father has normal vision.
Marcello's brother Jonathan is second oldest.
Michael's mother is colorblind.
Frank has normal vision.
Angela is very fond of her grandmother Victoria.
Roberto has only one cousin.
Marcello's brother Jonathan has normal vision.
Thomas is Josephine's favorite grandson.
Maria's daughter is a carrier.
Edith's grandfather has a son named Steven.
Edith's youngest brother is colorblind.
Jonathan and Anthony are brothers.
Angela is the great-great granddaughter of Maria.
Jonathan's brother Marcello has two children.
In terms of genetics, a pedigree is a diagram that shows how a trait or medical condition is passed down through a family's generations.
Thus, When information is available, the pedigree specifically demonstrates the ties between family members and identifies which relatives possess the desired trait(s).
A pedigree is a chart that shows the relationships between the various family members. It is a graph, so it is easy to see who is connected to whom and their relationships, such as parent, brother, or cousin.
A pedigree can also assist in determining the potential consequences of a trait or condition as well as how it may be carried down through the generations.
Thus, In terms of genetics, a pedigree is a diagram that shows how a trait or medical condition is passed down through a family's generations.
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A bacterial cell makes binary fission many times and 16 calls are produced during two hours.What is the time taken by one binary fission? a)30 minutes
b)60 minutes
c)45 minutes
d)20 minutes
Answer:
A) 30 minutes
Explanation:
First we will calculate number of division times it will be 16 log/2log =4
then we will divide total time by number of division 120÷4=30
in a population of organisms, beneficial and harmful random mutations are retained or eliminated through the process of: group of answer choices conservation. expression. translation.
In a population of organisms, beneficial and harmful random mutations are retained or eliminated through the process of selection.
Mutations are a change in the DNA sequence in a living being. It can result from various things, such as exposure to mutagens, viral infection, or errors in DNA replication during the cell division process. Random mutation plays a really important part in the theory of evolution by natural selection. In that theory, mutations give rise to adaptation that is passed on to offspring, which changing their chances of survival. Organisms that had harmful random mutation would me killed, therefore not able to create offsprings and eventually eliminated from nature.
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The _________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
The Pancreases is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
An organ of the digestive system, the pancreas is crucial in transforming the food we eat into energy for the body's cells and vertebrate endocrine system. It serves as a gland in humans and is situated in the abdomen, behind the stomach. The pancreas is a mixed or heterocrine gland, meaning that it performs both endocrine and exocrine functions related to digestion.
Exocrine function, which aids in digestion, and endocrine function, which controls blood sugar, are the pancreas' two primary tasks.
The secretions of the exocrine component travel through ducts. The pancreas is a gland that produces both exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (insulin) hormones.
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what class of barrier to gene flow would we be observing if we noted that the offspring of a lion and a tiger (two different species) are awkward, gangly beasts that have poor survival in the wild?
The lion and tiger's postzygotic barrier progeny are ungainly, gangly animals with a low chance of surviving in the wild.
What sort of barrier is a postzygotic barrier?Low hybrid viability is one type of postzygotic obstacle to development. In this environment, hybrid offspring are born, but because of their decreased fitness, they are less likely to mature . Another illustration is hybrid sterility, in which hybrid offspring are healthy but sterile.
Why do postzygotic barriers occur?When the fitness of hybrids, independent of environment, is persistently lower than of either parental species, as a result of factors like hybrid inviability or sterility, intrinsic postzygotic barriers arise.
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some crocodiles and turtles have an exceptional ability to divert blood flow through the heart when they are diving and no longer breathing and exchanging gases. what most likely occurs when these animals dive?
When diving, blood moves to the rest of the body to support physical processes rather than the lungs.
Their left aorta emerges from the right ventricle, and their right aorta from the left. A valve that resembles a pair of cog-teeth and is located at the top of the right ventricle, which the animals can actively regulate to reroute blood flow, adds to the anatomical intricacy.
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the section of the brain that is located below the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla is the:
The section of the brain that is located below the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla is the cerebellum.
At the top of the spinal cord and the base of the brain, respectively, is the brain stem. The structure that joins the brain's cerebrum to the spinal cord. The fourth ventricle places the cerebellum in the posterior cerebral fossa, behind the pons and medulla oblongata. Therefore, cerebellum is the answer to the above question.
Three sets of cerebellar peduncles attach the brain stem to the cerebellum: the lower peduncle attaches to the medulla oblongata, the middle peduncle attaches to the pons, and the superior peduncle attaches to the midbrain. The cerebellar peduncles carry afferent and efferent connections between the cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord.
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which x-ray does not involve injecting a dye into the bloodstream? question 20 options: a) cystography b) intravenous pyelogram c) excretory urography d) all of these
Cystography does not require the bloodstream to be injected with a dye like x-ray does (answer:option a.cystography).
Bloodstream infection: What is it?Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are infectious diseases characterized by the presence of feasible bacterial as well as fungal microbes in the bloodstream that cause or have caused an inflammatory reaction characterized by alteration of diagnostic, laboratory. This presence is later demonstrated either by positivity of one or even more blood cultures.
Do veins contain blood?Veins. These are the blood arteries that return blood to the heart from the body. Capillaries. These are microscopic blood channels that carry oxygen-rich blood throughout the body between arteries and veins.
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According to the provided statement, a dye is not injected into the patient's circulation during a cystography x-ray.
How does the body fight bloodstream infection?
body. Blood transfers waste products from living cells and supplies them with nutrients and oxygen. Additionally, it transports immune cells that fight infections and has platelets that can block a blood vessel that has been injured in order to stop blood loss. The circulatory system allows blood to adjust to the body's requirements.
Does alcohol get into your bloodstream?
Because the body can only metabolize roughly 0.25 ounces of alcohol per hour, one serving of alcohol is completely absorbed into the blood stream within 30 to two hours of consumption. each person reacts to alcohol differently.
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What would be the result of a cell that completed mitosis but did not successfully complete cytokinesis?
A-Two genetically different daughter cells
B-One large cell with two nuclei
C -One daughter cell with two nuclei and one with no nucleus
D-Two genetically identical daughter cells
When a cell undergoes mitosis but did not successfully complete cytokinesis has one large cell with two nuclei. The correct option to this question is B.
Without cytokinesis, mitosis results in:The final stage of mitosis, known as cytokinesis, is when a cell's cytoplasm and nucleus are divided into two separate, identical daughter cells.Without cytokinesis, mitosis produces a cell with multiple nuclei but a linked cytoplasm (syncytium).A cell with several nuclei is said to be multinucleated.This may be a frequent occurrence. For instance, multinucleated bone cells (osteoclasts) develop in this way in humans.During their early development, some insects, like the fruit fly, demonstrate mitosis without cytokinesis (Drosophila).It might also be a sign of a cell cycle disruption, a pathogenic condition seen in malignancies.For more information on cell cycle kindly visit to
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what is radial symmetry? answer when an organism cannot be divided to produce a mirror image when an organism can be divided two ways around the central axis to make a mirror image there is only one way an organism can be divided to make a mirror image when an organism can be divided multiple ways around their central axis to make a mirror image
Radial symmetry is a type of symmetry in which the body plan is divisible into identical parts all over a central axis.
Symmetry is a characteristic of assured organisms in which there is regularity in parts on a plane or all over an axis. Radial symmetry is a symmetry in which the sides display correspondence or constancy of parts all over a central axis. It is without left and right sides. On contrary, bilateral symmetry is more usual than radial symmetry.
Relatively fewer animals possess radial symmetry. Some of them are sea stars, sea anemones, jellyfish and sea urchins. In the plant kingdom, though, many flowers are manifesting radial symmetry.
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which component of the epidermis initiates immune responses and provides a defense against environmental antigens?
Due to their position within stratified epithelia, Langerhans cells serve as the first line of defense against environmental infections.
In homeostatic settings, non-activated LCs are continuously moving to the lymph nodes to present self-antigen and create immunological tolerance.Langerhans cells (LCs) are important cellular elements that play important roles in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response (2). The dendritic cell (DC)/macrophage family, which includes LCs, is found in the epidermis where it forms a dense network with which potential invaders must communicate.The majority of the epidermis' cells are keratinocytes. They serve as the innate immune system's initial line of defense against infection. They have pattern-recognition receptors called Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which identify conserved chemicals on infections and start an inflammatory response.
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Which group of components is common to the circulatory systems of most living animals?
Vessels, heart, and circulating fluid is the group of components common to the circulatory systems of most living animals.
The circulatory system, which is composed of blood vessels and aids in transporting blood away from and in the direction of the heart, can be thought of as a system in the body. Both the arteries and the vein are present there; the arteries assist in moving blood away from the heart while the vein is responsible for returning blood to the heart. This implies that option B is the correct choice.
The circulatory system acts to remove waste materials like carbon dioxide with the help of circulating fluid in the vessels and to transfer other materials like oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells with the same circulating fluid in another vessels.
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Complete question is:
Which group of components is common to the circulatory systems of most living animals? A. arteries, veins, capillaries B. vessels, heart, circulating fluid C. aorta, ventricles, atria D. blood, heart, cavities
How has the development of organoids helped in treating snakebites?(1 point)
A. Organoids provide toxins that help to build immunity in communities with dangerous snake populations.
B. Organoids replace stem cells in the snake that make the dangerous venom.
C. Organoids provide laboratory produced antivenin to treat a variety of snakebites.
D. Organoids help to differentiate cells in the victims of snakebites.
The development of organoids helped in treating snakebites in the sense that they provide laboratory produced antivenin to treat a variety of snakebites (Option C).
What are organoids?The term organoids here make reference to tridimensional model structures derived from embryonic and/or adult venom snake glands which have been developed using stem cells and holds promise to be used in the future.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the organoids can be defined as tridimensional model structures obtained from venom snake glands which are cultured as stem cells in order to obtain an outcome.
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when humans began to migrate and disperse around the globe about 70,000 years ago, why did that produce genetic changes in the dna of the various migrating populations? a. the original dna code was no longer useful in the new environments. b. they lived in different environments to which they had to adapt to survive. c. the food resources in different regions were different; thus, they could no longer get all the nutrients needed to create the original dna code. d. the animals consumed for food had different dna nucleotides and thus introduced mutations into the dna code of humans. e. the plants consumed for food did not have all of the vitamins and minerals necessary to maintain the original genetic code.
Option D. the animals consumed for food had different DNA nucleotides and thus introduced mutations into the DNA code of humans, producing genetic changes in the DNA of the various migrating populations.
Researchers say early people set out searching for climates wherein extra food was to be had. And some populations stayed installed certain places due to the fact limitations like glaciers blocked their development. humans migrated out of Africa because the climate shifted from moist to very dry about 60,000 years ago, according to an investigation led by way of a college of Arizona geoscientist.
Genetic studies indicate people migrated from Africa into Eurasia between 70,000 and fifty-five,000 years ago. As the migration wave travels thru them, it accumulates range, collecting new versions from each population via which it passes. for that reason, heterozygosity will increase with growing colony quantity within the equal way that it increases within the archaic admixture model on the population in which admixture happens.
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The graphs below show the rates of
photosynthesis over two days. Besides
light intensity, what factor might explain
the differences between the rates
during the daytime?
Since photosynthesis predominates during the day, there is a net emission of oxygen. At night, respiration continues even though photosynthesis stops, resulting in a net oxygen consumption.
What differences between the rates during the daytime?The rate of photosynthesis will increase as you go from low light intensity to highlight intensity because there is more light available to power the processes of photosynthesis.
The amount of light is also affected by other elements like curtains, trees outside the window, weather, the time of year, shade from nearby structures, and the condition of the windows.
Therefore, Inside a house or business, reflective, light-colored surfaces tend to boost light intensity whereas dark surfaces reduce it.
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How do you think glucose could be used to synthesize these molecules?
Answer:
Since you did not provide the specific molecules, here are some ways that glucose is used for synthesis:
Protein molecules - Glucose regulates protein synthesis through AMPK (Activated Protein Kinase) pathways. AMPK is activated by cellular energy via changes in AMP levels resulting from energy.
Gluconeogenesis Pathway - The process where glucose is synthesized using pyruvate and lactate precursors from non-carbohydrate metabolites, amino acids, and glycerol (derived mainly from metabolized fat).
Fatty Acids - Metabolized into pyruvate using glycolysis in the cytoplasm, oxidized pyruvate generates ATP in the mitochondria. During the fed state the glycolytic products synthesize fatty acids through lipogenesis.
Amino Acids & Lipids - Through photosynthesis in plants, glucose joins with nitrates in the soil to create amino acids. The amino acids combine during protein synthesis and glucose is converted to lipids within the plant seeds.
Explanation:
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Which of the body plans is described as animals that can be split into two equal pieces that are mirror images of each other? (choose all that apply)
cephalization
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
asymmetry
Bilateral symmetry is described as animals that can be split into two equal pieces that are mirror images of each other (option C).
What is symmetry in biology?Symmetry is the exact correspondence on either side of a dividing line, plane, center or axis.
Symmetry can either be radial or bilateral depending on the plane. Radial symmetry is the form of symmetry in which identical parts are arranged in a circular fashion around a central axis.
Bilateral symmetry is the property of being symmetrical about a vertical plane. It is when the body plan can be divided along a plane that splits the animal's body into right and left sides that are mirror images of each other.
Therefore, when an animal can be divided into two equal planes that are mirror images, this is known as bilateral symmetry.
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Answer:
I hope this helps.
Explanation:
suppose prey move out of an area at a rate proportional to the number of predators in the area. how would you modify these systems to take this into account?
If prey moves out of an area at a rate proportional to the number of predators in the area, then the number of prey and predator would be equal leading to static growth.
Predators are living creatures that chase other living beings, called prey, in arrange to nourish and subsist through a vitality exchange within the shape of nourishment. It is an interaction where one life form is profited, whereas the other included is hurt.
The predator can expend prey totally, or as it were take a portion of it, even though it causes significant damage.
Prey moreover have versatile characteristics to guard themselves against predators. Camouflage capacity: much appreciated to which they can go unnoticed in their environment.
The colors can moreover serve as an alarm, with distinctive colors or designs that demonstrate to predators that they may be in peril in case they are hurt.
If you're inquisitive to know more animals that camouflage themselves, here you'll be able to discover more than 20 creatures that camouflage themselves.
Without predators, populace x develops over time without bounds. But with predators, it'll diminish relative to the number of predators y increased by the number of prey x, since of the number of intelligent between the two species.
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condition in which bone mineralization and strentgh are so abnormally low that regular daily activieties can result in painful fractures
Osteoporosis is a disorder in which bone strength and mineralization are unusually low to the point that routine everyday activities can cause painful fractures.
When the bone's mineral density declines and the bone's composition, quality, or structure changes, the condition known as osteoporosis results. This typically results in a decline in bone density, which makes bones brittle and raises the risk of bone fracture in those who have it. These fractures typically affect the spine, wrist, or hips.
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50 POINTS FOR THIS
GOOD LUCK :)
Answer:
1. "Atmospheric humidity is usually measured with a psychrometer and can be described in several ways. The dew-point temperature and the absolute humidity represent the actual moisture in the air, while the relative humidity indicates the degree of saturation at a given temperature."
2. "The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor."
3. "When air has reached the dew-point temperature at a particular pressure, the water vapor in the air is in equilibrium with liquid water, meaning water vapor is condensing at the same rate at which liquid water is evaporating."
4.
"The state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added. When the dew point equals the air temperature, the air is saturated and the relative humidity is %100.
5. "It is a common misconception that changes in temperature will affect the dewpoint. It is important to remember that dewpoint is independent of the ambient temperature. Only changes in pressure or the actual amount of water vapour present will affect the dewpoint."
6. "When the dew point equals the air temperature, the air is saturated and the relative humidity is %100."
7.
8. "Relative humidity (RH) (expressed as a percent) also measures water vapor, but RELATIVE to the temperature of the air. In other words, it is a measure of the actual amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total amount of vapor that can exist in the air at its current temperature."
9. "The term relative humidity (RH) expresses the relationship between the moisture content of air at a certain temperature and the moisture content of moisture-saturated air at the same temperature. It is given as a percentage from 0 to 100. 100% RH means that the saturation with moisture, the dew point is reached."
10. "The lower the temperature of air the less capacity it has to hold moisture in a vapor state."
11. "Warm air can possess more water vapor (moisture) than cold air, so with the same amount of absolute/specific humidity, air will have a HIGHER relative humidity if the air is cooler, and a LOWER relative humidity if the air is warmer."
Explanation:
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which species interaction depends on prey density and effectiveness of prey defenses to determine the impact on the prey population?group of answer choicescompetitionmutualismconsumptioncommensalism
Prey density and the efficiency of prey defenses influence consumption species interaction, which has an effect on the prey population.
In basic terms, what is species?A species is a group of organisms made up of similar individuals capable of breeding or exchanging genes with one another. The most fundamental taxonomic rank and unit of classification in biology is the species. A genus is the taxonomic rank after an individual in the biological categorization system.
What is the best definition of a species?A species is frequently described as the biggest group of creatures capable of sexual reproduction, in which any two individuals of a right sexes or mating types can result in fertile offspring. The karyotype, DNA sequence, anatomy, behavior, and ecological niche are further methods of distinguishing species.
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Mary uses the process of baking a cake as a model to help her friend understand how genes function in people. The ingredients in Mary’s cake recipe are:
Flour
Milk
Eggs
Baking powder
Sugar
Butter
Vanilla
The cake recipe provides directions for how to mix the ingredients together, the temperature of the oven, and the length of time the cake needs to bake. The end result is a plain, yellow cake.
Use Mary’s model to explain the process of how an observable trait (such as curly hair or brown eyes) happens in people. Begin your explanation with your answer to part (a)
The cake recipe that Mary uses in baking the cake can model a gene. The ingredients that Mary uses represent the amino acids used in making the protein. The plain, yellow cake then represents an observable trait (such as curly hair or brown eyes)
What are genes?Genes are units of inheritance in living organisms.
Genes are segments of DNA that contain information about how a character will be. The information contained in that gene will be used to design and build that character.
In living organisms, these traits or characters are expressed as proteins, Hence, genes are used to make proteins that determine a given character.
Genes usually have alternative forms known as alleles.
The characters controlled by alleles may be dominant characters or recessive characters.
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in parts of asia, many fruit crops are pollinated by hand using feathers. this human method of pollination is used because
In parts of Asia, many fruit plants are pollinated by hand using feathers. This method of human pollination is used because the excessive use of pesticides has greatly reduced the bee population.
Pesticides are one of the results of modern technology that has an important role in improving people's welfare. Its use appropriately and safely is an absolute thing that must be done considering that pesticides are toxic substances. The wrong use of pesticides or their unwise management can have negative impacts, both directly and indirectly, on human health and the environment
The negative impact of excess pesticides can become dangerous pollutants for aquatic and terrestrial biota. Various wanted species were poisoned and then died. Different species of animals have different immunity. Some are sensitive, some are resistant. Young animals and larvae are animals that are sensitive to pollutants. Some animals can adapt so that they are immune to contaminants and some are not. Although animals are capable of adaptation, it must be recognized that there is a limit to the degree of adaptation of animals. If this limit is exceeded, the animal will die.
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How can Base Substitutions, Deletions, and Insertions cause changes in DNA and possibly lead to new traits.
Answer:
DNA is a dynamic and adaptable molecule. As such, the nucleotide sequences found within it are subject to change as the result of a phenomenon called mutation. Depending on how a particular mutation modifies an organism's genetic makeup, it can prove harmless, helpful, or even hurtful. Sometimes, a mutation may even cause dramatic changes in the physiology of an affected organism. Of course, in order to better understand the varying effects of mutations, it is first necessary to understand what mutations are and how they occur.
Where do mutations occur?
Mutations can be grouped into two main categories based on where they occur: somatic mutations and germ-line mutations. Somatic mutations take place in non-reproductive cells. Many kinds of somatic mutations have no obvious effect on an organism, because genetically normal body cells are able to compensate for the mutated cells. Nonetheless, certain other mutations can greatly impact the life and function of an organism. For example, somatic mutations that affect cell division (particularly those that allow cells to divide uncontrollably) are the basis for many forms of cancer.
Germ-line mutations occur in gametes or in cells that eventually produce gametes. In contrast with somatic mutations, germ-line mutations are passed on to an organism's progeny. As a result, future generations of organisms will carry the mutation in all of their cells (both somatic and germ-line).
What kinds of mutations exist?
Mutations aren't just grouped according to where they occur — frequently, they are also categorized by the length of the nucleotide sequences they affect. Changes to short stretches of nucleotides are called gene-level mutations, because these mutations affect the specific genes that provide instructions for various functional molecules, including proteins. Changes in these molecules can have an impact on any number of an organism's physical characteristics. As opposed to gene-level mutations, mutations that alter longer stretches of DNA (ranging from multiple genes up to entire chromosomes) are called chromosomal mutations. These mutations often have serious consequences for affected organisms. Because gene-level mutations are more common than chromosomal mutations, the following sections focus on these smaller alterations to the normal genetic sequence.
Base substitutionBase substitutions are the simplest type of gene-level mutation, and they involve the swapping of one nucleotide for another during DNA replication. For example, during replication, a thymine nucleotide might be inserted in place of a guanine nucleotide. With base substitution mutations, only a single nucleotide within a gene sequence is changed, so only one codon is affected.
Although a base substitution alters only a single codon in a gene, it can still have a significant impact on protein production. In fact, depending on the nature of the codon change, base substitutions can lead to three different subcategories of mutations. The first of these subcategories consists of missense mutations, in which the altered codon leads to insertion of an incorrect amino acid into a protein molecule during translation; the second consists of nonsense mutations, in which the altered codon prematurely terminates synthesis of a protein molecule; and the third consists of silent mutations, in which the altered codon codes for the same amino acid as the unaltered codon.
Insertions and deletionsA schematic shows 29 nucleotides arranged to form a partially double-stranded segment of DNA, with 16 nucleotides in the top strand and 13 nucleotides in the bottom strand. Grey horizontal cylinders represent deoxyribose sugar molecules, and blue, red, green, and orange vertical rectangles represent the chemical identity of each nitrogenous base. An extra nucleotide has been added to the replicating strand because of a misalignment of base pairs.
Figure 2: During an insertion mutation, the replicating strand \"slips\" or forms a wrinkle, which causes the extra nucleotide to be incorporated.
which of the following correctly describes myoglobin's special function in muscle tissue? a. synthesizes atp b. breaks down glycogen; c. synthesizes creatine d. produces action potentials e. acts as a reservoir for oxygen
The special function of myoglobin in muscle tissue is e. acts as a reservoir for oxygen.
In the field of biology, myoglobin can be described as a protein whose primary function is to store and then supply oxygen to the muscle cells when in need.
As we know, the muscle cells of the body require more oxygen when going through vigorous exercise activities. Hence, to meet the requirements of oxygen for muscle cells, myoglobin acts as a reservoir for oxygen and supplies it to the muscle cells of the body when in need.
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if there are five different types of bases in mrna instead of four, what will be the minimum codon length needed to specify for 4, 20, and 30 different codons, or amino acids?
There are 64 combinations of 4 nucleotides taken three at a time and only 20 amino acids, the code is degenerate.
The protein-coding nucleotide triplets known as codons are found in the mRNA templates. Each triplet is always associated with a certain amino acid. Anticodons, which are nucleotide triplets in tRNA, decode the codons in the mRNA.
What about amino acids?Proteins are made up of substances called amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are the components of life. Amino acids are the byproducts of the digestion or breakdown of proteins. Amino acids are used by the human body to create proteins that aid in: Dissect food. Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, cysteine, tyrosine, histidine, and arginine are the 12 amino acids.The body cannot naturally generate essential amino acids; therefore we must get them from the foods we eat. Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are the nine essential amino acids. Compared to other foods, bananas do have a lot of seven of the nine essential amino acids. Banana lacks a little isoleucine and methionine. An average individual would need to consume 91 bananas (10750 grams) to get enough of each of the nine essential amino acids. Protein breakdown in the digestive system is insufficient. Anomalies in the body's biochemical processes that are inherited. A bad diet.Stress. The convenience of taking a supplement containing necessary amino acids is that you can do so whenever you want. Others like to take it on its own between meals, while some athletes choose to take it with their meals or in a protein smoothie. You can consume your necessary amino acids supplement before, during, or after working out.Learn more about amino acids here:
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You may need scratch paper for this one. deafness in cocker spaniels is inherited. the allele for deafness (d) is recessive to the allele for hearing (d). two cocker spaniels that are heterozygous for hearing are mated together. what is the chance that a puppy will be deaf?
The chances that a puppy will be deaf is 25%.
The term "allele" refers to a gene's alternative form or versions. People inherit one allele for each autosomal gene from each parent, and the alleles are usually classified.
In genetics, heterozygous means having inherited different versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent.
If they are both heterozygous, they have the Dd genotype. If you draw a punnet square Dd x Dd, you will get the following genotypes for the puppy: DD, Dd, Dd, dd.
Due to the fact that deafness is recessive, the puppy must be dd, which is 1/4 (25%).
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a biologist intends to use pcr to perform a task. the biologist probably is trying to choose one: a. cut dna into many small fragments. b. make many copies of a dna fragment. c. separate dna fragments from one another. d. isolate dna from a living cell.
A biologist intends to use PCR to perform a task. the biologist probably is use Make many copies of a DNA fragment. The correct option is (B).
A given segment of DNA can be rapidly multiplied (amplified) to millions or billions of copies using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), allowing for more in-depth analysis. In PCR, the part of the genome to be amplified is selected using short synthetic fragments of DNA called primers. Several rounds of DNA synthesis are then used to amplify this segment.
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The Three Domain classification system developed by Dr. Woese is based partly on
O sensitivity to antivirals.
0RNA sequences
O enzyme similarities
ODNA sequences
The Three Domain classification system developed by Dr. Woese is based partly on RNA sequences.
Based on variations in the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) nucleotide sequences, membrane lipid structures, and antibiotic sensitivity, organisms can be categorized into one of three domains. The Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya are the three domains.
Based on variations in the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structure, Woese categorized them. Using the variations in the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA molecules, Carl Woese of the University of Illinois (USA) suggested a phylogenetic taxonomy of bacterial species in 1987.
The traditional prokaryote-eukaryote division and the five-kingdom concept were both challenged, and the 3-domain classification system was offered as an alternative.
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Can mathematical representation support that momentum is conserved when there is no force on the object?
The momentum of a system is conserved when there is no external force applied on the object. This can be represented by mathematical expression: (m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂).
What is Momentum?
Momentum is a property of a moving object which the object has by the virtue of its mass and motion. It is the product of the body's mass and velocity.
Conservation of linear momentum expresses that a body or system of bodies in motion retains its total momentum. The product of mass and vector velocity constant, until and unless an external force is applied on it. In an isolated system, there is no external force, so momentum is always conserved.
To have the momentum conserved, a system must meet two requirements:
1. Total Mass of the system must remain constant during the interaction.
2. The net external force on the system must be equal to zero.
The mathematical expression for the conservation of momentum is:
(m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂)
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